Budov and functions of the nervous system. Nervous system, functions of the Budova robot of the nervous system

1. Budova and functions of the nervous system. Glia.

2. Reflex. Reflex arcs. Classification of reflexes.

3. Vikovi features of the brain and spinal cord.

1. Budova and functions of the nervous system. glia

The nervous system regulates and coordinates the activity of all organs of the prosecutor's office and systems, and improves the integrity of the functioning of the body. Zavdyaki їy zdіysnyuєtsya zv'yazok to an organism іz ovnіshnіm sredovischem that yoga adaptation to minds, scho constantly zmіnuyuetsya. Nervous system is the material basis of svidomo activity, yoga thought, behavior, promotion.

The head and spinal cord can be seen to the central nervous system. Having offended the stench, it is evolutionary, morphologically and functionally related to each other and without a sharp boundary to pass one into one.

Functions of the nervous system

1. Protect the body from the outer environment.

2. Take care of the mutual interaction of all elements in the body among themselves.

3. Ensure the regulation of trophic functions, tobto. regulation of speech exchange.

4. Nervous system, head brain zocrema, the substrate of mental activity.

Functionally, the nervous system is divided into somatic and autonomous (vegetative), anatomically - into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

The somatic nervous system regulates the work of skeletal masses and ensures the sensitivity of the human body. Autonomous (vegetative) nervous system regulates the exchange of speech, the work of internal organs and smooth membranes.

The autonomic nervous system innervates the internal organs. It also takes care of the trophic innervation of the skeletal tissues, other organs and tissues, and the nervous system itself.

The peripheral nervous system is made up of numerous paired nerves, nerve plexuses and knots. Nerves deliver impulses from the central nervous system directly to the working organ - the m'yaza - information from the periphery in the central nervous system.

The main elements of the nervous system are nerve cells (neurons). Confirmation of the cellular theory of the future nervous system was taken away by the help of electron microscopy, as it showed that the membrane of the nervous clitina guesses the main membrane of other clitinae. Vaughn є with a strong stretch of the upper surface of the nervous clitinum and water-cremation from the other clitinum. The skin nerve cell is an anatomical, genetic and metabolic unit, like cells and other tissues of the body. Nearly 100 billion nerve cells are located in the human nervous system. Shards of the skin nerve cell are functionally connected with thousands of other neurons, the number of possible variants of connections is close to innumerable. Nervous clitin should be considered as one of the lines of organization of the nervous system, which acquires molecular, synaptic, subclitinal lines with supraclitinal lines of canal neural networks, nerve centers and functional systems of the brain, which organize behavior.

Budov neuron. The body of the neuron, as if tied with sprouts, is the central part of the neuron and ensures eating of other parts of the clitin. Cover the body with a spherical membrane, like two balls of lipids with a parallel orientation, which make up the matrix, in which the protein is laid. The body of the neuron is the nucleus of the nucleus, which avenges the genetic material.

The nucleus regulates the synthesis of proteins in all cells and controls the differentiation of young nerve cells. The cytoplasm of the body of the neuron has a large number of ribosomes. Some ribosomes roam freely in the cytoplasm, one by one, or they create a clump. Other ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, which represents the internal system of membranes, tubules, and puffers. Ribosomes are attached to the membranes to synthesize proteins, which are then transported from cells. Accumulation of the endoplasmic reticulum with budding into the new ribosomes becomes characteristic of neuron neuron illumination - Nissl's substance. Accumulation of a smooth endoplasmic reticulum, in which there are no ribosomes, forms part of the Golgi apparatus; It is suggested that it may be important for the secretion of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Lysosomes are arranged in membranes for accumulation of various hydrolytic enzymes. Important organelles of nerve cells are mitochondria - the main structures of energy production. On the inner membrane of mitochondria, all the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located - the most important part of the aerobic pathway for the breakdown of glucose, which is dozens of times more effective for the anaerobic pathway. Nervous cells also have microtubules, neurofilaments and microfilaments, which vary in diameter. Microtubules (diameter 300 nm) go from the body of the nerve cell to the axon and dendrites and the internal transport system. Neurofilaments (diameter 100 nm) grow only in nerve cells, especially in the great axons, and form part of the transport system. Microfilaments (diameter 50 nm) are well manifested in the growths of nerve cells, which grow, stinks take the fate of some types of interneuronal diseases.

Dendrites are tree-like-gills of a neuron's growth, its head receptive field, which ensures the collection of information, like coming through the synapse from other neurons, or directly from the middle. When the body is farther away, dendritic discoloration occurs: the number of dendritic needles increases, and their diameter sounds. On the surface of the dendrites of rich neurons (pyramid neurons of measles, cells of Purkin's cerebellum and in) there are spines. The spiny apparatus is a warehouse part of the tubular system of the dendrite: microtubules, neurofilaments, Golgi apparatus and ribosomes are located in the dendrites. Functional maturation and the cob of active activity of nerve cells develops with the appearance of spines; Trivale attaching the necessary information to the neuron leading to the dismantling of the spines. The appearance of spines increases the adhesion to the surface of the dendrites.

The axon is a single, sounding long-term excitatory neuron, which serves for a quick wake-up call. In the province of wines, it can grow to a large (up to 1000) number of little bugs.

Nervous clitiny vikonuyut low zagalnyh functions, contributions to the support of the power processes of the organization. The price of the exchange of speeches with a navkolyshnim middle, the conversion of that vitrachannya energy, the synthesis of proteins and in. In addition, nerve cells win power only to them specific functions to enable them to process, process and collect information. The neurons of the building receive information, reshape (code) її, quickly transmit information in specific ways, organize interaction between the Cosmos and other nerve cells, store information and generate її. For the purpose of understanding these functions, the neurons can be polar organization with a subdivision of inputs and outputs and a number of structural and functional parts.

Classification of neurons. Neurons are divided into the following groups: after the mediator, which is seen in the ends of axons, they are divided into adrenergic neurons, cholinergic, serotonergic, etc.

The neurons of the somatic and vegetative nervous systems are seen in the fallow in the CNS.

For direct information, the following neurons are distinguished:

Afferents that receive additional receptors for information about the outer and inner middle of the body and transmit it to the central nervous system;

Efferent, which transmit information to working organs - effectors (nervous cells, which innervate effectors, are sometimes called effectors);

Inserts (interneurons), which ensure the interaction between CNS neurons.

By the infusion, one can see neurons vibrating and chirping. According to the activity, background-active "moving" neurons are distinguished, which are less likely to be stimulated in the course of the development. The background-active neurons are charged with a bright little pulse generation, the shards of some neurons are discharged continuously (rhythmically and arrhythmically), and others - in bursts of pulses. The interval between pulses in batches is stored in milliseconds, between bursts - seconds. Background-active neurons play an important role in improving the tone of the central nervous system and especially measles.

According to the sensory information that is received, neurons are divided into mono- and bipoly-sensors. Monosensory - neurons to the center of hearing in the cerebral cortex. Bisensor neurons are heard in the secondary zones of the analyzers in the cortex (neurons of the secondary zone of the analyzer in the cortex of the great brain react to light and sound signals). Polysensory neurons - ce neurons of the associative zones of the brain, motor measles; stench reacts to teasing receptors of the skin, eyes, auditory and other analyzers.

Nerve cells are tied together by numerical links: the end of the axon gap of one neuron sticks to the dendrites of the second neuron, and the end of the axon gap covers the entire body of the other neuron. The place of a close dotic of neurons is called a synapse.

Synapse is a structural solution that ensures the transfer of excitation from the nerve cell to the nerve cell or from the nerve cell to the cell of the working organ. The term “Synaps” was propagated by the English physiologist C. Sherrington.

Whether a synapse is made up of 3 parts - a presynaptic fiber, a synaptic gap and a postsynaptic fiber.

The presynaptic part is made up of the terminal part of the axon covered by the presynaptic membrane. In the middle are bulbs - vesicles, which avenge chemical speech - a mediator.

The synaptic gap is filled with native, close to blood plasma.

The postsynaptic function of the representations of the postsynaptic membrane, where there are chemoreceptors that are sensitive to the singing mediators.

The synapse has a large number of mitochondria.

The electrical impulse of the awakening, similar to the axon, reaches the synaptic bulbs, as a result, it wakes up and rises. From the bulb, acetylcholine comes out, which through the pores of the presynaptic membrane is located at the synaptic gap and enters into a chemical interaction with the receptors of the postsynaptic membrane. As a result, rux cations are attached to potassium and significantly increase rux cations to sodium, stench collapses in the middle of the nerve fiber and on the surface of the postsynaptic membrane produces a negative charge - depolarization occurs. At a glance, the awakening of the veins is transmitted to the outer nerve cell.

Neuroglia, otherwise glia, was first seen as a group of elements of the nervous system in 1871. R. Virkhovim. Cells of neuroglia cover the space between neurons, making up 40% of the brain. Over the course of the century, the number of neurons in the human brain changes, and the number of glial cells increases. Beyond the size of the glial cells, 3-4 times less than the nerve cells, their number of magnitudes increases with age (the number of neurons changes). The thila of neurons, like that of yogo axons, is sharpened by glial clitins. Glial cells perform a few functions: supporting, suppressing, isolating, exchange (the supply of neurons with living speeches). Microglial cells start to phagocytosis, rhythmic changes in their contraction (the period of rapidity - 1.5 minutes, relaxation - 4 minutes). The cycles of change are obligatory repeated through the skin 2 - 20 years. It is important to note that the pulsation joins the protrusion of the axoplasm in neurons and flows into the struma of the intercellular nerve. The process of awakening in

neurons and electrical phenomena in glial clitins, perhaps, interact.

Glіya vykonuє such functions:

Ensure the normal functioning of the neurons and the whole brain;

Ensures superficial electrical isolation of the bodies of neurons, their progeny, synapses to turn off inadequate interplay between neurons in case of permanent damage to neuronal lances of the brain trophic function.

2. Reflex. Reflex arcs. Classification of reflexes

At the basis of the activity of the nervous system lies a reflex character, that is, a reflex.

