Why does the biological mechanism of human emotions affect? Physiological foundations of emotions: understanding, power and regularity. Theory, motivation and see emotions. Understanding that emotion
One of the manifestations of your nervous activity and emotions. The stench of the body's reaction to the influx of external and internal subdivisions, which can clearly show the subjective fascination and slander all kinds of sensitivities.
Emotion (Vid lat. " emovere"- zbudzhuvati, hvilyuvati) - a special form of psychic fermentation, which in the form of an uninterrupted experience does not show an objective manifestation, but a subjective one of some kind.
Emotions (for example, anger, fear, joy) are accepted as wild feelings (such, for example, like hunger, right). The blame for the deep feelings is due to the awakening of the singing receptors, and the emotions do not have the power of the receptive fields. Such a subjective experience, as the fear of anger is important to sing receptors, the stench is signified as if it were obvious, because it is emotion. Another reason, through which emotions are countered by wild thoughts, fall into their irregular, spontaneous guilt.
Ale emotions and wild feelings blame the storehouse of motivation, as I will become an inner medium, so that I could make them wiser. It should also be respected that not all subjective experiences lie close to emotions.
According to the classification of emotional manifestations of A.N.
Afecti- the strength of that apparently short-hour emotional experience, which is accompanied by sharply expressed vegetative and somatic manifestations. Significant features of effects are those that stink is manifested in the situation, which is actually vinyl.
Vlasne emotions- Trivaly become, sometimes it is only weakly manifested in outward behavior. They point out the assessment of the particularity of the situation to the situation, which is shaping up, or it is possible, that building, on the vіdmіnu vіd effects, to transfer the situation and the situation, which really has not yet come. Vlasne emotions are blamed on the basis of statements about experiences or situations.
subject almost they blame it as a specific aggravation of emotions and appearances of an idea about a deyaky object, a concrete abstract (for example, almost love for a person, for a fatherland, almost hatred for a thief). Objects seem to stick out emotionally blue.
For the criterion of trivality of emotional manifestations, one sees, first, emotional decay (or an emotional state), in another way, emotional response. Two classes of emotional manifestations are assigned according to different patterns. Emotional camp of the greater world in the presence of a wildly staging of a person to a strange situation, to himself and due to his special characteristics, and emotional response - a short-hour emotional in the case of that chi іnshiy infusion, maєyny situation.
Functions of emotions
The successors, in support of the fact that emotions play a role in the life of living things, see the following functions of emotions: voicing (assessment), sponkayuyu, sho pіdkriplyuє, switch, communicative.
Vidbivna, or estimated function it turns into a narrower assessment of the podia, which allows to evaluate the severity or the fluctuation of the factors that are injected into the body, and react first, lower, the localization of the fluctuation will be determined. The role of this mechanism is important in the non-genial reaction to the rapt's day of the old imitation, the shards of the emotional state of the mittevo call out clearly to the experience of the singing zabarvlennya. It is necessary to bring up to the instant mobilization of all systems of the body for a reaction in the case, the nature of which is to lie, in order to serve as a signal of a coryne or sloppy influx on the body.
For different emotions, the function of power in a different world is appreciated. Vaughn is more pronounced for such experiences, like anger, hatred, rubbish, and less is characterized by satisfaction, joy, pain and suffering, the shards of old are given to find the cause.
What's up function due to this, that emotions spur the body to the point of solving the problem of satisfaction of needs. Emotional experience to avenge the image of the subject of contentment, consumption and pre-emption of the setting of something new, which prompts people to die.
Pіdkriplyuyucha function reflects the fate of emotions in the processes of learning and the accumulation of knowledge. Positive emotions, which are blamed for the result of interaction with the medium, absorb the accumulated brown habits and diy, and negative emotions shy away from the negative factors.
Peremical function especially clearly manifested in the competition of motives, in the aftermath of which the dominant need is shown. The most important function is manifested in extreme situations, when the reserve capacity of the body is mobilized and the physiological activity is switched to emergency mode.
Communicative function allowing people to pass on their experiences to others; manifests itself in words, intonations, mimics, gestures, postures, movements, as a way of obtaining emotions.
Physiological Virase of Emotions
Emotional tensions are accompanied by significant changes in the functions of low organs and systems that suffocate the body. Changes in functions make the floorings intense, which is a good “vegetative storm”. However, this “storm” has a singing order. Emotions lure at the strength of the activity of only those organs of the system, as if they ensure the best interdependence of the organism with the necessary medium. Blame sharp damage to the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. Significant amount of adrenaline comes near the blood, the heart beats up and arterial pressure rises, gas exchange increases, bronchi expand, the intensity of oxidative and energy processes in the body increases.
Dramatically changing the nature of the activity of the bony m'yazyv. If only a few groups of m'yazovyh fibers enter the robot's mind through a call, then an emotional strain can turn on at once. In addition, the processes are blocked, scho galmuyat m'yazova activity at the time. It is similar in other systems of the body, for some reason, emotional stimulation mittevo mobilizes all the reserves in the body.
At the same time, the reactions and functions of the body are taken into account, as for the moment it is not necessary for life. Zokrema, functions are tampered with, associated with the processes of accumulation, assimilation of energy, the processes of disimulation increase, giving the body the necessary energy resources.
With the manifestation of emotions, the subjective state of a person changes. More precisely, the intellectual sphere, memory, are especially clearly perceived dovkilla.
With all the different manifestations of emotions, they can name three main components - somatic, vegetative and subjective experience.
Somatic or rukhovy component forms a pronounced expression of emotions, which is manifested in dry reactions (mimics, gestures, postures) and in equal tonic tension of m'yaziv. These reactions of the floor are informative, which are viewed as one of the channels of the communicative function, which does not waste its significance for the people, as it can verbal communication. At once about those data, show the most skillful enough control. The greater number of people can not be shown great difficulties to strangle (chi navpaki - imituvati) those chi іnshі ruhovі show. Forcibly control that correction of the language component (timbre, thickness, swidkity and, more importantly, the meaning of the movie warehouse). The voice of a person is one of the most sensitive indicators of an emotional state. In rich behaviors, the expression of emotions is marked by social stereotypes of behavior.
Vegetative or visceral component stimulating changes in the activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic vitals of the autonomic nervous system, which ensures the readiness of the internal organs to a further reaction to the body. Vegetative manifestations of emotions are even more varied: change in the electrical support of the scale, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature of the scale, hormonal chemical warehouse blood, expansion and sounding of the vessels and other reactions. Tsі zmіni suddenly infuse the camp of the psyche. The vegetative component is characterized by low keratinization and is little subject to the control of light.
Subjective experience- a component, an objective assessment of which is the most skeptical, but for a person out there at the same time and the most. Tse strizhneva is the basis of the described phenomenon. Being behind its genesis the primary and secondary lanka, the cause of the latter, subjective experience to become the greater level of the complex reaction of the person. Vodnochas tsey component without special training nasty subject to control and management.
Theory of emotions
Peripheral theory of James-Lange stverdzhu, that emotions are a secondary phenomenon, the changes that occur in the internal organs and skeletal m'yazakh. If you feel the emotion that called out the emotion, the person experiences that emotion as if he/she feels the physiological changes in his or her body, that is. physical perception is the emotion itself. James stverzhuvav, scho we can, more weeping, angry, more than a blow, afraid, more three. The pardon of the James-Lange theory lies in the fact that it does not cause emotions to sing vegetative or somatic changes on the periphery and the role of central nerve structures is not safe. In addition, the physiological disruption may have a non-specific character and that by itself cannot signify the originality and specificity of emotional experiences.
Thalamic theory of Cannon–-Barda as the central lanka, appreciative of the experience of emotions, saw one of the deep structures of the brain - the thalamus. Vdpovіdno to tsієї teorії, with priynyatti podіy, scho cry out emotions, nerve impulses in the small of the hand go to the thalamus, where the streams of impulses are divided. Some of them are straight to the core of the great pіvkul, deviating from the subjective experience of emotions. Another part enters the hypothalamus, which is responsible for vegetative changes in the body. In such a manner, this theory saw the subjective experience of emotions as an independent lanka, and it spived yoga from the activity of the measles of the great pivkul.
Biological theory P.K.. Anokhin underpins the evolutionary nature of emotions, their regulatory function in safe behavior and adaptation of the body to the necessary medium. In behavior, it is possible to mentally name two main stages, which, churningly, form the basis of life: the stage of shaping needs and the stage of satisfaction. The skin of these stages is accompanied by its own emotional experiences: the first is the most important of the negative, the friend, the other, the positive. As a rule, whether dissatisfied needs are accompanied by negative emotions, and satisfied needs are accompanied by positive emotions. I'll take a look P.K. Anokhin, these emotions can be blamed for satisfying needs, and for the reach of being a social mark, as a result of activity in support of plans, requests, and special efforts. As well as posterity for inconvenience between ochіkuvanim and a real result, then negative emotions, which are blamed on this situation, spur a person to the joke of more effective ways to achieve goals.