A reflex is a reaction to the body, which is blamed on various subdivisions of the outer or inner environment and is dependent on the help of the central nervous system.

In the 17th century, R. Descartes saw miraculous changes in the group of victories, which are blamed on the results of the nervous system of subdivisions, which are injected into the body. They turn out to look like end reactions in the mind.

The anatomical path, which creates a reflex, is called a reflex arc (Fig. 5.3). Won maє 5 lanok:

1) receptor - illumine, which is irritating

2) afferent or sensory, sensitive, pre-central pathway

3) nerve center - a branch of the central nervous system

4) efferent, or ruhovy, motor vіdtsentrovy way

5) working body chi efector

The reflex is based on a linear scheme, but on the type of a reflex ring (according to Anokhin). Dodaetsya shosta lanka - zvorotny afferent call.

The attachments of the links provide the nerve center with information about the working body and it gives the possibility to make the necessary corrections in the formation of the reflex act.

Reflex arcs can be different for folding:

Monosynaptic (two neurons);

Polysynaptic (3 and more neurons).

3. Vikovi features of the brain and spinal cord

In a newborn, the spinal cord should be 14 cm at the age of 14 cm, up to two years - 20 cm, up to 10 years - 29 cm. two sweats are well expressed, and the central channel is wider, lower in a grown-up one. In the first two years, it is necessary to change the enlightenment of the central channel. The volume of the white speech is growing faster, the lower volume is the gray speech.

Sensibility can be of great importance in the life of the organism. For the help of sensitivity (obviousness), a link is established to the body from the outer middle ground, and that orientation is established. Sensitivity to look at a glance about analyzers.

The analyzer is a foldable nerve mechanism, which irritates the brain, and analyzes it in order to lay out the deuce elements. The analyzer of maє roztashovaniya on the periphery spriymayuchiy provіdnikovy apparatus (nerve conductors) and the central apparatus, which is found in the cortex of the brain. The cortical product of the analyzer creates analysis and synthesis of various teasings of the outer world and the internal environment of the organism. Distinguish between good, hearing, smelling, savory and skinny analyzers.

The peripheral apparatus of the analyzer is called the receptor. Receptors receive razdratuvannya and reshape them in the nerve impulse. Exteroreceptors, which receive irritation from the inner medulla, interoreceptors, which receive irritation from the internal organs of the body, and proprioreceptors, which receive irritation from the m'yaziv, tendon, and joint, are distinguished. Impulses in the proprioceptors blame the ligament for the zmіnoy tension of the tendon, m'yazіv and orient the body in the right position of the body in the open air. The type of sensitivity of the bandages is determined by the type of receptors. Bolova, temperature and tactile sensitivity is associated with exteroreceptors and is carried to the surface sensitivity.

It’s almost like a fluffy position of a toulub and a tip in the open space (m'yazovo-suglobov feels like it), a little bit of a grip on that vaga, a vibrating sensitivity connected with proprioreceptors that can be seen to deep sensitivity. Distinguish the same folding and sensitiveness: a little bit of localization of teasing, stereognosis (recognition of objects on dotik) and others.

The most important connection of the nervous system with the normal vital functions of the body is within reach of the fact that different organs, parts of the body and whole physiological systems are not designed in the same nerve center. So, for example, in the sensitive zones of the measles of the great pіvkul є special dilyanki, where sensitive impulses are projected from the legs, the coat, the hands, the guise. This principle of somatotopic projection (projection of parts of the body) is common in the brains of rich children. On the level of the spinal cord, the somatotopic projection has its own form: parts of the body are presented segment by segment. The central segments schematically look like transverse swags on the tulub, the later ones - on the tips, and the concentric stakes - on the faces. The skin segment of the body corresponds to the segment of the spinal cord.

In the functioning of the nervous system, signs of hierarchy are observed: that function itself is forward regulated by the lower centers, from which things are awakened. Such a rich surface of regulation significantly promotes the superficiality of the work of the nervous system and at one and the same time exudes an evolutionary history.

Century features of the brain.

Masa of the brain of a newborn to become an average one 390 r. Until the end of the first fate of life, it will be won, and up to 3-4 years - it will be built. After 7 years of age, the mass grows more and more and the maximum value reaches up to 20-29 years (1355 g - for men and 1220 g - for women). Until about 60 years of age, the brain does not change, and after 60 years, a day of change is indicated.

At the time of birth, most of the nuclei of the stovbur were well decomposed, and the children of their neurons were myelinated. The structure of the middle brain is not enough to differentiate people. Such nuclei, like a red kernel, black speech, ripen in the postnatal period, forming the lowest passageways of the extrapyramidal system. The middle brain of the new people's branch is clearly good. At the time of birth, the differentiation of specific and non-specific nuclei of the thalamus, which is why all the sensitivity is formed. Residual maturation of the thalamic nuclei will end in about 13 years. Until the 2nd-3rd age, most of the hypothalamic nuclei are already formed, but there is still a residual functional maturity until 15-16 years of age.

Intensive development of the structures of the cerebellum occurs during the period of state maturation. In a single child, the mass of the cerebellum becomes 90 g. Up to 7 years, the mass of the cerebellum is grown up (130 g).

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

VISCHA NERVOUS DIALNIST. CLEAN REFLEXI

2. Wedded the brain

2.1. Veliki pіvkuli (chastki, furrows, zvivini, sіra ta bіla)

speech)

2.2. Budov's stovbur brain (dovgasty brain, posterior brain, middle

2.3. Budov of the crotch (thalamus, epithalamus, metata-

lamus, hypothalamus)

2.4. Cerebral cortex

1. Spinal cord (topography and budova)

The spinal cord is more ancient than the central nervous system. The spinal cord appears to be a long, cylindrical shape, flattened from front to back with a narrow central canal in the middle.

The dozhina of the spinal cord has grown to an average of 43 cm, weight - close to 34-38 g, which becomes approximately 2% of the head of the brain.

The spinal cord is segmental. On the rivers of the great potile lapel, cross at the head brain, and on rivers 1 - 2 of the transverse ridges end with a cerebral cone, from which the terminal / end / thread enters, honed by the roots of the transverse and cranial spinal nerves. In the areas of the nerves exit to the upper and lower ends, there is sweating. Qi sweating is called shiny and cross / cross-krizhovim /. In the uterine development, there are no signs of sweating, the cervical sweating is less on the level of the V-VI cervical segments and the transverse-crown at the spheres of the III-IV transverse segments. There are no morphological inter-segments of the spinal cord, so I divided them into functional segments.

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves entering the spinal cord: 8 pairs of cervical, 12 pairs of thoracic, 5 pairs of transverse, 5 pairs of cranial and a pair of cupric.

The interior of the spinal cord

The spinal cord is made up of nerve clitin and fibers of gray speech, which may look like letters H or panicle on a transverse view. On the periphery of the gray speech, there is a white speech, filled with nerve fibers. At the center of the gray speech, the central canal is expanded to avenge the spinal cord. The upper ending of the channel is connected with the IV duct, and the lower ending is the ending duct. In the Syrian speech, the anterior, lateral and posterior horns are distinguished, and on the transverse view, the anterior, lateral, and posterior horns are distinct. In the anterior horns, there are ruffled neurons, in the posterior horns - sensitive neurons, and in the biceps - neurons that satisfy the centers of the sympathetic nervous system.

The human spinal cord contains about 13 neurons, 3% of which are motoneurons, and 97% are intercalary. Functionally, spinal cord neurons can be divided into 4 main groups:

1) motoneurons, or rukhovi, - cells of the anterior horns, the axons of which form the anterior roots;

2) interneurons - neurons that take information from the spinal ganglia and that are located in the posterior horns. Qi neurons respond to pain, temperature, tactile, vibrational, proprioceptive teasing;

3) sympathetic, parasympathetic neurons are more importantly developed in beetle horns. Axons of these neurons emerge from the spinal cord at the warehouse of the anterior roots;

4) associative cells - neurons of the upper apparatus of the spinal cord, which establish links in the middle and between segments.

In the middle zone of the gray speech (between the posterior and anterior horns) of the spinal cord, the intermediary nucleus (Kahal nucleus) with clitins, the axons of which go uphill or down by 1-2 segments, satisfying the border. It is similar to a tether on the top of the posterior horn of the spinal cord - this tether makes up the so-called dragline speech and viconizes the function of the reticular formation of the spinal cord.

Sira speech of the spinal cord establishes the segmental apparatus of the spinal cord. The main function of the development of congenital reflexes in the development of /internal externality/.

The white speech is subdivided into three funiculi from the skin side: anterior, posterior, and posterior.

White speech is filled with myelin fibers. Bundles of nerve fibers, which link the various branches of the nervous system, are called conduits of the spinal cord. You can see three types of guiding paths.

1. Fibers that support the spinal cords of the spinal cord in different equals.

2. Move / afferent, inferior / fibers that go from the brain to the spinal cord on the back of the anterior horns.

3. Sensitive / afferent, vishіdnі / fibers that direct to the centers of the great brain and cerebellum.

Usі vyskhіdnі kіrkovі ways are made up of three neurons.

The first neurons are scattered in the organs of the senses, ending in the spinal cord or in the stovburov part of the brain.

Other neurons are located in the nuclei of the spinal cord and the brain, and terminate in the nuclei of the thalamus and hypothalamus. The number of neurons is responsible for the water centers of the airways.

The third neurons lie at the nuclei of the crotch / in the nuclei of the thalamus / for skin and m'yazovo-glom-bog sensitivity, for oral impulses in the narcissistic body, scent impulses in the sac-like bodies. Growths of the third neurons terminate on the clitins of the central Kirk centers /sounding, auditory, scenting and sensitiveness/.

Among the central nerve pathways, it is necessary to see cortical-spinal cord /pyramid/ and cortical-cerebellar pathways.

The function of the spinal cord is in that it serves as a coordinating center for simple spinal reflexes /colon reflex/ and autonomous reflexes /shortening of the slash mihur/, as well as linking between the spinal nerves and the brain.

The spinal cord has two functions: reflex and conductor.

Reflex functions. Nerve cells in the body are connected with receptors and working organs. The movement of neurons in the brain is innervated by all the m'yazi of the tuba, kіntsіvok, shiї and dichalnі m'yazi - the diaphragm and intercostal m'yazi.

The reflex action of the spinal cord is controlled by segmental reflex arcs.

The conductor functions are counted for the rahunok of the upper and lower paths. Qi paths connect the main segments of the spinal cord one by one, as well as from the brain.

Bleeding of the spinal cord

The blood supply to the spinal cord is supplied by the spinal artery, deep cervical artery, intercostal, transverse, lateral cranial arteries.

Century features

In a newborn, the spinal cord should be 14 cm at the dovzhin, up to two years - 20 cm, up to 10 years - 29 cm. 19 gr. The new-born good has two sweats, and the central channel is wider, lower in the grown-up one. In the first two years, it is necessary to change the enlightenment of the central channel. The volume of the white speech is growing faster, the lower volume is the gray speech.

2. Wedded the brain

2.1. Veliki pіvkuli (chastki, zvivini, sіra ta bіla rechovina)

The cephalic brain is composed of: dovetail, posterior, middle, intermediate and terminal brain. The posterior brain is subdivided into the region of the brain.

The cephalic brain is found near the empty cerebral skull. May swell the upper lateral surface and the lower surface - flattened - the basis of the brain

The mass of the brain has grown up people from 1100 to 2000 grams, from 20 to 60 years of age, the mass is subject to maximum and constant, after 60 years it changes slightly. Neither is absolute, nor is it visible to the brain; it is an indication of the degree of rozum development. Mass of the brain of Turgenev 2012, Byron 2238, Cuve 1830, Schiller 1871, Mendelev 1579, Pavlov 1653 The brain stem is composed of neurons, nerve tracts and blood vessels. The head brain is made up of 3 parts: the pivkul of the great brain, the brain and the brain stovbur.

Pіvkuli great brain reach the maximum development in humans, yak vinikla pіznіshe for іnshі vіddіli.

The great brain is made up of two pivkul - right and left, as if they were tied one with one commissure / commissure / - callused body. The rights of that liva pivkulі to share for the help of the late spring. Under the commissary there is a crypt, which is two bent fibrous strands, yak in the middle part of the joint between themselves, and diverge in front and behind, satisfying the steps and the bottom of the crypt. In front of the stovpiv of the crypt there is an anterior commissure. Between the corpus callosum and the crypts, a thin vertical plate of brain tissue is stretched - a septum gap.

Pivkuli can be seen on the upper lateral, medial and lower surfaces. Upper lateral swell, medial - flat. It is turned up to the same surface outer pivcule and lower irregular shape. On three surfaces, there are deep and dry furrows, and between them zvivini. Borozny - burial ground between Zvivins. Zvivini - the rise of brain speech.

The surface of the pivkul of the great brain is reinforced with edges. The upper edge, the lower lateral edge and the lower vertical edge. In the expanse between two pivkuly enter the sickle of the great brain - the great sickle-shaped bud, which is a thin scarf of hard shell, as it penetrates into the posterior crevice of the great brain not reaching the corpus callosum and water-cremation one in one right and left pivkul. The most protruding poles of pivkul took away the name of the poles: the frontal pole, the tilichny pole and the skronevy pole. The relief on the surface of the great brain's pivkul is more folded and connected with the presence of more less deep furrows of the great brain and ruffled between them, roller-like bottoms - the zvivin of the great brain. Glybina, the length of some furrows and zvivins, their shape is directly narrower.

The skin pivkulya is divided into parts - frontal, tim'yana, potilichna, skronev, ostrivtseva. Central furrow / Roland's furrow / opening the frontal part of the thymus, lateral furrow / Silvia furrow / opening the ridge in front of the frontal and thym'yanoi, thym'yano-potilichna splitting the thym'yan and the potilichnu share. The lateral furrow is laid up to the 4th month of intrauterine development, thyme-green and central until the 6th month. In the intrauterine period, gyrification is observed - molding zvivin. The three furrows are blamed for the first ones, and they are blasted with a great deep. Nezabar to the central furrow, another pair of parallel ones is added: one passes in front of the central one and is called in front of the central one, as it splits into two - upper and lower. The second furrow grows behind the central one and is called post-central.

The post-central furrow lies behind the central furrow and may be parallel to the th. Between the central and post-central furrows there is a post-central zvivina. On the mountain, it passes to the medial surface of the pivculus of the great brain, degrades from the precentral fold of the frontal part, making the paracentral chasm from it at once. On the upper lateral surface of the pivculus, below, the postcentral sulcus also passes at the precentral sulcus, hoaring the central furrow below. Vaughn is parallel to the upper edge of the pivkul. Burn out in the inner parietal furrow, there is a group of small zvivins that took away the name of the upper thyme chasm. Below the furrow lie the lower thyme chasm, at the borders of which one can see two links: the edge and the apex. Nadkrajova zvivina okholyuє the end of the lateral furrow, and the apex - the end of the upper cover furrow. The lower part of the lower part of the thyme chasm and the lower part of the post-central ring, which adjoin to it, together with the lower part of the front-central ring, which hang over the island part, make up the frontal thyme lining of the island.

Parts of the brain

The dorsal and lateral surface of the measles of the brain was taken to be divided into chotiri parts, so they took away the names of the external bones of the skull: frontal, tim'yana, tilichna, skroneva.

Potilichnaya part of the rostashovuetsya behind thyme-potilichnoi furrow and її mental prodovzhennia on the upper lateral surface pivkuli. The couples with other parts of the won may have small differences. At the back, a tiled section ends with a tiled pole. Furrows and ridges on the upper lateral surface of the politic area are even more variable. Most often and more often for іnshih, the transverse potilic furrow is expressed, as it is the hiba following behind the internal parietal furrow of the thym'yanoї part of the brain.

Skronev's part is borrowed by the lower lateral vіddіl pіvkulі and vіdokremlyuієє vіd blovoї і іm'yanoї frequent deep lateral ї furrow. The edge of the skronevy part, which covers the ostrivtsev part, deleting the name of the skronevy lining of the island. The anterior part of the skeletal part satisfies the skronevy pole. Two furrows are visible on the side surface of the crown part, the upper and lower crown may be parallel to the lateral furrow. Zvivini skronevy part of the orientated vzdovzh borozen. The upper side of the ridge is cut between the lateral furrow at the top and the upper side at the bottom. On the upper surface of the ring, tacked in the depths of the lateral furrow, 2-3 short transverse ridges (Geschl's ridges) are ruffled, separated by transverse ridge furrows. Between the upper and lower skronevy furrows there is a middle skronevy zvivina. The lower lateral edge of the skronevy section is occupied by the lower skroneval zvivina, which is surrounded by a furrow of the same name. The back end of the ring is continued in the utility room.

Above the corpus callosum, watching out for other branches of the pivkul, there is a furrow of the corpus callosum. Rolling back the corpus callosum, the furrow is straight down and forward and continues into the furrow of the hippocampus or the hipocampal furrow. Beyond the furrows of the corpus callosum there is a belt furrow. This furrow starts to the front and to the bottom through the corpus callosum, rises uphill, then turns back and follows parallel to the corpus callosum furrow, ends more and behind in the corpus callosum ridge under the name of the dark furrow. On the level of the ridge of the corpus callosum, in the middle of the furrow, uphill, there is a regional part, which goes uphill and up to the upper edge of the pivkul of the great brain. Between the furrow of the corpus callosum and the belt furrow there is a belt of zvivina, which hobbles the corpus callosity in front, the beast is in the back. From behind and down, in the form of a corpus callosum, the lumbar ring sounds, satisfying the isthmus of the cingulate ring.

Between the furrow of the corpus callosum and the belt furrow there is a belt of zvivina, which hobbles the corpus callosity in front, the beast is in the back. From behind and down, in the form of a corpus callosum, the lumbar ring sounds, satisfying the isthmus of the cingulate ring.

Medial surface of pivculi. Mustache parts of the pivkul, krіm ostrivtsevoi, take part in the illumination of the medial surface.

There are two deep furrows on the medial surface of the tiling part. Tsemenno-potilichna furrow, which makes the thymus part in the potilichnaya, and spur furrow, which starts on the medial surface of the potilichny pole and straight ahead to the isthmus of the cingulate ring. A plot of a potilichny part, which lies between a thym'yano-potilichnaya and a spur furrow and has the shape of a trikutnik, with its top turned up to the point of angry furrows, is called a "wedge". Good mark on the medial surface of the pivkuli is the spur furrow between the beast tongue zvivina, which stretches from the potilichny pole from the back to the lower part of the isthmus of the belt zvivin. Bottom view of the pagan ring

collateral furrow, which lies down to the lower surface of the pivkul.

The anterior ventilated the lower surface of the frontal part of the pivkul, behind which the skronevy pole protrudes, and there are also the lower surfaces of the skeletal and tilichny chasm, which pass one into the other without commemorated borders.

On the lower surface of the frontal part, which is lateral and parallel to the posterior fissure of the great brain, there is a sniff furrow. From the bottom to it lie the scent cibulina and the scent tract, which passes posteriorly into the scent tricot, in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich one can see the medial and lateral scent ducts. The dilyanka of the frontal section between the late crevice of the great brain and the scent furrow took away the name of the straight line. On the top of the frontal part, which lies lateral to the scent furrow, it is divided by shallow ophthalmic furrows into sprats that are variable in shape, roztashuvannyam and razmirami zvivin eyes.

At the posterior ventral, the lower surface of the pivculus is clearly visible collateral sulcus, which lies down and laterally in the lingual groove on the lower surface of the pelvic and skeletal folds, laterally in the parahippocampal ridge. In front of the anterior end of the collateral furrow, there is a nasal furrow, which surrounds the lateral side of the curvature of the end of the parahippocampal zvivini - a hook. Lateral to the collateral furrow lie medial to the tilice-skroneva zvivina.