Information theory of emotions P.V. Simonova to enter at the end of the analysis of phenomena the understanding of information. Emotions are closely related to information, as we take it from the world of knowledge. Ring out the emotions blaming through the unstoppable podia, until the person was not ready. At that very hour, there is no emotion, as we understand the situation with a sufficient supply of necessary information. Negative emotions are most often blamed on inacceptable information and, especially, for insufficient information; positive - with otrimanny sufficient information, especially if it is shown as the best for the assessment.
According to P.V.
Be it an emotion that you blame on the basis of your needs, sound accompanied by the blame of negative emotions; the process of satisfying needs is accompanied by positive emotions. Positive emotions are fading away, you need to bring the shards of satisfaction to the end. To satisfy the needs of the organism, it will require information, as a rule, victorious behavior. Vikhodyachi z tsogo, P.V. Simonov interprets emotion as the brain's reflection of the magnitude of consumption and satisfaction. Emotion blames something, if there is inconvenience between them, it is necessary to know the satisfaction of the needs of them, which is really visible.
Blameful emotions are expressed in the offensive structural formula:
E \u003d f (P (In - Ic)),
de E - emotion, її steps, like that sign; P - the power and the quality of the actual consumption; (Ін – Іс) - assessment of the level of satisfaction of needs on the basis of congenital and ontogenetic factors (lack of information); Ін - information about the hour, prognostic necessary satisfaction of consumption; Іс – information about the essential cost and hour, if it is really possible for a subject in this situation, tobto. information that is currently available.
Positive emotions are blamed on the situation of too pragmatic information in the case of an earlier clear prognosis (with a “mitt vision”), or in a situation of increasing immorality of the achievement of meti (as a dynamic genesis of emotions). Negative emotions reaction to the lack of information, or to the fall of the ability to reach the target in the process of activity of the subject.
Appropriate to the theory of P.V. Simonova rіznomanіttya emotsіy vznachaєtsya raznоmanіttya prіb. P.V. Simonov is aware that the function of predicting the satisfaction of needs is divided between two information structures of the brain - the frontal nerves of the new measles and the hippocampus. The frontal cortex orients the behavior of the high-moving podia, to the hippocampus, reacting to the signals of the low-moving podia.
Neuroanatomy of emotions
All the listed theories prove that the core of emotions is the main structure of the central nervous system. The first important theory - the theory about the nervous substrate of emotions - lies with J. Peipets (1937). We have developed a hypothesis about the foundation of a single system, which unites a number of brain structures and establishes a brain substrate for emotions, which represents the closure of the lance and includes: hypothalamus - anteroventral nucleus of the thalamus - cingulum - hippocampus - mammalyarani nuclei of the hypothalamus. Tsya system took away the name of the Peipets stake. Later, vrahovyuchi, that the lumbar ridge of the nibi frames the base of the anterior cerebellum, it was proponated to call it the other structures of the cerebellum, the limbic system. Dzherelom zbudzhennya in my system - hypothalamus. Signals in the middle are direct at the middle brain and lower lying for the initiation of vegetative and motor emotional reactions. At once, neurons of the hypothalamus send signals to the anteroventral nucleus in the thalamus through the collaterals. By this path, the awakening is transmitted to the waist ringing of the measles of the great pivkul.
Zvivina is explained, according to J. Peipets, as a substrate for the perception of emotional experiences and may have special inputs for emotional signals, similarly to the fact that the cortex can enter for the sound signals. They gave a signal from the lumbar region through the hippocampus to re-reach the hypothalamus in the region of the mammary bodies. So the nervous lancer flickers. A passageway in the lumbar region reveals a subjective experience that is blamed on equal measles, with signals that come from the hypothalamus for visceral and motor expression of emotions.
However, today's hypothesis of J. Peipets comes from a wealth of facts. The role of the hippocampus and thalamus in the blamed emotions is underestimated. Of all the structures of the Peipets stake, the most significant links to emotional behavior are the hypothalamus and cingulate ridge.
Modern physiologists look at the hypothalamus as a vikonavchu system, in which rukhovy and vegetative manifestations of emotions are integrated. All emotional responses to the hypothalamus are affected by a specific vegetative zabarvlennia, shards of wine are the main regulator of the activity of neurons in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system. In the norm of positive emotions, the intensity of the response is more important than parasympathetic reactions. Negative emotions (especially in case of painful feelings) - with sympathetic ones. In case of strong emotional arousal, the lower hypothalamic infusions do not intersect with one of the vegetative nervous system, after which, both sympathetic and parasympathetic reactions are clearly pronounced.
The belt is belted with great bilateral links with bagatma podkirk structures, violating the function of the main coordinator of various systems of the brain, which radiates to an emotional reaction, as well as the receptive area of emotional experiences.
An important role is played by the reticular formation of the stovbur of the brain. Special її vіddіl - blakytna plama - may waking up to the awakening of emotions. Nerve pathways go through the black patches to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and rich areas of the measles, like an emotional reaction that spreads widely across all structures of the brain.
In addition, it appeared that there are many other structures of the brain that do not enter the warehouse of the Peipets stake, give a strong influx on the emotional behavior. Among them, the role of the tonsils, as well as the frontal and skronevy parts of the measles of the brain, is of particular importance.
Electrical stimulation of the tongdaliki calls out emotions to fear, anger, fierceness, and rarely satisfaction. Migdalina is called by competing emotions, generated by competing needs, and this determines the choice of behavior.
The defeat of the frontal chasms of measles leads to deep disruption of the emotional sphere: emotional dullness develops, and lower emotions and pulls tumble. The other emotions connected with activity, social contributions and creativity are broken. There are changes in mood - from euphoria to depression, building up to planning, apathy. In case of low-grade skronevih chalk, the emotional-affective behavior changes in the brain. Lyudina becomes either untidy aggressive, or apathetic and baiduzhoy to the extreme. The anterior limbic cortex controls the emotional intonation and expression of language in humans.
In this hour, a large number of experimental and clinical data have been accumulated about the role of the cerebral acuity in the regulation of emotions. The development of the functions of the left and right pivculi revealed the basis of the emotional asymmetry of the brain. Timchasovy vimknennya left pivkulі elektrosudomnym shock struma viklikє destruction in the emotional sphere of the "right povkulnoї people" in the form of negative emotions. Feel bad, pessimistically evaluate your camp, swear on the trash self-feeling. Vimknennya in this very way the right pіvkuli viklіkaє protelezny efekt - reduction of the emotional state. The right-sided lesion goes down to lightness, non-turbulence. Emotional camp of complacency, bezvіdpovіdalnostі, bezturbotnosti, which is to blame for the infusion of alcohol, it is connected with yoga by the most important infusions on the right to pіvkulyu mozku.
The recognition of mimics by the greater world is connected with the function of the right pivkul, it is poked for the yoga of the blow. Ushkodzhennya skroneva part, especially right-handed, destroying the recognition of emotional intonation of the movement. When vimicant levoї pіvkulі regardless of the nature of the emotion, the recognition of the emotional zabarvlennya voice is improved.
In this manner, the lion pіvkulya vіdpovіdalna for spriynyattya ekspresіyu positive emotsіy, and right - negative.
Successes in the development of neurochemistry have led to the discovery that any kind of emotion can, at its core, activate different groups of biologically active speeches in that collapsible interaction. It has been established that there is a certain dependence between the modalities of emotions and neurochemical processes in brain structures. So, a little fear is caused by an increase in norepinephrine, as well as a deficiency of gamma-aminobutyric acid and serotonin in the amygdala-like complex. Aggression is associated with excess serotonin in the lateral hypothalamus and lack of serotonin in the limbic system. Until the development of almost satisfied with the basal ganglia for the participation of dopamine, as well as biologically active speech, like endorphins. Panic attacks, generalized anxiety, phobias (fears) are indicated with a deficiency of gamma-aminobutyric acid and serotonin. With an increase in the concentration of serotonin in the brain, the mood in a person rises, as if the state of depression became depressive. One and the same hormone (mediator), depending on the situation, may cause different experiences. Zokrema and anger, and euphoria associated with adrenaline.
It would be better for the great syllables to show the singful type of emotions with a specific mediator, a hormone, or other biologically active speeches. Obviously, the specificity of structures at the same time from neurochemical specificity, different afferentation, mnestic and heuristic processes and generate impersonal feelings, experience, moods and other manifestations of emotions. Obvious data allow you to admit that the brain can have its own specialized system, which, in fact, is a biochemical analyzer of emotions. This analyzer, perhaps, may have its own receptors, it analyzes the biochemical warehouse of the brain's internal medium and interprets it in the categories of emotions and mood.