Mіzh tsієyu zvivinoy and roztashovanoy nazvani vіd neї lateral potilichno-skronevy zvivinoy zvivina potilichno-skroneva furrow. It is not a furrow, but the lower lateral edge of the pivkul of the great brain, that serves as a cordon between the lateral tilichno-skronevy and lower skronevy zvivins.

The upper-lateral surface of the pivculi is the frontal part, which is located in the anterior vein of the dermal pivculi of the great brain, which ends in front with the frontal pole and surrounds the lateral (sylvian) furrow below, and behind it - with a deep central furrow. A number of brain waves, roztashovannyh importantly on the medial surface pivkulі and є a substrate for molding such incandescent stanіv, like sleeplessness, sleep, emotions and іn, see under the name "limbіchna system". Shards and reactions were formed at the link with the primary functions of the scent (in phylogenesis), their morphological basis was the brain, as they develop from the lower branches of the brain michur and extend to the so-called scent brain. The limbic system is composed of the scent cybulin, the scent tract, the scent tricot, the anterior perforated speech, the grooves on the lower surface of the frontal portion (peripheral opening of the scent brain), as well as the cingulate and parahippocampal (together with the hook) zvivin, dentition . The inclusion of these cerebellums in the limbic system appeared to be possible in the connection with the wild rices of the future (i trip), the manifestation of mutual connections and the similarity of functional reactions.

Pivkuli are composed of siro and white speech. The ball of gray speech is called the cortex of the brain. The bark curves like a cloak, otherwise it illuminates the great brain and is called a cloak. There was a speech under the bark, and in the new island of the gray speech - the basal nuclei, they are called the central subkerchials, mainly rotting in the frontal part. Before them, bring a swarthy body (tail of the body and a pit-like core), I will enclose that finger-like body. Smuhaste body / striopalidar system / is composed of 2 nuclei: the caudate and lenticular nuclei and the divisions of the white speech with a prostrate - an internal capsule. In the embryonic period, the body becomes one gray mass, then it rises.

Tail the nucleus of the thalamus, shaped like a thalamus. Folded from the head, body and tail. The lenticular nucleus has the shape of a lenticular grain, is located laterally behind the thalamus and the caudate nucleus. The sochevitsepodіbne core is divided into 3 parts of the heart of the white speech. The largest laterally lies the shell, which may be darker, and the two lighter parts are called the lateral and medial close sacks.

Kernels of a swarthy body with podkirnimi rukhovy centers, to the warehouse of the extropiramide system, which regulate the folds of the automated rukhovy act. To the extropiramide system, bring black speech and red nuclei to the brain. Smuhaste body regulates the processes of thermoregulation and the exchange of carbohydrates. Named in the form of an owl-like core, a thin handkerchief of gray speech was stitched - a fence. The fence was planted in a white pebble on the side of the shkaralupi, between the rest and the bark of the island part. Fencing to revenge polymorphic neurons of various types. She's making connections from the bark of the great brain. Deep localization and small fencing make it difficult for physiological follow-up.

Migdalepodibne body (great commissure of the brain) is located at the anterior ventral skeletal part, enters the warehouse of the limbic system. The inner capsule and fibers can be seen up to the white speech duct, through which the adhesions / corpus callosum, anterior commissure, cleft commissure / and which go straight to measles and basal nuclei. The inner capsule is a warped scarf of white speech. The inner capsule is divided into 3 branches: 1. anterior leg

internal capsule; 2. posterior leg of the internal capsule; 3. The place of entry of two vents is the knee of the inner capsule. At the knee of the inner capsule, there are cortical-nuclear pathways that go to the ruchial nuclei of the cranial nerves. At the anterior spinal cord, there are rosaceous fibres, which are located in the anterior central ridge and go to the rudaceous nuclei of the anterior horns of the spinal cord. At the posterior lower leg, thalamocortical fibers are spread out, which go to the postcentral cortex. Fibers of conductors of all kinds of deep sensitivity / high temperature, dotik, vice, proprioceptive /. At the hind legs of the hind leg, there are auditory and sound channels. Offended to take the cob from the pidkirkovyh centers of hearing and the dawn and end at the vodpovidnyh centers.

Thus, the basal nucleus of the brain is the integrative center of the organization of motility, emotions, and the main nervous system.

activity, moreover, the skin of these functions can be strengthened or galvanized by the activation of other basal ganglia. The corpus callosum is a thick curved plate, which is made up of transverse fibers. In calloused thіlі they add: kolіno, dziob, between them stovbur, which transforms into a roller. The fibers that pass by the colony hit the cortex of the frontal chasms of the right and left pivkul. The fibers of the stovbur cover the gray speech of the thyme and skronevih chasms. At the roller, the back bark of the tilichny chasms. Under the callused body, a crypt is rotting, as if it is folded from two arcuately bent cords, connected for additional soldering.

The crypt is built up from the body, a pair of stovpa and lads' legs. The legs, growing out of the hippocampus, make up the fringe. Bіchny slunotochok - empty pіvkul / I and II slunotchki / and podomlyayutsya through the interventricular vent z III slunotch. At the skin duct, the central part is divided, in the form of a bruise, which ends blindly. There are three horns in other parts of the pivkul.

Anterior / frontal / rіg - at the frontal part. Posterior / tilichny / rіg - at the tilichny part and lower / skronevy / rіg - at the skronevy part. Lateral ducts, as well as other ducts of the brain, and the central canal of the spinal cord in the middle is lined with a ball of ependymal cells - cells, which lie down to the macroglia. Ependymal cells take an active part in the established spinal cord and regulation of the warehouse.

A rhomboid fossa is a rhomboid-shaped squeeze, all of which is straightened out to the brain. The rhomboid fossa is bordered on its sides by the upper cerebellar fossa, at the lower one by the lower cerebellar peduncles.

Onto- and phylogenesis of the brain.

The cephalic brain develops from the expanded brain tube, the posterior brain turns into the dorsal brain from the anterior brain. In the process of growth, in the anterior part of the cerebral tube, behind the additional constriction, three cerebral mucus are established: anterior, middle, and posterior / rhomboid /. From the anterior brain, the middle and terminal brains are established. From the posterior michur, dovgasty and the posterior brain are established / mist and brain /. The middle brain is not divided and a lot of names are taken behind it. In the newly born mass, the brain should be 370 - 400 gr. By stretching the first fate of life, you will win, and up to 6 years, mornings will increase. We will see more and more money, which will end in 20 - 29 of the river. The lancelet has no anterior brain. In cyclostomes, the anterior brain is at the embryonic stage. In cystic ribs, the anterior brain has few divisions. Amphibians may have little spitting, and there are no neurons on the surface. The bark of the great pіvkul z'yavlyaєtsya at plasunіv. Birds have daily furrows. In savtsiv, the right bark is established. The great pimples develop from the terminal medullary lining of the neural tube, which is called terminal.

Shells of the brain and spinal cord.

Head cerebellum of trioma with shells:

1. Zovnishnya is firm.

2. Middle - pavutinna.

3. Inside - m'yaka / vessel /.

Firmly - a well-tissue plate, mica, shards are covered with collagen and elastic fibers. A hard husk is given to the empty skull of virulence - dross, roztashovanі between the okremi parts of the brain - zakhist vіd struіv. The sickle and the tent of the brain are brought up to these virostiv. A hard shell fills the sinuses, which makes the venous blood flow into the brain. Pavutinna is thin, the gap does not penetrate at the gap and the furrow. Vaughn is kicking over the furrows, restoring the cisterns. In the view of the vessel tunic, the gossamer is in the subarachnoid / subarachnoid / expanse, where the spinal cavity / in the middle of the cisterns / is located. The soft shell adheres to the speech of the brain, visting all the burrows from its surface. In certain places, it penetrates into the brain of the slug, deducing the court's gossip. The judges of the cієї tunic take their fate from the hemorrhage of the brain, and the vascular plexus - the shlunochkіv.

2.2. Budov stovbur brain (dovgast, posterior, middle brain)

The dorsal brain lies between the posterior brain and the spinal cord. The dove of a long brain in a mature person becomes 25 mm. May form a truncated cone chi cibulini. In the dovegastomy brain, the ventral, dorsal and 2 flank surfaces are separated, as they are separated by furrows. On the view of the spinal cord, there is no meteorological, repeated occurrence. The sira of the speech is ruffled in the center, and the nuclei along the periphery.

The anterior surface is divided by the anterior middle slit, from the sides the pyramids are ruffled, covered with bundles of nerve fibers of the pyramidal pathways, which often intersect / cross the pyramids /. On the side of the pyramid, from the skin side, an olive grows, water is cremated in the front of the pyramid of the anterior lateral furrow.

The posterior surface is divided by the posterior median furrow, from the sides of the laceration of the sweating - thin and wedge-shaped, bundles of the posterior funiculus of the spinal cord. In these sweats, the nuclei of these bunches are ripped, from which the fibers enter, which form an intersection on the level of the long brain.

The lateral surface - on the niy side of the skin side there are anterior and posterior lateral furrows. All of the furrows are the continuation of one-dimensional furrows of the spinal cord. The back of the skin pyramid is oval in shape - olives, filled with gray speech. The middle pyramid and olive in the anterior flank furrow emerge from the dorsal medulla of the XII pair of cranial nerves, and the dorsal olive in the posterior flank furrow are the roots of the cranial nerves IX, X, XI.

The upper part of the posterior surface forms the shape of a tricot and fills the bottom of the IV slug. Two cerebellar pedicles run from the dovesty cerebellum to the cerebellum, where the fibers of the posterior spinal cord and other nerve fibers pass.

The nucleus of the advancing cranial nerves is splayed out in the dovegus brain: a pair of VIII cranial nerves - the anterior-rural nerve is formed from the rheumatic and anterior parts. Ravlik's nucleus lies at the dovestey brain; pair IX - tongue and throat nerve; yogo core is made up of 3 parts - rukhovy, sensitive and vegetative. The motor takes part in the innervation of the mouth of the pharynx and the empty mouth; vegetative innervation of the sinus; a pair of X - a bulging nerve with 3 nuclei: vegetatively - innervation of the larynx, stravochid, heart, duct, intestines, herbal follicles; sensitively taking information from the alveolar alveolar receptors of the leg and other internal organs and the rukhove - the safety of the sequence of shortness of the mouth of the pharynx, larynx during forging; pair XI - appendage nerve; the yogo nucleus is often ripped in the dovetail brain; pair XII - sublingual nerve є rukhovy nerve of the tongue, yogo core of a small rhizome in the dovetail brain.

Touch functions. The medulla of the brain regulates a number of sensory functions: the reception of skin sensitivity of appearance - at the sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve; the first analysis of the reception of relish - in the nucleus of the ravine nerve; reception of auditory teasing - at the upper vestibular nucleus. At the back-upper ventricles of the dovetail brain, there are paths of skin, deep visceral sensitivity, some of which cross over here to another neuron (thin and wedge-shaped nucleus). On the level of the ovary brain, sensory functions are transferred to the primary analysis of the strength and intensity of teasing, further information is transmitted from the lower structure to determine the biological significance of this teasing.

Explorer functions. The white speech of the long brain is made up of short and long bundles of nerve fibers. Short bundles form links between the nuclei of the dovetail brain, as well as between them and the nuclei of the nearest brain stems. Long-term bundles of nerve fibers are the upper and lower pathways of the spinal cord. Thus, the cerebral cortex, like the mist, the middle brain, the brain, the thalamus, the hypothalamus and the cerebral cortex, may have bilateral connections with the dovegastric brain. The presence of these connections is evidence of the fate of the ovary brain in the regulation of skeletal muscle tone, vegetative and other integrative functions, analysis of sensory teasing.

Reflex functions. Numerical reflections of a long brain are divided into life important and non-life important, however, such a manifestation is smart. Dikhalny and vessel-rukhovy centers of the dovestey brain can be brought to the life of the important, tk. they have a number of cardiac and dyhal reflexes. Most of the fibers of the pyramidal path are reshaped on the flank of the spinal cord, less, not crossed, the part is reshaped on the anterior side of the spinal cord.

Mist /Varolіїv mіst/ Mіst roztashovuєtsya thicker than a long brain and vikonu sensory, conductor, rukhovі, ​​integrative, reflex functions. May look like a transverse fiber, which is in the mountains / in front / between the middle brain, and below / behind / - with the second brain. Dovzhina 20-30 mm, width 20-30 mm. From the sides of the mist, sounding, pass at the middle lower part of the cerebellum. Mist is formed from the anterior / ventral / part, which lies up to the skull, and the posterior / dorsal / part of the covering of the bridge, furrowed to the cerebellum. At the ventral surface, a basilar / main / sulcus is laid, to lie a single artery. The place is made up of a gray speech in the middle and a white speech is called. The anterior part is mainly composed of white speech - all later and transverse fibers. At the dorsal bridge bridge, there are vishіdnі sensitivі vіdnі ways, and near the ventral one - low pyramids and extrapiramіdnі routes. There are systems of fibers that provide a two-way connection between measles and the cerebellum. The fibers of the medial loop and the spinal loop lie directly above the trapezium-like body. Above the trapezium-like body, closer to the median plane, there is a reticular formation, and more often a posterior posterior bundle. On the side and above the medial loop lie the fibers of the lateral loop. At the posterior part, the nuclei are ruffled: V pair /tripartite nerve/, which leads /VI pair/, facial /VII pair/, vestibule of the ligament /VIII pair, as well as fibers of the medial loop, which goes in the direction of the medulla, on which the reticular formation of the bridge is pierced. At the front part there are passageways:

1. Pyramid path / cortical-spinal /.

2. Ways from measles to the cerebellum.

3. Zagalny sensitive path, which goes through the spinal cord to the zor hump.

4. Ways in the nuclei of the auditory nerve.

The cerebellum.

The cerebellum is to be moved under the sweaty parts of the pivculus of the great brain and to lie at the cranial pit. Maximum width - 11.5 cm, Dovzhina - 3-4 cm. Approximately 11% of the head of the brain falls on a part of the cerebellum. At the cerebellum they are distinguished: pivkul, and between them - the worm of the cerebellum. The top of the cerebellum is covered with a gray speech or bark, as if making a sound, making one like one with furrows. The comrade's cerebellum has a rotting speech, which is made up of fibers, which protect the intramuscular ligaments.

The cortex of the cerebellum is trisharova, composed of an outer molecular ball, ganglionic /abo cletin Purkin's ball / and a granular ball. There are five types of neurons in the cortex: granular, sirchast, basket, Golgi and Purkin cells, which can be used to communicate with a collapsible system of calls. Between the cerebellum and the bridge with the second cerebellum, the IV veins are lacerated, and the spinal cord is closed. The molecular ball has 3 types of intercalated neurons: basket parts, short and long-term cells. In the ganglionic ball - clitiny Purkinje. In the granular ball - granular cells - Golgi cells. The number of granular cells is 1 mm3. one 2.8 × 10 × 6. Axons of granular cells descend to the surface, flex in a T-shape, satisfying parallel fibers. Parallel fibers form also excitatory synapses on the dendrites of basket parts, sparse cells, and Goldka's cells.

Kernels of the cerebellum - in the depths of the cerebellum above the IV mucosal duct roztashovuetsya - the nucleus of the namenta, the cork-like nucleus, the core of the nucleus. The largest nucleus of the cerebellum is the most toothed nucleus. In all four nuclei, neurons may be similar to those of the future. In the neurons of the nuclei of the cerebellum, yogo passageways are started. IV shlunochok - in the process of development there is an excess of an empty rhomboid cerebral michur. At the bottom, the ducts are connected with the central canals of the spinal cord, in the mountains they pass at the cerebral waterway of the middle brain, and in the area of ​​​​the dahu veins, the triomas are closed with openings from the subarachnoid space of the brain. The anterior / ventral / wall of the yogo - the bottom of the IV slug - is called a rhomboid fossa. The lower part is covered with a dovgastim brain, and the upper part is bridged with an isthmus. The posterior / dorsal / - yes IV slunochka - is studded with upper and lower cerebellar vitrils and supplemented posteriorly with a plate of soft shell of the brain, hanging ependymoy. There are a large number of blood-bearing vessels in this dilyantsi, and the vessel plexus of the IV snail is established. The rhombo-like fossa is of great importance, there are embedded cranial nerves /V - ХII/.

Middle brain.

The middle brain on the top of the brain of the powers is less foldable. At the new one they see daha and nizhki. The empty middle brain is the water of the brain. The upper (anterior) boundary of the middle cerebellum on the ventral surface is served by the horn tracts and nipple-like bodies, on the posterior - anterior edge of the bridge. On the dorsal surface, the upper (anterior) boundary of the middle cerebellum corresponds to the posterior margins (superficial) of the thalamus, the posterior (lower) is equal to the exit of the trochlear nerve roots (IV pair). Dakh of the middle brain, which is a scarf of the quadrigemina, is stitched over the water supply to the brain. On the preparation of the brain of the middle brain, it is possible to inject less after the removal of the pivculum of the great brain. The middle brain is folded into several days - humpbacks, which may look like pivsfers, yakі vіdokremlіnі one vіd one dvoma with furrows, scho shuffle under a straight kutom. The late furrow is ruffled in the middle plane and at its upper (front) ridges it makes a bed for the pineal body, and in the lower ones it serves as a pan; The transverse furrow crenellates the upper pagorbs from the lower ones. From the skin side of the hump, at the lateral straight line, there is sweating at the visible roller - the handle of the hump.

The handle of the upper hump extends behind the thalamus and straight up to the lateral articulated body, and partly extends into the oral tract. The handle of the lower hump is straight up to the medial articulated body. In the lower vertebral upper colliculus, the dahu of the middle brain serves as the head center of the end of the zonal nerve and as the head zonal center. In a person with the transfer of the oral centers to the anterior cerebellum, the ligaments of the oral nerve, which are left, with the upper hump, may only be significant for the rukhovyh that іn. reflexive. A similar assertion is true for the lower double dahu, de

the fibers of the auditory loop terminate.

In this way, the headscarf of the middle brain can be seen as a reflex center for various changes, which is blamed for the influx of oral and auditory teasing.

Isthmus of rhomboid brain. The isthmus of the rhomboid medulla is the opening, which was formed on the border of the middle thorax of the rhomboid medulla. The upper cerebellar pedicles, the upper cerebellar vitrilo and tricot loops are visible up to the new one. The upper cerebellar vitrilo is a thin plate of white speech, stretched between the upper cerebellar legs from the sides and the cerebellum in the mountains. In front (in the mountains) the upper cerebellar veil is attached to the middle of the brain, and in the furrow between the two lower pagorbs the bridle of the upper cerebellar veil ends. From the sides of the bridle from the tissue of the brain, the roots of the trochlear nerve emerge. Together with the upper cerebellar peduncles, the upper cerebellar veil establishes the anterior-upper wall of the dash of the IV brain stem. At the biceps of the isthmus of the rhomboid brain, there is a tricot loop. All of the gray color trikutnik, between which є: in front - the handle of the lower hump; behind that animal - the upper cerebellar lower; on the side - the lower brain, as it is seen from the isthmus with a lateral furrow, which may be on the outer surface of the lower brain. In the region of the tricutnik, in the yoga glybin, the fibers of the lateral (auditory) loop lie.

2.3. Budova of the crotch (thalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus)

In the process of embryogenesis, the proximal medulla develops from the anterior cerebral medulla. Tweak the walls of the third cerebral duct. The prominence of the cornea under the corpus callosum is composed of the thalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus and hypothalamus. Thalamus є skupchennyam sіroї speechovina, scho maє ovoid form. Thalamus for the Great Pidkirkov

illumined, pass through the yak into the bark of the great pіvkulі

different afferent ways. Nerve cells of the thalamus group

huddle with a large number of nuclei /up to 40/. Topographically, the nuclei are

divide into anterior, posterior, middle, medial and lateral

groupie. For the function of the thalamic nucleus, it is possible to differentiate on

specific, nonspecific, associative and motor.