The diversity of emotions
There are a few criteria that are at the basis of the classification of emotions. First of all, they see emotions that are lower.
The lower emotions, the most elementary, related to the organic needs of creatures and people, are divided into two types:
1) homeostatic, which appear in the appearance of restlessness, fluctuating rukhovo activity, directing to support the homeostasis of the body and thus may have a negative character;
2) instinctive, caused by state instinct, self-saving instinct and other behavioral reactions.
Other emotions are blamed only on the people in the connection with the satisfaction of social needs (intellectual, moral, aesthetic, etc.). These folded emotions are developed from the improved information and give a controllable and tacky infusion of lower emotions.
Emotions are bivalent - stinks are either positive or negative. Positive emotions are blamed on satisfied needs and inspire success by looking for a path for reaching the goal. They signify such a camp to the body, which is characterized by active susillis, directing to the savings of that camp. Dissatisfied consumers sound accompanied by negative emotions, as they stimulate the body to a positive activity. Emotions play a significant role in times of need for a good character, less in the world - food motivation. Positive emotions are the most important in such types of behavior, such as follow-up activity, game activity, turbota about offspring, etc. in quiet situations, de vidmova in diyalnosti without intermediary do not threaten the basis of creatures and people.
Negative emotions can be manifested in two forms: sthenic (Greek sthenos - strength) and asthenic. Stenichnі emotions (anger, fierceness, fear) spur to active activity, mobilize the forces of the people. Astenichnі emotions (nudga, fear, confusion) relax people, paralyze yoga strength, tobto. flow and suffocate the energy potential.
In physiological psychology, there is a theory of differential emotions, which signifies fundamental emotions. Interest, joy, joy, grief, anger, fear, anger, fear, litter, guilt can be seen before them. This theory postulates that:
ten fundamental emotions form the basic motivational system of human motivation;
such an emotion can be a unique motivation;
different emotions (for example, joy, turmoil, anger, rubbish) are characterized by clear indications in common virazas: in mimicry, vegetative reactions;
emotions interact with each other and zdatnі activate, relax or relax one by one;
¦ emotions interact with homeostatic, perceptual, cognitive and motor processes and pour into them.
Skin fundamental emotion can: 1) specific internally determined basis; 2) characteristic mimics of neuromyal and lingual expression complexes; 3) Vіdminniy vіd іnshih emotsіy subjective description.
Vzaimodіyuchi fundamental emotsії form stіykі complexes (for example, anxiety, depression, sorcery). Reshta emotions and emotions.
So the emotions are subdued and behind the stage of expression, For example: joy - zakhoplennya - zakhoplennya; sum sadness tight; fierce - hatred - anger.
Emotions and health
Having poured in emotions for a healthy person, N.I. Pirogov and I.P. Pavlov. People who have positive emotions tend to get sick more easily with less complications. The results of the rest of the studies allow you to admit that emotional moods are pouring into the immune system, lowering or causing sickness. For example, in a person who has experienced anger, there are more chances of falling ill with the GRZ or other infectious diseases. The body becomes a hostile soil for infections, as a person experiences a negative emotion and stress for a long time.
Positive emotions significantly increase the productivity of the activity and activity, favor the development of the automi, directly add to the quality of the activity. To pour on the soul, that aspiration, to filter the information, as if a person is taken away for help by feelings, to actively get involved in the process of further processing.
Emotions pour into the riddle. It is easier to remember that mіtsnіshe emotionally charged information. Russian physiologist I.S. Beritashvili explained it as follows: in case of emotional awakening, the ancient brain is strongly injected into the neocortex, as a result, minds are formed for the bagatorase flow through the neuron cols of information, which is remembered, and її mіtsnoї іksації in the old state.
Negative emotions, which are often blamed, superimposed one on one, can result in the disruption of physiological processes in the body: changes in the endocrine and autonomic systems, mentality. Violations disorganize the work of internal organs. Zagalnovіdomy link between strong emotional experiences and development cerebrodiabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction and other. Disorders of the emotional sphere come forward to the first plan and behind neuroses. Difficulties with the exit from negative experiences lead to mental and physiological disorganization, the formation of neurotic symptoms.
Food and drink for self-control.
1. Round out the immensity of emotions in the form of deep feelings, affectives, subjective feelings.
2. Appreciate the function of emotions, their role for purposeful behavior, the processes of learning and accumulating knowledge.
3. What are the main characteristics of emotions and motivations?
4. Look at the physiological virase and the difference between the structural components of emotions.
5. Analyze different theories of emotions, their advantages and shortcomings
6. Describe the vindication of emotions from the position of the information theory of P.V. Simonov.
7. Name the main nerve substrates of emotions. Give an explanation of the emotional asymmetry of the brain.
8. Look at the specifics of the emotional behavior of "right-wing" and "left-handed" people.
9. Look at the classification of emotions. Describe the theory of differential emotions.
At Rest of the Rocks more and more respect is attached to the problem of stress and overvoltage of physiological systems of the body in the minds of psychogenic (emotional) factors. More and more data is being accumulated about those who became healthy, the rіven of the neuro-psychic and physical practice of people, the stability of up to a whole series of illnesses to lie in
I will become a central nervous system, seeing the characteristics of yoga "emotional body".
It seems that emotions carry a more subjective zabarvlennya. At that very hour of emotional reactions, there are readings of objective physiological components.
Emotions are bubbling positive and negative. It is possible to positively characterize the hostile state of the organism, as a result of satisfaction of biological and social needs. The stench is accompanied by increased creativity, high productivity, low fatigue, increased resistance to the organism to shkidlivih factors.
Negative emotions (sums, dissatisfaction, fear, anger, images, turmoil) are characterized by trivial impressions. The stinks zaluchayut vegetative sphere, crying out for an hour negative nasledki.
From the physiological point of view, emotions are characterized by the included in the whole reaction of various physiological systems (cardio-vascular, dychal, hormonal, etc.).
In addition, skin emotions are manifested by a singing little behavior and a specific mime, a skinny posture. - let's say, that once we allow the mindless minds, like an emotion, a human being is a creature. The person before these reactions comes to subjective experiences, like, with his devilry, inspire the activity of the singing systems of the brain.
The hormonal system also radiates to the structure of a whole emotional reaction. The hormonal component continues after the onset of emotions, manifests itself for 12-24 years, especially corticosteroids.
The vegetative destruction often causes people to react against the reactions of skeletal muck. Everyone knows so show emotions, like changing the color of the guise, speeding up the heart rhythm, cold sweat, dryness in the mouth.
What is emotion? At first glance, it is easy to see the food chain. We may have a rich individual emotional experience, we know that such anger, joy and fear.
term emotions may differ in appointment:
Feel, experience, sincere praise, one of the important sides of the psyche;
The process, which is characterized by the experience of human activity, is an integral virase to the tone of the neuro-psychic activity, which is felt on all sides of the psyche;
Physiological camp, which is capable of being subjective, which is stunned by all the sensibility, that experience of a person;
That subjective reaction, which is our neuro-psychic organization in response to the outward subdivisions. She stands on the side of the body, guarding the yogo in the form of anger teasing, shards of a signal of trouble, calling out unacceptably.
A person, as if he were taking on the necessary objects and manifestations, as if spitting them in. Vіn maє pevne stavlenya to them. Collaboration with other people, nature, vitvors of art, social activity - all this calls out people's lives. These experiences are called feelings and emotions. They play a great role in the life of a person, without them it is impossible to be purposeful activity.
Zagalom, the term " emotion rozumіyut either more widely - like a zovnіshnі vіrazhennya vіdchuttіv, motivation, sponukan, or more vuzko - like how to make sharply expressions of the zvnіshnіy manifestation of the organism to the middle. However, all the meanings of emotions have the word "experience". It means that emotions are based on the subjective setting of a person to a specific situation, or to the level of reality, the reach of the set goal
Meaning of emotions. Emotional camp plays a great role in the life of a person.
1. Stinks create optimal minds for the care of everyday needs, as it is easier to fight against the backdrop of emotions. It has been established to direct the fallow between the step of emotional stress and the step of consummation. Emotions allow not only to meet the needs of the consumer, but to evaluate them with a bright perspective (a person buys a car not to stay in the garage, but to win for his needs). In other words, emotion - tse zasіb assessment of biological and social needs, which spurs a distant person to purposeful activity.
2. Emotions play a great role in the mindfulness of a person. The stench is zoomed in and has a creative and silly character. Tse vlasne enzyme, such a lack of creativity. As Academician Simonov writes: "Emotional awakening plays an important role in conservatism, stereotyped reactions." This is one of the most important ways to predict futures. Emotions give the opportunity to take in more information from the bottom, like in the minds of great minds it is insignificant. However, there is a trace of memory, that there are few things, that they work productively without significant emotional stresses, and in some bad moods they create songs of difficulty at the roaming activity, to lie down, maybe, in the face of the individual authorities of the HP people.