Type of specific nuclei information about the nature of sensory

mulіv come near strictly peevnі dіlyanki 3-4 balls of measles. Funk-

national basic unit of specific thalamic nuclei

є "relay" neurons, yakі may have few dendrites, dozhin

ny axon and switch function. Here you see

dit perekannya shlyakhiv, scho to go into the bark of the shkіrnoy, m'azovoy and others

seeing sensitivity. Damaged functions of specific nuclei

bring up the sights of singing sensitivity.

Nonspecific nuclei of the thalamus associated with bagatma dilyanka

measles and take part in the activation of її activity, їх

to the reticular formation

Associative cores - the main structures of these cores

multipolar, bipolar neurons. To the motor nuclei of the thalamus,

run ventral to the nucleus, as it may enter the cerebellum and basal

ganglion, and at once give projections into the motor zone of measles

pivkul. The entire core is included before the regulation system.

The thalamus is a structure in which there is a process of processing and integration.

tsіya practically all signals that go to the cerebral cortex, in the form of

roniv spinal cord, middle brain, cerebellum. Possibility of sing-

read information about the state of anonymous systems of the body is allowed

Imu take part in the regulation and signify the functional state

the body with a blast. It is confirmed already that there is an eye in the thalamus

about 120 different functional nuclei.

The thalamus is the center of all kinds of sight.

news. Cream of the scent: they come up to the new one and mix

vishіdnі / aferentnі / provіdnі ways, which are transmitted

information from various receptors. Vіd thalamus go nerve

curls to the cortex of the great brain, folding thalamocortical bundles.

Hypothalamus - phylogenetic old vіddіl promizh-

to the brain, which plays an important role in the support of the state

of the internal medium and in the safe integration of the functions of the vegetative

noi, endocrine and somatic systems. The hypothalamus takes the fate of

the bottom of the third slunochka is fixed. Up to the hypothalamus can be seen: zorovian

crossroads, golden tract, Syrian hillock with a liykoy, soskopodibne

body. The structures of the hypothalamus may be different.

From the end of the brain, the golden part / golden re-

cross, zorovy tract, Syrian hillock with lazy, neurohypophysis/,

intermediary brain - sniff part / soskopodibne body and pid-

hillock/.

Zoro's intersection can look like a roller that lies transversely,

infused with fibers of the oral nerves (II pair), often

walk on the opposite bik (establish a crossroads). Tsey

roller from the skin side laterally and back trivaє in the gaze-

ny tract. The healthy tract lies and behind the front of the front

leg of the speech, oginaє lower brain from the lateral side and behind

ends with two crowns near the centers of the dawn. More

great lateral root to go up to the lateral narcissus

body, and more thin medial root straight to the top

humpback of the dahu of the middle brain.

To the front surface of the zor crossroads, it lies flat and even.

stays behind him, which can be seen to the terminal brain of the terminal (buried

Nichna, abo kіnceva) platіvka. Vaughn locks the front door pro-

the valleys of the great brain are made up of a thin ball of gray speech.

stva, yak in the lateral vіdіlakh of the headscarf trivaє in speeches

stvo frontal chastok pіvkul.

Zorove crossed (chiasma) - a place in the brain, de zustrіchaєtsya.

hope and often intersect the zorovі nerves, scho to go out

right and left eye.

Behind the Zorovo crossroads there is a Syrian hillock, behind

which lie like a scopal body, and from the sides - golden tracts.

To the bottom of the Syrian hillock to cross at the virva

fizom. The walls of the gray mound are made with a thin plate of the gray

down to the bottom, that the dead of the virus will blindly end.

Soskopodіbnі tіla roztashovanі mіzh sіrim mound in front ta

posteriorly perforated speech in the back. The stench mayut viglyad dvoh not-

large, about 0.5 cm in diameter, leather, spherical

white color. The white speech was ruffled, only the sound of the nipple-

foot body. Useful to know sir speech, in yak_y see me-

dial and lateral nuclei of the nipple body. In scopal-like ti-

lah stovpi sklepinnya will end. For its function, a scopal-like body

can be seen up to the sub-kirk scent centers.

Cytoarchitectonically, the hypothalamus has three regions

clustered nuclei: anterior, middle / medial / that posterior.

In the anterior region of the hypothalamus there is a supraoptic

(Naglyadov) nucleus and paraventricular nucleus. Vіdrostki kіtin

tsikh nuclei establish the hypothalamic-hypophyseal bundle, which ends

in the posterior part of the hypophysis.

In the anterior region, there are neurosecretory cells,

vibrating vasopressin and oxytocin, yakі go to the back

well, part of the hypophysis.

In the middle region, rotting arcuate, syro-bumpy

other fields, reeling factories deviate, as well as gallo-

son-in-law or statins, which are in adenohypophysis, I convey

schі qi signals in viglyadі tropic hormones in peripheral endocrine

get in. The releasing factor affects the development of thyreo,

luteo, corticotropin, prolactin. Statini galmuyut vidіlennya z-

matotropin, melanotropin, prolactin.

To the core of the posterior region one can see roses of great cells,

among those є skuchennya dribnyh clitin, as well as the core of the

prominent body. Kernels of the scopopodibny body є pіdkіrkovimi tsіn-

tram of scent analyzers.

The hypophysis has 32 pairs of nuclei, yakі є Lanks

extropiramide system, as well as the cores can be seen up to subkirk

structures of the limbic system

Under the III shlunochka roztashovanі skoskopodіbnі tіla, scho vіdnos-

up to the sub-Kirk scent centers, the Syrian hillock and the Zorovy

crossroads, solutions by the crossroads of the golden nerves. In the cinema

virvi expansions of the hypophysis. At the gray hillock, the nuclei of the vegetative

no nervous system.

The hypophysis may have great connections, as with the usual influences of the central nervous system, so

zalozy zvnіshnyoї sekretsії / system hypothalamus-hypophysis-

nadir/. Zavdyaki tsim great rich functional connections

the hypothalamus acts as a greater subcutaneous regulator of

Changes in speech and body temperature, sechoogenesis, and functions of the entrance.

For the help of nerve impulses, the medial region of the hypothalamus

musa manages the activities of the posterior part of the hypophysis, and for help

hormonal mechanisms of the medial hypothalamus

The human body is a rich structure, the skin organ and the system are closely intertwined one with one and the same with the most important medium. And so that this connection was not interrupted even for a fraction of a second, the nervous system was transferred - the most folded line, which permeates the whole body of a person and acts for self-regulation, that building adequately responds to calls and internal subdivisions. Zagnyaki of the Zeroja Robot Systems of the Systems of the Lyubin, the Pidlasteus, PID Factori Callonish Svit: Be, to be insignificant, the serpentine is a miraculous of the nervous of the nervous of the navigation of the novice of the novice, the es of the sino, the signs of the esino sinu. A similar rank is used for internal self-regulation, if the activity of the client is coordinated according to current needs.

The functions of the nervous system start the most important processes of life, without any unacceptably normal causes for the body. Before them one can see:

• regulation of the work of the internal organs visibly up to the ovnіsh and internal impulses;
• coordination of all individual organisms, beginning with the most important cells and ending with organ systems;
• harmonic interrelationship of a person with a necessary middle ground;
• the basis of all psychophysiological processes, powerful people.

How to fix this folding mechanism? What kind of cells, tissues and organs is the human nervous system represented by? A short digression into the basics of anatomy and physiology of the human body will help you to know the basics of nutrition.

Organization of the human nervous system

Nervous cells suffocate the entire body, forming a loose mesh of fibers and endings. Tsya system, from one side, along the skin cell of the organism, zmushyuyuchi pratsyuvati in one directly, and from the other - integrating a specific person in the middle of the world, vrіvnovazhuyuchi її її consume іz external factors. The nervous system takes care of the normal processes of etching, indigestion, blood circulation, immunity formation, metabolism, etc. - in a word, all those without which normal life is unacceptable.

The efficiency of the nervous system depends on the correct formation of the reflex - the reaction of the body's reaction to the stimulation. Whether it’s a splash, whether it’s a callous change or an internal imbalance, launches a lance of impulses, like a mittvo, pour into the body, and wine, at its own side, forms a reaction in the air. In this way, the human nervous system forms a unity of tissues, organs and systems of the human body one with one and with the most light.

The entire nervous system is made up of millions of nerve clitins - neurons, or neurocytes, skins, and so many sprats.

Classification of neuron growths depending on whether the function of the veins is victorious:

• the axon directs the nerve impulse from the body of the neuron to the other nerve cell, or to the terminal metatarsus - the tissue, or the organ that is responsible for causing the nerve;
• The dendrite receives a direct impulse and brings it to the body of the neuron.

Due to the fact that the skin nerve clitina is polarized, the lance of nerve impulses does not in any way change directly, dragging along the necessary channel. In this way, a skin nerve impulse is pushed through, initiating the work of the mind, internal organs and systems.

Varieties of nerve cells

First, look at the nervous system of the complex, it is necessary to sort it out, from some of the functional ones it is formed. Access to the HP warehouse:

1. Sensitive neurons. Rostashovani at the nerve nodes, yakі otrimuyut information without intermediary receptors.
2. Inserted neurons - intermediary lanka, zavdyaki akіy otrimaniy impulse is transmitted from sensitive neurons far away lance.
3. Move the neurons. To act as initiators of the reaction in the case of a subcase, transmitting a signal to the brain to the ear, or else, as a rule, the function is assigned to them.

Behind such a scheme, there will be a reaction to the body of a person to an external or internal signal-imitation, which acts as a mail for a specific action. As a rule, the passage of a nerve impulse takes a few seconds, but this hour is delayed or the lantern is interrupted, which indicates the presence of a pathology of the nervous system and requires a serious diagnosis.

Budova and type of nervous system: structural classification

In order to understand the structure of the nervous system, in medicine, there are a lot of options for classifying fallow types of future functions. So, the anatomical nervous system of a person can be divided into 2 great groups:

• central (CNS), studded with smut and dorsal cord;
• peripheral (PNS), represented by nerve nodes, terminated and without median nerves.

The basis of this classification is borderline simple: the central nervous system is a kind of happy lanka, in which the analysis of the impulse, which is hopeful, is further regulated by the activity of organs and systems. And the PNS serves to transport the signal, which is from the receptors to the CNS and the offensive activator, but also from the CNS to the clitin and tissues, which will serve a specific purpose.

Central nervous system

The central nervous system is the key warehouse nervous system, even though the main reflections are formed here. It is formed from the dorsal and cerebral cerebellum, skin from some superficial grafts from the oval inflow of the cystic structures. Such thoughtfulness is necessary, oskolki kozhen vіddіl tsns vykonuє zhittєvo important funktsії, without some kind of impossibility of maintaining health.

Spinal cornea

Qiu structure is laid in the middle of the ridge stovp. Vaughn v_dpovidaє for the simplest reflection and mimic reaction of the body to the podraznik.

In addition, the neurons of the spinal cord coordinate the activities of the mucosal tissue, which regulates the mechanism of its functioning. For example, observing the extremely hot temperature, the person casually kisses the bottom, defending himself from the thermal opium. Tse i є typical reaction, controlled by the spinal cord.

head brain

The head brain of a person is made up of decals of vitality, skin of some low physiological and psychological functions:

1. The long brain is vital for the vital functions of the body - poisoning, indigestion, blood rush in the vessels, etc. In addition, the core of the flaccid nerve is rotting here, which regulates the vegetative balance and the psychoemotional reaction. As the core of the bulging nerve sends out active impulses, the vital tone of the person decreases, the wine becomes apathetic, melancholy and depressive. Even though the activity of impulses, like from the nucleus, decreases, the psychological response of the world changes more actively and positively.
2. The cerebellum regulates the accuracy and coordination of movements.
3. The middle brain is the main coordinator of m'yazovyh reflexes and tone. In addition, neurons, regulated by the central nervous system, adapt the adaptations of the organs to the most extreme subdivisions (for example, accommodation of the chin in the day).
4. Intermediate brain of thalamus and hypothalamus. The thalamus is the most important organ-analyzer of information to be found. In the hypothalamus, the emotional body and metabolic processes are regulated; Zavdyaks to this are coordinated like physiological processes, and richly the sounds of a person, for example, strength before the transition, warming up the cold.
5. The bark of the great pivkul. The cerebral cortex is the key area of ​​mental functions, including information, language, information and understanding. The frontal part regulates the rukhovu activity, thym'yana is responsible for the body's sense of hearing, the skronev control of the hearing, language and other other functions, and it is useful to avenge the centrifuge of the breath.

peripheral nervous system

The PNS ensures the interplay between organs, tissues, cells and the central nervous system. Structurally, won is represented by such morphofunctional units:

1. Nerve fibers, yakı zalezhno vіd vykonuvannykh funktіy buvayu rukhovymi, sensitive and zmіshanimi. Movement of the nerves transmit information from the central nervous system to the soft fibers, sensitively, navpaki, help to receive information from the auxiliary organs and transmit information to the central nervous system, and the other world takes part in both processes.
2. Nervous endings, as if they were also rough and sensitive. This function is not affected by fiber structures in any way, with a single nuance - nerve endings start either, on the other hand, the lancet impulses in the organs reach the central nervous system and back.
3. Nerve knots, ganglia, clusters of neurons in the central nervous system. The spinal ganglions are responsible for the transmission of information taken from the outer middle, and the vegetative - data are just the activity of the internal organs and resources of the body.

From the other side, all the peripheral nerves are classified according to their anatomical features. Depending on the characteristics, they see 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which coordinate the activity of the head and neck, and 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which act for the trunk, upper and lower endings, as well as internal organs, rosacea in the vertebrae and thoracic pustules.

The cranial nerves take their cob into the brain. The basis of their activity is to become the spontaneity of sensory impulses, as well as the frequent fate of dyhal, herbal and cardiac activity. The report on the function of the cutaneous parie of the cranial nerves is presented in the table.

No. p / p	Name	Function
I	Nyukhovy	Vіdpovidaє for priynyattya raznyh odors, transmitting nerve impulses from the organ of smell to the ventral center of the brain.
II	Zoroviy	Regulates the spriynyattya of data, obsession with a star, delivering impulses to the eyes of the eye.
III	Okorukhovy	Coordinating the movement of spectacle apples.
IV	blockovy	In a row with the okorukhova pair of nerves, they take the fate of the coordinated frizziness of the eyes.
V	Trinity	Vіdpovidaє for sensory spriynyattya of the facial area, and also take part in the act of chewing їzhі v the empty mouth.
VI	Vіdvidny	Another nerve that regulates the circulation of the apples of the eyes.
VII	face	The nerve that coordinates mimic shortness of m'yaziv guise. In addition, this pair of vіdpovіdaє y for the taste of sprynyattya, transmitting signals from the papillae of the tongue to the cerebral center.
VIII	front door-raw	Tsya couple vіdpovіdaє for priynyattya zvіnіvі vminnya pіdtrimuvatі vіvnovaga.
IX	Movkovlotkovy	Regulates the normal activity of pharyngeal m'yazyv and often transmits taste to the brain center.
X	bloated	One of the most significant cranial nerves, due to the functionality of which to deposit the presence of internal organs, located in the neck, thoracic and cervical walls. Before them, one can see the carpet, the larynx, the legeni, the heart meat and the organ and the herbal tract.
XI	spinal	Vіdpovіdaє for the shortness of the m'yazovyh fibers of the cervical and shoulder fibres.
XII	Sublingual	Coordinating the activity of the movement and often forming the movement of the newcomer.

The function of the spinal nerves can be classified much simpler - a specific skin pair or a complex of pairs is based on the introduction of a tubular tub with the same name:

• shinykh - 8 pairs,
• chest - 12 pairs,
• transverse and krizhovyh - 5 pairs each,
• coccygeal - 1 pair.

The leather representative of this group is brought to the nerves of the nerves, made up of two roots: sensitive and ruhovim. To this very fact, the spinal nerves can take a drastic action, transmitting an impulse with a lancet, and activate the activity of the nerves in response to the CNS.

Morphofunctional division of the nervous system

It is also a functional classification of the influences of the nervous system, to the stock of which to enter:

• The somatic nervous system regulates the functions of the skeletal muscles. It is controlled by the bark of the brain, to which it is ordered by the people's own decisions.
• The vegetative nervous system, which is responsible for the activity of the internal organs. Її the center of rotting in the stovburov part of the brain, that is why it is not regulated in any way.

In addition, the vegetative system is further enhanced by 2 significant functional factors:

• Cute. Activate for energy consumption;
• Parasympathetic. Vidpovidaє period of renewal of the organism.

somatic nervous system

Somatics is the key to the nervous system, which is responsible for the delivery of motor and sensitive impulses from receptors to the organs of the central nervous system back. The greater number of nerve fibers of the somatic system is located in the skin, mucosal carcass and organs, which are the main sensory sprinyattya. The most somatic nervous system is practically 100% coordinated to the most part of the activity of the human body and the processing of information taken from the organ receptors.

The main elements of somatics are 2 types of neurons:

• sensory, chi afferent. Regulate the delivery of information to the CNS cells;
• motor, or afferent. Pratsiyuyut in the vein directly, transporting nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the cells and tissues.

I tі and іnshі neurons gravitate through the central nervous system directly to the end of the impulses, to the m'yazovyh and receptor clitin, moreover, the body in most cases develops without a middle in the central part of the nervous system, and in addition to the necessary reach.

Crimium of svidomo activity, somatics also includes a part of reflexes, control is unknown. With the help of such reactions, the m'yazova system enters at the active camp, not checking the impulse to the brain, which allows it to act instinctively. Such a process is possible in that case, as the paths of nerve fibers pass without a middle through the spinal cord. The butt of similar actions is to serve as a swivel of the hand at an apparently high temperature, or a knee reflex when hitting the tendon with a hammer.

autonomic nervous system

Vegetation, or the autonomic nervous system, is the key to coordinating the activity of the internal organs. Shards of the main processes of life - diarrhea, metabolism, heart rate, blood flow thinly - not in order of viability, vegetative nerve fibers react more importantly to changes that occur in the internal medium of the body, the pulses become paralyzed. Zavdyaki tsomu in the body are supported by the optimal mind for the provision of energy resources necessary for a particular situation.

The peculiarities of the autonomic nervous activity may be influenced by the fact that the main fibers are located in the organs of the central nervous system, and in other tissues of the human body. Numerous universities are spread across the whole organism, establishing the autonomic nervous system between the central nervous system, between brain centers and organs. Such a measure can regulate the simplest functions, the proteo folding mechanisms are still left under the direct control of the central nervous system.

The key role of the vegetative field is played by the support of the steady state homeostasis by way of self-adjustment of the activity of the internal organs in a fallow manner according to the needs of the organism. Так, вегетативні волокна оптимізують секрецію гормонів, швидкість та інтенсивність кровопостачання тканин, інтенсивність та частоту дихання та серцевих скорочень та інші ключові механізми, які мають реагувати на зміни зовнішнього середовища (наприклад, при інтенсивному фізичному навантаженні, підвищенні температури або вологості повітря, атмосферного тиску та etc.). Zavdyaki tsim protsesam zabezpechyuyutsya compensatory and pristosuvalnі reactions, scho pіdtremuyut organism in the optimal form for any situation. Oskіlki nesvidoma diyalnіh vіdnіshіh organіv can be regulated in two directions (activation and strangulation), vegetatives can also be mentally subdivided into 2 vіddіli - parasympathetic and sympathetic.

nice nervous system

A nice view of the vegetative system without intermediary bandages with the spinal cord, ruffled from the first thoracic to the third transverse ridge. The stimulation of activity of the internal organs is necessary here, it is necessary for an hour of increased energy consumption - for an hour of physical stress, for an hour of stress, an intense work of emotional shock. Such mechanisms allow to support the organism, having provided it with the resources necessary for the support of unfriendly minds.