3. Emotions play a great role in the process of assimilation of information (memorization). The CNS has an emotional memory system. On the edge of the emotional state, the information will be fixed more and more permanently. Emotionally zabarvlena podіya zam'yatovuєtouetsya people for all life (a far off wistava was put for the participation of prominent artists, a film was put far away, artistic and life of writing a novel, tragic and happy life in situations and іn.).
4. Emotions are of great importance in molding ox reactions to the body. (Reflex "free" for I.P. Pavlova). From one side, to embrace the emotions of the ox-like bones of a person, from the other side - to transcend the superworldly generalization of emotional awakening and, by the same token, to embrace the morning of them on the singing level.
5. Emotions are looked at by the richness of what is supposed to be an important contribution to people. PC. Anokhin - emotionally zabarvlena rozmov, or a lecture was read with great warmth and valor is appreciated by people.
6. Emotion is a special assessment of the factors that help the body, and by itself it looks like a deadly sight - for example, it allows the ailing nobility to become more painless and safer for the life of the body.
7. Emotions give a life tone to a person, why moods are improved, practicality is increased, interest is shown to life and that in.
8. Emotions may be of great importance in the behavioral activity of the organism and the attachment of the mind to the mind of the mind in the middle. Whom may have the meaning of both positive and negative emotions. Only positive emotional states do not save the organism in the minds of the small minds of Dovkil. So, negative emotions may be of no lesser significance, stinks allow people to get into an unbearable conflict, save themselves from stressful situations. Naygolovnіshe, schob negative emotions did not pass into a stable form and did not lead to emotional stress. And then, for singing situations, negative emotions can turn into positive ones, okrema, which is a risk to yourself.
Experimental development of emotions and motivation is supported by teasing of emotional structures and variations of the Skinner technique (pressing on the pedal when giving a hedgehog). Walt and Milner developed the self-improvement technique. The stench remembered that in a number of vipadkivs, if in one coil of the cells they fought the brain structures, the eyes jumped at the whole coil. Then the stench went down with the Skinner technique, and gave their eyes to the ability, independently pressing on the pedal, including the effect of teasing the outside of the brain through the implantation of the electrode.
It appeared that the areas of the brain were explored, ripping out some of them called positive emotions (zones of the hedge or the zone of proximity). Ce areas of the septum, lateral hypothalamus, medial anterior cerebral bundle. Before the system of structures of negative reinforcement (zone of punishment, uniqueness) one can see sira speech, Ventro-medial hypothalamus, amygdala. It turned out that with the system of positive reinforcement of the underlying structure, there are articles and food reflexes. To cause damage to these structures to change both the vegetative sphere, and the behavior (after Delgado). Reactions of approaching that uniqueness of such teasing are taken away on all creatures.
What is the meaning of behavior in the center? It cannot be called a center of satisfaction (an analogy with toothache). Possibly - eating hunger chi spragi, oskіlki zone samoprozdratuvannya zbіgaєtsya mostly with the pharyngeal center of the hypothalamus and the centers of other biological urges. In tsyomu - homeostatic straightening of these centers. A piece of change equal to the main motivations - hunger, just save. - Change the power of self-exaggeration of singing points.
There is a thought that these zones, when robbing such creatures, we give priority to rotting all other motivations, є non-specific mechanisms of the fence. Need more wine? Emotions drive the activity of non-specific zones of the hedgerow early. The stench is necessary in order to pile up the important stages of behavior on the way to the point, as they are accompanied by disrupted homeostasis. Strategic vigilant stages of behavior are rewarded. The effect of acceptance is the extrapolation of a possible positive result. Emotions are the apparatus of integration "good - bad".
Theory of emotions.
Vrodzhenі, chi insane, reflections (their folded forms are called instincts) - ce stіykі types of biologically docile behavior, like in the process of phylogenesis. A voice is formed, as a rule, it can be realized without the participation of emotions. Ponad those who blamed the emotions of the building are less likely to destroy the day and make it difficult to reach the goal.
In the field of vegetative reactions, it is important for a physiologist to distinguish between the destruction of blood circulation, respiratory, internal secretion, as a directive on the energy supply of the rukhіv, and this is invariably accompanied by rukhovoї ї ї ї ї, іn іd vegetative reactions і іn аnd vаsne.
Crazy reflection - a whole pristosuvalny act, bound by viscous components of any organic consumption of a living system (in їzhі, water, temperature thinly) and dії shоdo її satisfaction (nearness, volodinnya, uniquely thinly). The mechanism of emotions represents warehouse part crazy-reflex act
From the beginning of the history of the organic world live for the minds of the lack of information about the possibility of changing dovkil. This is the reason for the need for internal reserves, which allow compensating for unacceptable fluctuations in the situation. One of the mechanisms of such compensation is the principle of hypercompensation.
This fundamental principle of self-regulation of living systems has laid the foundation for the entire attendant behavior. Dії zhivoi іstot іz satisfaction іn іt's nebіdї prichinayutsya doti, yak vіdnіshno sredovishі і organіzі vіdbuvayut sіlki-nebudіі іstotnі change. Signalization from the receptors of the duct, which is accompanied by hunger symptoms, at the same time initiating sensations, thereby protecting the changes in blood chemistry.
Emotional background of voicings to give a postal assessment of the brilliance and the frivolity of the sub-razniks.
The dynamic stereotype of the heart is the system of reactions in wild creatures and humans, which induces a singing combination of external and internal signals. Creatures with a viable dynamic stereotype represent a system that can have its own information about those who, if and how, work. Breaking the stereotype means the appearance of a lack of information, the need to look for information - they blame emotions.
Doctors to please unique emotions, but it is impossible. The one who is afraid of emotions - for її viniknen it appears to be detrained. Emotion is the same clerk, but the wine becomes pathological, as if turning the line between. Tsya between days is individual. It is even more important to take into account the regulation of the emotional tension, but it is not known, that management can only be indirect, with a clear knowledge of the mechanisms for launching emotions.
Mechanisms for launching emotions are super efficient.
1.biological. Anokhin's theory of emotions is based on the fact that emotions are viewed as the result of the inability of the acceptor of diї to the result of diї, or by overshooting the yogi at the stages of diї. Anokhin looked at E as a mechanism of punishment (negative E) hedges (positive E) strategically shkidlivih brown paths of behavior.
2. Ale E is often blamed on the cob of diy, in the estimation of the forecast, the level of consumption is higher. This fact is covered in informational Simonov's theory of emotions
According to Simonov, emotions are blamed for schoraza, if you don’t have any satisfaction, otherwise it seems - if you reach meti.
E \u003d -P (H-C), de
E - emotions, P - needs (spontaneous), N - information, prognostically necessary for organization of direct behavior.
From this point of view, 4 remarks unmistakably stand out:
1. E=0 at P=0. Emotions are not to blame for the daily consumption and know after being satisfied.
2. E=0 at H=C. There is no emotion in the entire information system to inspire for the great significance of P.
3. E \u003d max, even Z \u003d 0. For the obviousness of meti (consumer), the system is alive at the borders of tim emotsіynіshe, but it is less informed.
4. When С>Н Е change your sign. Oscilki in the guidance of the formula P are perceived as negative in a biological sense camp, with C>H it is positive emotion.
Otzhe, emotsії to lie due to the consumption and lack of information about the mind and її satisfaction.
Emotions are a compensatory mechanism, a kind of memory deficit of information, which is necessary for attainment (satisfaction). So, fiercely compensate for the lack of information, the necessary organization of the struggle, the fear of blaming the marriage of information, the necessary zahistu, the grief of blaming
the situation of new availability of information about the possibility of spending money.
3.However, for the activity you need not only information about the capacity of the vikonannya, but also the energy of that hour, and in Simonov's theory, the stench is not to be vrakhovuyutsya.
Zgіdno z Simonovim, there are only two emotional states - negative and positive. At the same time, physiological studies have shown that if psychologists see the impersonal manifestations of positive emotions (satisfaction, happiness, comfort, suffocation, joy, optimism, triumph, naked empty), the nature of the physiological vegetative destruction of the stink is the same.
And from the middle of negative emotions, physiologically, two types can be seen: a) stіnichni negative. emotions (anger, fierceness, frenzy), for those who experience the mobilization of forces, energy, all resources of the body, if the strength increases tenfold (strike on the wing of a litaka from a bear toshcho); i b) asthenic negative. emotions (gasp, fear, tightness), in which all functions of the body are reduced, as in the sphere of physical, and intellectual activity.
Objective physiological indications for all countries of the world. For example, dogs react differently to a terrible bully. One begins to bark, vomit, attack misfortunes, at its own risk of an increase in coronary blood flow, AT, body temperature, heart rate, MOD. Povedinkovo this camp is called fierce. The second dog at the appearance of the same person demonstrates fear - in case of this, it can cause defecation, mimicry sechoviprosy, paralysis, decrease in coronary blood flow, right up to total ischemia.
According to Kositsky's theory, emotions - having only shown a certain stage of development, I will become nervous and vegetative tension in the minds of a deficiency in the reach of meti. Before reaching the goal, Kositsky should provide not only information (I), but also energy (E) that hour (B), necessary for vikonannya.
In this manner, Simonov's formula, transforms into an attack: become an emotional strain in direct proportion to equal (significance, difficulty) mark and equal to a deficit of gains and achievements, tobto.
SN \u003d C (ІnEnVn - ІsesVs), de
SN - voltage camp, C - meta behavior, InEnVn - information, energy and hour, necessary to reach meti, ISEsVs - qi of the self, which is in order to the body.
Kositsky saw some steps I would become stale, equal to the deficit of gains to reach meti.
I step - V.M.A. (Respect, mobilization, activity). This is the active orienting reaction, the stage of adequate mobilization of forces, the stage of creative activity.
II step - S.O.E. (Stenichni negative emotions). As a result, there is a shortage of resources to achieve growth, due to the mobilization of reserves "under the water" (a vegetative storm). With this growth of Ec i, the equanimity of H and C is reached.
III stage - A.S.O.E.(Asthenic negative emotions). The stench is blamed, if the mobilization does not help, and H is left with more S. Vіdkhіd vіd zavdannya є є voіdіdny way zahistu organіzmu. For example, from two hares, those win, who, out of fear, die in the bushes, to that the fox will chase after the other, who will fall on his feet. How will this chase end - it’s not yet known, but the first hare is already vryatova! For fear blame so the titles of "vegetative chaos" - the regulation of vegetative functions. Yakshcho tse trivaє dovgo - can be deadly.
IV stage - neurosis - watch out for that depression, as the body often experiences asthenic negative emotions. This is the cause of the breakdown of the system of autonomic regulation and neuropsychic functions. Clinically blamed for neurosis, seeing the most nervous activity.
The first three stages are changeable at the reach of meti, the fourth is non-negotiable, leaves a seal on all life, raises sensitivity to any situation ("corn ailment").
It is possible to regulate the emotional tension, wisely understand the guilt. To that, from Kositsky's formulas, it is necessary either to set great numbers, or to increase the power resources - to adequately distribute the hour, to increase energy and information, tobto. life story of that newcomer.
Tsіkavo, that people with different temperaments and types of GNI are more important to demonstrate different equal EN. So, sanguine is more powerful 1 step EN (V.M.A.), choleric - a friend (S.O.E.). In people with a weak type, 3 and 4 steps of EN are often blamed, in others with strong type- 1st and 2nd steps.
Sounds are not discharging emotions by the regulatory mechanisms of internal organs. Emotions cannot be streamed, but it is necessary - who has a problem.
For 1 tbsp. there are no problems - її streaming is not required. Emotions 2nd stage sometimes need to be discharged. In a palliative way out, the m'yazova activity may be even stronger, as it changes the energy. You can, like the Japanese shy, scatter on the "opudalo maistra" thinly. You don’t know the cause of EN, but you know a vegetative storm.
Asthenic negative emotions need to be completely unique, and like a stink of wine, you need to catch the stage. Obov'yazkovo treba pіti іz tsієї situatsії.
Why are we not in control of emotions? The stench turns on less on equal footing. Our mental activity is manifested in two types - svidoma and subsidoma (non-svіdoma - uvі snі, avtomatizmy, zvichki toschoo). Offenses in the form of activity are caused by all the equals of the brain, but for the sake of it, a severe activation of measles is necessary from the side of the Russian Federation. In a sleeping person, when teasing whether or not receptors, like i, like in a pill, in bark, viklican potentials are blamed - sov. primary and secondary secondary. Kositsky vvazhaє, scho second vіdpovіd - tse vіdobrazhennya protsessіv, pov'yazanih z significance podraznika and folded programs vіdpovіdі. The robots turn on until the bag is turned on, or the desynchronization mechanism does not turn on and it stays, or it doesn’t wake up.
A sleeping person can name 4 types.
1. Vidsutnіst vіdpovіdі - tse reaction to loud signals that do not carry new information (the sound of a year-old man, the ringing of dishes, the sound of domestic noise is thin).
2. Active alert, so as not to wake up - automatic reactions such as drive in a mosquito or wave a fly. It is rich to inspire mentally reflex reactions can be less on the equal footing.
3. The reaction to the teaser calls for a calm awakening.
4. The reaction to the teaser calls for awakening from a sharp emotional reaction.
Emotional tension vinikaє before waking up, unseen (perelyak). If the awakening of the wines passes from fear, as if there are no resources for the order, to pass, as if the resources are sufficient, or fierce, as if there is a shortage, or if the mobilization of resources is possible.
According to Kositsky, there is only one positive emotion. Therefore, joy, as it can be manifested in various forms, depending on a specific psychophysiological situation, but at the basis of this mechanism, lie the order of negative emotions and the reach of meti. The joy of tim is greater, than the greater bov camp of emotional tension. A lot of people go to fear (rizik), to try the joy of following a yoga podlannya - mountain climbers.
If everything is given on a silver platter, then there is no joy. It's a joy to come through the hard times. Nevipadkovo, the children of millionaires joke about their hobbies, shards crossed by the minds of their lives. We want to do the hardships and take away the joy.
Creatures take joy out in this way. Close your eyes to the ideal minds of the unbelievable (before seeing the "eye-glasses" and the electric camera). On the right, in the fact that all biological needs give a re-examination, it is unnecessary to become redundant in the information.
Otzhe, joy is one of the motive forces of biological evolution, a maker of natural goodness. Problems can be added by the most prepared representatives of the population, but all can be done. She survives and gives the strongest offspring.
Central nerve apparatus of emotions. representations of the brain tissue, which is commonly called the "visceral brain". The name of the link between the visceral cerebellum and the regulation of activity of the internal organs. Tsej zv'yazok maє double zmіst. On the one hand, you’ll guess about the staleness of emotions for internal needs, on the other hand, we’ll try to understand those profound changes in vegetation, which will be the hour of the realization of emotions.
Up to the visceral medulla, one can see: the hypothalamic area (hypothalamus), the anterior thalamic nuclei, the septum, the crypt of the medulla, the mammary body, the amygdala-like nucleus and the old-fashioned measles nucleus (vynochnaya furrow, hippocampus, pear-like part). The visceral brain is closely connected with the new crest of the great pivkul, especially with її
frontal, skronevimi and tim'yanimi parts.
Functional injections of the central apparatus of emotions can be divided into 2 types - high and low. The visceral infusions are formed from the activation of the greater ventricles of the brain and organs of the senses. The visceral brain closely interacts with the reticular formation of the cerebral stovbur. It has been shown that stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus has the effect of activating cortical respiration, that is. gives an effect, typical for the Russian Federation. After the collapse of the posterior hypothalamus, EEG activation during stimulation of the RF is not accompanied by awakening. Hippocampus galmues reticular formation of the cerebral stovbur.
The direction of the physiological apparatus of emotions through the Russian Federation does not include direct injection into the cortex, but also through the vegetative nervous system. The great low effects of emotional arousal are realized through the autonomic nervous system, which is the center of localization of the hypothalamus.
Boward (1962) propagated the hypothesis about the brain of living creatures and humans of two functionally opposite systems. One of them has a parasympathetic (cholinergic) nature and represents the physiological basis of positive emotions. Other, adrenergic. system that turns on when negative. emotions. Razdratuvannya pershoї from them calls out almost a little satisfied and є in the city. Stimulation of the negative system is accompanied by restlessness, anxiety and anxiety.
Between the two systems, reciprocal blues are used, as they are regulated by the amygdala-like nucleus. However, between these systems there is a foldable, lower simple reciprocity. The structure of positive emotions has clearly sympathetic effects, while negative ones have parasympathetic ones.
Emotion is one of the forms of a complete behavioral reaction that radiates a rich variety of physiological systems and is framed by both singing motivations, and equal to the level of satisfaction. Emotions and reflex reactions of the body to external and internal teasing are characterized by clearly pronounced subjective zabarvlennyam.
The main physiological significance of emotions affects the signaling and regulatory functions of them.
The signaling function of emotions influences the aggravated assessments of the subdivisions. Emotions signal about success or failure of victorious action, corrosiveness or shoddyness of the song. Emotional camp evokes a clear expression of the experience of the song zabarvlennya, which gives a sharp characterization of the factor, which is poured in, exuding it more outside, in more detail. Tse viklikaє shvidku mobilizatsiyu all systems of the body to zdiisnennya reaction in vіdpovіd, the nature of which lie down in order, a signal of what (brown or shkidlivogo) infusion on the body to serve as a tribute to the body. The role of the signal function of emotions is attached to this polyga.
Regulatory function of emotions influences the formation of activity, directed to the satisfaction of needs, and also to the strengthening or attachment of divers. Emotions show the search zone, de bude will find the solution to the satisfaction of the needs. Dissatisfied needs of the body are accompanied by emotions that may have an unacceptable character. Satisfaction with your daily needs is accompanied by receiving emotional experiences.
P. V. Simonov also sees the function of emotions, which he adds. It seems that emotions take an uninterrupted fate in the processes of learning that memory. Significant signs that call out emotional reactions are more likely to be remembered for a long time. In experiments, it was brought to light that the blame for positive emotions after satisfaction requires an impossibly virobit mental reflex.
The peremical function of emotions clearly manifests itself in the competition of motives, after which they are dominant
need. For example, in extreme minds you can blame the struggle between the natural instinct of self-preservation for a person and the social need to reach the singing ethical norms, it is experienced in the form of struggle between fear and almost ob'yazku, fear and rubbish. The result is deposited in the face of forces spontaneously, in the form of special installations.
You can also talk about the communicative function of emotions. Mimics and pantomimes allow people to convey their experiences to other people, to inform them about their appointment before the appearances, objects, etc., emotions.
Classification of emotions
Emotions are usually divided into positive and negative. Positive emotions signify the body of the body, which is characterized by active stimuli, directing to the savings and strength of that body. Negative emotions are manifested in susillis, directing to the adoption of the camp, caused by dissatisfied consumption or by the influx of the squeaky factor.
Fallow in the presence of buildings increase the decrease in the activity of the body, the emotions of the stenichny - which call the active activity, and asthenic - which reduce the activity. For trivality and degree of expression, emotions are divided into mood, passion, affect.
Іsnuє rozpodіl emotsіy on nizhchi that things. The lower, elementary emotions associated with the satisfaction of organic needs and in their line are divided into two types:
homeostatic, directed to support homeostasis of the body and may have a negative character
Instinctive, caused by state instinct, saving instinct and other behavioral reactions.
Other emotions are associated with social and ideal needs (intellectual, moral, aesthetic) and can only be blamed on people.
Nervous substrate and physiological mechanism of emotions
The first basic concept that evokes emotions from the functions of the brain's song structures is to be attributed to J. Peypets (1937). Vidpovidno to her blame for emotions connected with the limbic system. Cortical emotional processes are blamed on the hippocampus, the impulses are directed to the mammary body, and then to the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus and to the cingulum (near Peipets). Emotional zabarvlennya psychic processes associated with the expansion of these impulses in other areas of measles (Fig. 36). The receptive area of emotional experiences is explained by zvivina. The integrity of this lancer is a mechanism that organizes the experience and expression of emotions. Emotions either blame the lower back in the cortex, the sounds of the impulses go to the “colo” through the hippocampus, or as a result of the awakening of the hypothalamus, and at the same time the cingulate cortex can be seen as a receiving area for emotional inputs as a result of the impulses, hypothalamus come.
However, at the hour, the hypothesis of J. Peipets is included in the proof with a wealth of facts. Thus, the role of the hippocampus and thalamus in the guilty emotions was described in a vague way. In humans, the stimulation of the hippocampus by an electric stream is not accompanied by the appearance of emotions (fear, anger, then). Subjectively, patients are less aware of the confusion of information. Of all the structures of the Peipets stake, the most significant links to emotional behavior are the hypothalamus and cingulate ridge. Zgіdno with modern denim, there is a belt of zvivina with bilateral connections with bagatma subkirk structures (the septum, the upper pagorbs of the quadrigemina, the black flame and in.), as well as with different areas of measles in the frontal, thym'yanikh and skronevy parts. Її zv'yazki, maybe, bigger, lower in some other person's brain. It is allowed that the zvivina belt wins the function of the supreme coordinator of various systems of the brain, which gets into the organization of emotions. In addition, it appeared that there are many other structures of the brain that do not enter the warehouse of the Peipets stake, give a strong influx on the emotional behavior. Among them, the role of the tonsils, as well as the frontal and skronevy cortex of the brain, is of particular importance. In the regulation of emotions, the frontal and skeletal cortex are of great importance. The defeat of the frontal chasm can cause deep damage to the emotional sphere of a person.
Ninі vvazhayut, scho nervous substrate of emotions is the limbic-hypothalamic complex. The inclusion of the hypothalamus in the qiu system is conditioned by the fact that the multiple connections of the hypothalamus with various structures of the brain create a physiological and anatomical basis for the vindication of emotions. The new cortex, on the basis of interactions with other structures, especially the hypothalamus, limbic and reticular systems, plays an important role in the subjective evaluation of emotional states.
The mechanism of vindication of emotions can be seen from a glance of the biological theory of P. Do. Anokhin. The essence of this theory lies in the fact that positive emotions, when satisfied, need to be blamed only for that depression, if the parameters of the actually taken result are more precisely matched with the parameters of the transferred result, programmed in the result acceptor. At times, the reaction of satisfaction is blamed, as it is subjectively accompanied by a feeling of satisfaction, positive emotions. Although the parameters of the really taken result are not saved from programming in the acceptors of the results, they are accompanied by a little dissatisfaction, restlessness with negative emotions. It is necessary to produce before the formation of an oriental-presliding reaction and the formation of a new combination of effector zbudzhen, necessary for the organization of a new incremental peripheral act, which will ensure the removal of the result, the parameters of which are being programmed in the acceptor of the result.
Mova that mova
Mine is called a sign system of any physical nature, which viconizes communicative and cognitive functions in the process of human activity. Mova vinikla at the process of development of the community way of establishing and yogo by an essential attribute - the special coordination of people's activity. Mova to serve as an instrument of expression and a form of reasoning for thought. Vіn tіsno po'yazaniya z mislennyam, oskolki register and zakriplyuє in words and rechennyah the results of yoga work and allow the exchange of thoughts. However, the language is a singing system with the power internal organization, the posture of which is not possible to understand the nature of that meaning of the moving sign. Vіn pіdpriyadkovuєtsya spetsificіchіchnym laws, vіdmіnnim vіd zakonіv smylennya, so there's no sameness between understanding and in a word, judgments and propositions too much. bud. Mova to serve as a means of fixing and saving the accumulated knowledge and transferring from generation to generation, playing the great role of molding people's remembrance - it cannot be done with a posture of a moving shell.
Language is a form of activity that ensures communication for people. Mova allows the mind to reduce the complexity of conceptual structures and to articulate navkolishniy svit to scales that allow them to be manipulated. Won at the same time with a set of symbols in their allowable days and in the mind of the same symbols and rules that signify them every day.
As a functional unity, the word victorious word is “signal of signals”. The sensory characteristics of the words, i.e., the ideal daytime, are indicated by them in the internal structure of the zvnishnіkh zv'yazkіv ob'ektіv reality. The zdatnіst razumіti, and then іmіvlyatіt words develop in the child in the wake of associations of singing sounds (sіv) іz zor, tactile and other attacks about the zvnіshnі ob'єkti.
Movie functions
The communicative function of language is for those who are a means of communication. Tsya diyalnіst zdіysnyuєtsya at the sight of two independent, closely related forms. The first of them conveys the fate of the subject, which formulates the language of speech, and manifests itself in the form of expressive movement. The other conveys the subject's presence, which captures the movement of recollection, the expressive form of the movie. Mova convey verbal and non-verbal information.
The conceptual function of that which is language is the sign of abstract thought. For help, the analysis of that specific information that needs to be found is not only provided, but judgments and judgments are formulated.
The programming function is used to influence the prompt meaning schemes of the modern language, the grammatical structures of speech in the transition from the internal idea to the sound language. At the heart of this process lies the internal programming for additional help. Tsya function suffers in case of damage to the posterior lobes and premotor parts of measles.
The regulatory function of the movement is manifested in the ability to organize and regulate a good behavior behind the help of another signaling system. Lyudina zdatna vikonuvat team, otrimana vіd be-whom chi vіd yourself. Through the war, the transformation of the foreign language activity at the internal language remains a mechanism, from which a person manages the power activities.
Regulatory function of the language of the law and the management of the activity of various bodies of the prosecutor's office and systems of the body with a help word. The word yak physiologically active clerk can be poured into its uninterrupted zmistom, let's understand the meanings. A good word said at once can take a warm mood, promote practicality. But with a word you can hurt people. This is especially important in the case of a doctor and a patient. Neberezhnee word at the presence of the patient zdatne pogirschit camp ailing and navit bring to the so-called "iatrogenic ill."
Physiological bases of movies
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The function of promotion is controlled by the singing structures of the measles of the great brain. The movement center, which ensures sleep (Broca's center), is at the base of the lower frontal line (Fig. 37). In the event of a slow cycle, the brain is afraid of a breakdown of rukhoviy reactions, which will ensure the sleep of the mind. The acoustic center of the promov (Wernicke center) is located in the posterior third of the upper skeletal ring and the adjoining part - supramarginal ring. Ushkodzhennya measles in designated areas is a waste of building knowledge and sense of the word. The optical center of promotion is localized in the apex of the line. The defeat of the mind of the maid allows the brain to be able to recognize what is written.
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Liva pіvkulya is recognized for the development of an abstract abstract logical idea, connected with important processing of information on the level of another signal system. Rights pіvkulya zabezpechu spriynyattya that processing of information is more important on the level of the first signaling system.
An uninvisible on the landing of the LIVOPIVILISHICAL CENTERIV MOVI in the structures of the Cores of the Great Brain (I yak result - vidpovіdnіdnіdni, the conjunum of the console is an aiming, and the other signal systems of the other signal systems of the Corny. The function of another signaling system is determined by the robotic brain.
Sredilsh of a sewage of the other signaling system of systems of the extent to the agnosy - input of the power of the venue of the Sliv (Zorova agnozia, with Urani Poleni Zone, the Agnoziy - at the Poshkodenvich Kori Koriye - Aphasia - Ophenya Moviean, Agranda - Agranda, Agranda - Agranda - Agranda - Agranda - Agranda - Agranda - Agranda.
Myslennya
Myslennya is the greatest blessing of human knowledge. Vono allows you to take away knowledge about objects, authorities, and you can see the blue of the superfluous world, as they cannot be adopted without intermediary for help by the organs of the senses. The data of a living spy, dosvіdu osvіdlyayutsya and zagalnyayutsya for the help of abstract-logical movable thought, scho zdіysnyuєtsya in the form to understand, judgment, visnovkіv.
Understanding is a form of thought, in which the essence of objects and phenomena of the real world is reflected in their essences, necessary signs and signs. Objects of real action appear in the understanding in a narrowed look, for abstraction, narrowing, matching and idealization. The concepts are expressed in the modern form as okremih words (“protein”, “organ”) and word-finding (“hormonal regulation”, “exchange of speeches”).
Judgment reflects the regularity of the connections between power and signs, objects and manifestations Visnovok - visnovok about correctness (or hybnist) whether there is any judgment arising from the correctness (or hybnost) of other judgments. Visnovok can be developed by the method of induction - from the private to the infamous and deduction - from the outrageous to the private.
The characteristic rice of the human mind is the yogo inextricable link from my, my.
Literature
Atlas of physiology. In two volumes. Volume 1: head. Posibnik / A. G. Kamkin, I. S. Kiselova - 2010. - 408 p. : il.
Smirnov V.M., Dubrovsky V.I. Physiology of physical development and sport: M.: Type of POWER - PRES, 2002 - 608 p.
Primary-methodical help to practical exercises in normal physiology with the basics of morphology for students in other matters and additional education of the Faculty of Pharmacy / Markina L.D., Markin V.V. - V-K: Medicine DV, 2006. - 120 p.
Physiology of people / for ed. ON THE. Agadzhanyan, V.I. Tsirkin. M: Med. book. - I. Novgorod: View of NDMA, 2005. - 526 p.
Physiology of people: Podruchnik / Ed. V.M. Pokrovsky, G.F. Short. - 2nd view., revised. that dod. - M.: Medicine, 2003. - 656 p.
Requirements for self-preparation:
1. Designation of GNI.
2. Methods for tracking GNI. The main rhythms of EEG and their meaning.
2. The history of the development of looking at my nervous activity. Cause viniknennya vchennya I. P. Pavlova about GNI. Reflex theory I. M. Sechenov.
3. The main ambush of the reflex theory.
4. The main functional blocks of the nervous system, which provide GND. Functional-block diagram of the robotic brain.
5. Sensory systems in the functional organization of the brain, their inspiration from the concept of "analyzer". Budova analyzer that charitable principles robotic sensor systems
6. Modular systems in the functional organization of the brain. Form activation and dzherela activation of the brain. Ways of nonspecific awakening for measles.
7. Fundamentals of the functional organization of the rukhovy systems of the brain. Features of the rukhovy analyzer.
8. Tertiary (associative) zones of measles as a special functional block. Features of its functioning.
9. Birth activity of the body. Crazy reflection and yoga classification. Instinct and instinctive behavior.
10. Functional camp in the structure of behavior. equal to show the functional state. Scales of rich functional statuses.
11. Arcs of the insane and the mental reflex after E. A. Asratyan.
12. The concept of neuronal organization of the reflex arc according to I. P. Pavlov and E. N. Sokolov.
13. Sleep. The structure of that theory of sleep. electrophysiological parameters. Zasinannya.
14. Stress. Significance, mechanisms. Scheme of development of stress response.
15. The concept of drive and drive-reflection by Yu. Konorsky. Imprinting: Necessary to understand that particularity.
16. Clever reflection as an effect of deposit learning. Wash away the vibration of mental reflections.
17. Mechanisms of appeasement of mental reflex. Functional planting the sound of the timchasovy zvezku. The concept of E. A. Asratyan.
18. Dynamics of mental-reflex activity.
19. Mechanisms of galvanization of mental reflexes. See the mental gamble.
20. See the insane galvanization of mental reflexes, this is a characteristic.
21. Dominant. Dynamics of foundation - dominant.
22. Neurophysiological features of memory. Timchas organization of memory. Structural and functional bases of memory and learning.
23. Clinical and molecular mechanisms of memory and learning. The role of synaptic plasticity.
24. The structure of the conduct act. Functional system of P. K. Anokhin. Stages of behavioral act.
25. Consume, my detection. Determinants of consumption. Classification of requirements
26. Motivation. Biological motivation Powerful authorities different types motivation. Motivation as a dominant.
27. Neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of motivations.
28. Emotions. Functions of emotions. Physiological virase of emotions.
29. Neuroanatomy and neurochemistry of emotions.
30. Features of the GNI of a person. The word yak is a signal. Mova and її functions. Rozvitok movi at a child.
31. The first and other signaling systems, their interaction. Modern functions pivkul.
32. Brain, thought and knowledge.
33. Theory I. P. Pavlova about VND tips. Zagalni and human types of VND.
From a long time ago to modernity, physiologists have shown and shown the emotions of people with different changes in the body, with different bodily manifestations
For example, the 19th century saw the theory of emotions, for which emotion is blamed only as traces of internal, physiological processes, like in the body. Spriynyattya viklikaє tіlesnі protsesi - zmіn nі in the activity of the breath, the heart-vascular system, m'yazіv tіla thinly, and only after these changes in the body are emotional experiences. The stench of the last appointments of changes and their notifications. Qiu theory was propagated by an American psychologist. W. James at work "Principles of Psychology" (1890). V. James, stating that, in opposition to the greedy duma, they should say: "We know about those who weep; we are angry at that which is shouted and knocked, and not navpaki" V. James poov'yazuvav emotions only with internal subjective evidence and not blaming on the reflex nature of their vindication of the nature of their vindication.
In 1910-1915 rr. a number of studies related to the biochemical analysis of changes that occur in the body under the influence of emotions, changes. W. Cannon. Follow-up. V. Cannon, as well as. M. Sherrington was given valuable factual material, having been put to the point of feeding on emotions by looking at the inherent reactions of the body to action. However, the results of the investigations insufficiently deeply revealed the physiological nature of emotions and the regularity of their vindication.
Testing the nervous mechanisms of emotional reactions was found in the laboratory. VM. Bekhterev (1929), having looked at emotions like folding reflections, which are blamed on the basis of natural instincts for rich emotional reactions that are created behind the type of mental reflexes, in such a drastic process it expands from the measles of the brain to the child's organs. emotions with their characteristic dry manifestations i. IM. Sechenov. Simple emotional reactions may be the same mechanism, like folding. On the back - awakening a sensitive nerve, then - activity to the center, nasolod; results - m'yazove skorochennya. Emotional reaction, for. IM. Sechenov, - this is a reflex with a "strengthened kіnts", which suffocates the whole sphere of addictions. Emotional elements are aggravated. Reflex ornі ruhi, po'yazanі at their own elementary forms with instincts of forms with instincts.
Gliboke experimentally grounding the mental-reflex mechanism of emotions. IP. Pavlov. Vіd dovіv, scho emotional reactions can be the basis of coherent activity of measles and pіdkirki with their folding reflex links, and the cortex plays a regulative role in emotional reactions.
103 Physiological basis of emotions
Mustache emotions - joy, love, anxiety, fear, turmoil, rubbish. - zavzhdy blame for the influx on the nervous system of the people of the outer and inner teasing. When the emotions of the nervous system are affected, the awakening expands on the vegetative center and causes changes in the vitality of the body. Emotions with their reactions are like changes in the activity of the internal organs, different in different ways. what is blamed for the mechanism of both insane and mental reflections.
Emotional reactions, which are blamed on the mechanism of insane reflexes, may have a permanent character. Such emotions, like suffering from hunger, sprag, pain, emotions of satisfaction, fear with typical defensive reflexes, as well as emotions of anger with defensive reflexes of an offensive nature that іn, blame constantly and obov'yazkovo for the vital states of the mind. These reactions are biologically necessary, may be life-important and decaying forms of reflex reactions. The stench is gaining typical species forms in the wild from different creatures - creatures and people. Emotional reactions to laughter, s liz, a reaction to fear, anger, and the most blatant of all people, may have a specific character. However, the mechanism of reactions to develop with simple emotions in a person is significantly foldable, different, lower in a creature. The responses are not so stereotyped, there may be a lot of different remarks for the intensity and intensity. In humans, the nature of these insanely reflex emotional reactions is not the same as mentally reflex reactions.
Mentally-reflex vindication of emotional reactions is connected with numerous insane imitations, with which the creatures of the people are stunned by their individual knowledge. In mental reflexes, which are blamed on the basis of insane, the rush of nervous awakening is possible, like a kick to the measles, so in a straight line - from the measles to the kicker center.
Pidkirka functions under the control of measles of the great pivkul of the brain. Control from the side of measles manifests itself, so the cream, in whom, that a person can regulate the strength of emotions, do not give in to it, trim the singing world of the outer world, show your feelings (for example, stream your laughter, anger, then.) like zherelo їхної forcesі.
Ruinuvannya pіdkirkovih utopia, especially the thalamus and hypothalamus, lead to the destruction of the sound manifestation of emotional states. In case of pathological lesions, sick people tend to develop emotional reactions.
folded experience of a person is connected with the decisions of the systems of thymchasic nerve connections, with vibrations, support and change of dynamic stereotypes. The dynamic stereotype is formed under the influence of real interrelations between the body and the medium, not only established, but more and more less trying to support the dynamic stereotype - nerve robot, lie in the complexity of the stereotype itself and the individual features of the human nervous system. Light, support, that destruction of the dynamic stereotype does not go unnoticed for the people, the stench is experienced. NO.
Dynamic stereotypes are changed by stretching life through the change of minds. New living conditions, new tasks lead to new people and new ways of doing things, change the old system of connections from the medium of the vegetable and the new vibration. Changing one stereotype with others is often accompanied by a conflict between old and new stereotypes, taking away its expression from the struggle of different experiences of people. Changes in vibrating communication systems are experienced by children in different moments of their lives (for example, when moving from family to nursery garden, entry to school, transition from younger to middle classes, graduation from school, etc.) understood that not all communication systems change. We save a lot, we save and weary a little.
Raznomanіtnі zovnіshnі show pochutіv can be mentally divided into viraznі, or expressive ruhu and changes in the range of internal organs, or visceral (from lat viscera - fillings). I tі, y іnshi for the likes of born, insane and nabouti, wiser
Insanely reflexive, show your feelings to be safe from diyalnistyu podkoryuvannya. Physiological mechanism of mental-reflex manifestations of sensible and interoceptive timcha nerve connections, which settle in the cortex of the great pimples of the brain and play an important role in the regulation of the work of internal organs.
Emotions create biochemical foundations. Conducted by psychoactive pharmacologists (Fenamin, Adrenal Tu In.) Showed, cos, the preparations in a ribly fuel on the gypotalamus і, yogo dinamychnu, the vicenesis of the nervous, vicenesis of the people and so on).
Different emotions become human beings, її foldable morally, intellectually and aesthetically, you can feel like a viklikanі not only an uninterrupted influx on the nervous system of the manifestations of activity. The stench is also blamed for the process of recruiting people for the help of clever podraznikiv, sv. The process of converting timchasovyh nerve connections to verbal signals is subject to the basic laws of higher nervous activity, the laws of irradiation, concentration and mutual induction of nerve processes, awakening and galvanism. Called by other signal stimuli, nerve processes in the cerebral cortex with their irradiation on the lower. Chi vіddіlennya brain calls out different reactions in the life of the body, characteristic of emotions. We often experience in the everyday life of a flurry, if, for example, verbal information about something is taken away, it calls out from a person a sing emotional reaction - out of the blue, exclaiming satisfaction or, navpaki, turbulence.
Emotions- one of the forms of mindful ob'ektivnoy action, as characterized by the setting of a person to a superfluous world, to itself and form a behavior. This is the product of evolution, which is the culprit of the results of the first impressions, experiencing in the aftermath of various different undertakings.
For emotions are characteristic:
■ experience, Mayut the subjective character and make the setting of the individual up to the singing situation in the behavioral reaction;
■ change the visceral systems organism, created for satisfaction of internal needs of the organism;
■ manifest your own as an activation of the circulatory systems, accompanying behavior, - characteristic postures, facial expressions, gestures, moves, etc., can also satisfy the internal needs of the body.
Classification of emotions
Emotions are shared on negativeі positive. To negative ones, they are sthenic, as they are characterized by increased activity (fierce, anger, stun affect, aggression) and asthenic, which reduce activity (fear, embarrassment, grief, depression). Satisfaction, joy, happiness, happiness lie before positive emotions. Also, things are divided and lower emotions. Vishchi blame people for a connection with the satisfaction of social needs (moral, intellectual, aesthetic). Below - related to the organic needs of people and creatures (prague, hunger, self-saving).
Negative emotions are blamed on the stage of molding internal needs and dominating motivation. This is an unacceptable experience that stimulates a behavioral reaction to speed up the satisfaction of internal needs. To whom to adopt changes in visceral systems, those metabolic changes, oscillators of the disease, it is necessary to mobilize energy resources in the body, necessary to improve behavioral reactions.
Positive emotions vinikayut with satisfied internal needs. The stench is accompanied by accepting experiences. The camp of satisfaction signals to the structures of the brain about those that the parameters of the nasledkіv deviate from ochіkuvani, so they win the signaling role. Give respect to those who themselves become satisfied with stimulating the attainment of end-of-life behaviors, to that individual pragne itself I will become more and more, lower only to the satisfaction of internal needs.
The nature of emotions
There are a lot of theories of emotions, the theory of Z. Freud, James - Lange, Bard, Adler. Prote cі theories were supported by physiological mechanisms.
The largest primed the central theory of emotions by W. Kennon, in a way, a thought was made about the foundation of special emotional structures of the brain, which would give rise to positive and negative experiences of a person. Today, it has been experimentally shown that the stimulation of the structures of the limbic system and the hypothalamus arouses both in animals and in humans, emotional reactions of various directivity. It is confirmed by the great accumulation of neurophysiological, biochemical, morphological and pharmacological data.
Information theory of P. V. Simonov:E \u003d - P (Іn - II), De (E) - emotions; (P) - life is important for the needs of the body; Other - information, necessary access to meti, satisfaction of singing needs; Іі - information about the nature of the organism and how it can be vikoristan for organizing a purposeful direct injection.
The more for II, the more negative emotion vinikaє. For mind that II is more for In, blame positive emotion; think that Pr \u003d II, emotions do not blame. In this order, go about the information that is necessary for the satisfaction of internal needs. Information - the totality of all the essential benefits for reaching the goal: knowledge, skills, energy resources of the body, the hour of implementation. The brain integrates all information into one parameter - the ability to reach the target.
To the thought of P. V. Simonov, "need - the vibrancy of living organisms in the form of chinniks of dowkill, suttivih for self-preservation and self-development, the core of the activity of living systems, spurring that metaphorical behavior in the addicted world”.
Vіdoma biological theory a. K. Anokhin, evoked on the basis of the behavioral act, and the “acceptor of di” itself, dezdiisnyuetsya equivalence of scoring results with real ones. However, the morphological substrate of the acceptor is not yet assigned.
Insanely, the emotion to lie down and in the presence of other factors, including the unknown ones. To vіdomih vіdnosjatsya: a) іndivіdіduаnі (typological) authority of the subject; b) the factor of the hour, depending on how quickly the emotion develops - quickly, at the sight affect, or mood, that continues for years, days, days; c) some peculiarities of internal needs. Emotions that are settled on the basis of social and spiritual needs are called apparently. In case of small imovirnosti, go unchecked in the inflow of blame anxiety, small imovіrnіst reach bazhanoї meti viklikає frustration. Prote all officials are smarter than the richness of emotions, however, as necessary factors, there are only two - need and ymovirnist її satisfaction. Introduced theories are close to the light, so explain the body to the body, which accompanies the satisfaction and dissatisfaction of the internal needs of the body. Modern millнаукових досліджень дозволяє вважати об'єктивним проявом емоції лише зміни у стані вісцеральних систем організму, які супроводжують емоції, тому що переживання є суб'єктивними та методи їх реєстрації відсутні, а зовнішні прояви у вигляді певних рухових функцій людина може гальмувати завдяки впливу кори великих півкуль .