Under the infusion of sympathy, the vessels often subside and pulsate, causing the tissues to become more sour, and the energy to wilt more strongly. Zavdyaks to whom people can work more actively, coping with advancements in the minds of the unfortunate. However, these resources cannot be inexhaustible: sooner or later, the amount of energy reserves decreases, and the body can no longer function "on the increase in speed" without re-repairing. Then the robot turns on the parasympathetic vegetative switch.

Parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system is localized in the middle brain and cranial ridge of the spinal column. Vaughn, on the vіdmіnu vіd sympathy, vіdpovіdalna vіdpovіdalna for zberezhennya that accumulation of the energy depot, the decrease in physical activity and ponovotsіnny vіdpochinok.

So, for example, the parasympathetic system improves the heart rate for an hour of physical recovery, if the person restores strength, coping with it. Dodatkovo at this hour, peristaltic processes are activated, which are positively indicated for metabolism and, as a result, for renewed reserves of living speech. Zavdyaks of such self-regulation are switched on by their own mechanisms, which are especially important in case of a critical relapse, or a blow-out - the body of a person is simply forced to continue the work, forcing an hour for repair and renewal.

Features and visibility of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

At first glance, you can see that the sympathetic and the parasympathetic seemed to be antagonists, but that’s not really the case. Offended qі dіdіli dіyut co-ordinated and spontly, just in different directions: like sympathy activates the work, parasympathetic allows you to rendezvous and respect. The leaders of the work of the internal organs are responsible for the greater or lesser world, depending on the specific situation, and the body can be adjusted, be it as it may be. As a matter of fact, offensive systems form the basis of homeostasis, balanced by regulating the equal activity of the human body.

Most of the internal organs can be sympathetic, and parasympathetic fibers, like a different infusion. Moreover, in view of the fact that such a vidiliv HP prevails in the surroundings that have formed, lie down the camp of the organ for a current moment. On the example, the validity of these systems can be seen in the tables below.

Organ	Parasympathetic diya	cute infusion
Hemorrhage of the brain	The sound of the courts, the change of obligation of blood, what to come	Expansion of vessels, activation of blood supply
Peripheral arteries and arterioles	Sounding of enlightenment, promotion of arterial pressure and weakening of blood flow	Expansion of the diameter of the arterial vessels and a decrease in the pressure
heart rate	Change in heart rate	HR increase
Travna system	Strengthening the motility of the mucosal-intestinal tract for the clearest possible inoculation of the living speeches	Upovіlnennya peristalsis and, as a result, metabolism
salivate	Stronger secretions	Seeing dryness in the mouth
Nadnirkovі zalozi	Impairment of endocrine function	Activation of hormone synthesis
bronchi	Sounding bronchitis, more importantly unproductive breath	Expansion of the bronchi, improvement of the inhalation loss and productivity of the cutaneous dyhalal circulation
Zorovy analyzer	Zvuzhennya zіnits	Expansion zіnits
Sich mikhur	Fast	Relaxation
Sweat bugs	Reduced sweating	Strengthening the activity of sweat rashes

Post Scriptum

Neurological problems associated with diseases of the human nervous system are among the most common in medical practice. Whether it’s to reduce nerve tissue to a private level, or to regain control over the body, it will lead to a majestic quality of life and a decrease in the functional capacity of a person. Only a complex and coordinated action of the skin neuron of all influences of the central and peripheral NR is able to support the body in an optimal state, to ensure the correct functioning of the skin organ, to adequately fit into the current realities and respond to external factors. That is why it is necessary to take care of the health of the nervous system, and for the least suspected of rehabilitating the term, it is one of the quietest ways, in which it is better to take up prevention, lower the hour, while we are still unable to correct!

The nervous system of a human being, in its everyday life, is similar to the nervous system of the greater savts, but it is also distinguished by a significant development of the brain. The main function of the nervous system is the management of the life of the whole organism.

Neuron

All the organs of the nervous system are roused from nerve cells, which are called neurons. The neuron of the building is capable of transmitting information in the form of a nerve impulse.

Rice. 1. Budov neuron.

The body of the neuron may have growths, which are connected with other cells. Short stems are called dendrites, long ones are called axons.

Budova human nervous system

The main organ of the nervous system is the brain stem. Behind him is the spinal cord, which can look like a cord with a length of about 45 cm.

Rice. 2. Scheme of the nervous system.

It enters the central nervous system and forms the peripheral part of the nervous system. It is made up of nerves and nerve nodes.

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Nerves are established from axons, the length of which can exceed 1 m.

Nerve endings contact with the skin organ and transmit information about their state to the central nervous system.

It is also a functional subdivision of the nervous system into somatic and vegetative (autonomous).

The part of the nervous system, which innervates the muscles across a wide range of muscles, is called somatic. Її the work is tied up with zі svіdomimi zusilly people.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates:

• blood circulation;
• pickling;
• vision;
• dihannia;
• exchange of speeches;
• the work of smooth m'yaziv.

Zavdyaki robotic autonomic nervous system is going through impersonal processes of normal life, which is not regulated by us, and does not sound like it.

The significance of the functional division of the nervous system in the safety of normal, independent in our view, the functioning of finely tuned mechanisms of the work of internal organs.

The main organ of the ANS is the hypothalamus;

VNS is divided into 2 subsystems:

• pretty;
• parasympathetic.

Sympathetic nerves activate the work of the bodies of the prosecutor's office and manage them in situations that require a certain level of respect.

Parasympathetic encourage the work of the organs and turn on when it is broken and relaxed.

For example, sympathetic nerves expand the eyelids, stimulate the vision of the line. Parasympathetic, navpaki, sound of the eye, uplifting the dream.

Reflex

The reason is the reaction of the body to teasing from the outer or inner environment.

The main form of activity of the nervous system is a reflex (like the English reflection).

Butt to reflex є vіdsuvannya hands vіd hot object. Nerve termination takes a high temperature and transmits a signal about it to the central nervous system. The central nervous system has a viable impulse that goes to the hands.

Rice. 3. Scheme of the reflex arc.

Sequence: sensitive nerve - CNS - rukhovy nerve is called a reflex arc.

head brain

The cephalic cerebellum is marked by a strong development of the measles of the great pivkul, where it is found to be the center of the greater nervous activity.

The peculiarities of the brain of the people sharply saw yoga from the creaturely world and allowed it to create rich material and spiritual culture.

What did we recognize?

Budov and the functions of the human nervous system are analogous to such ssavtsiv, but they are also affected by the development of measles pivkul from the centers of light, thought, memory, promotion. The vegetative nervous system is maintained by the body without evidence. The somatic nervous system controls the movement of the body. The principle of activity of the nervous system is reflex.

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You already know what is the basis of the body in a folding world, what is constantly changing, it is impossible without regulation that coordination of yoga activities. The role of this process is to lie on the nervous system. In addition, the human nervous system becomes the material basis of її psychic activities (thoughts, mov, folding forms of social behavior).

The basis of the nervous system is composed of nerve cells - neurons. The stench vikonuyut functions of spriynyattya, obrobki, transfers and zberigannya іnformatsії. Nerve cells are formed from the body, in the form of nerve endings. The bodies of clitins can be of different shapes, and the buds can be of different lengths: the short ones are called dendrites, the long ones are called axons. The accumulation of neuronal bodies in the brain and spinal cord make up the speech. The growths of neurons (nerve fibers) fold the white speech of the brain and spinal cord, and also enter the warehouse of the nerves.

Long-term growths of nerve clitins (axons) permeate the body and protect the ligaments of the brain and spinal cord from any body of the body. Razgaluzhennya vіdrostkіv neyronіv moyut nerve endings - receptors. These are special structures that transform nerve impulses. Nerve impulses are expanded by nerve fibers from 0.5 to 120 m/s. Fallowly victorious functions are distinguished by sensitive, intervening and rough neurons.

Nerve cells in the areas of the brain one by one establish special contacts - synapses. Neurons, contacting one with one, are folded into lances. Behind such lances of neurons, nerve impulses expand.

Nervous system after the circulation in the body is divided into central and peripheral. The dorsal and cephalic cerebellum are brought to the neutral nervous system, to the peripheral - nerves, nerve nodes and nerve endings. Nerves are called bundles of two nerve cells that extend beyond the interbrain and spinal cord. Cover the bundles with good tissue, which will make up the sheaths of the nerves. Nerve vuzli - tse clustering of neurons in the posture of the central nervous system.

For another classification, the nervous system is mentally subdivided into somatic and vegetative (autonomous). The somatic nervous system controls the work of skeletal mists. Zavdyaki їy organіzm through the organ chuttya pіdtrimuє zv'yazok іz ovnіshnіm sredovischem. All the people's ruins are concocted along the path of the speeding of the bones. Functions of the somatic nervous system under our control. The main center of the somatic nervous system is the cortex of the great pivkul.

The vegetative (autonomous) nervous system controls the work of the internal organs, ensuring that the work is improved when the outer environment is changed, or the type of activity of the body is changed. Tsya system sounds not controlled by our svіdomistyu, on vіdminu vіd somatic nervoї sistemy. However, it is important to divide the brain of the nerve center of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems on the level of the pivkul and stovbur.

The autonomic nervous system is divided into two categories: sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Most of the organs of the human body are marked as sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the autonomic nervous system. Pretty regulation is often more important in fluctuations, if a person is resting in an active state, victorious as an important physical and rozum robot. Nice injections to improve the bleeding of the m'yaziv, to help the robot of the heart. Parasympathetic nerves swell on the organs in quiet moods, if the person is resting in peace: the robot's heart tumbles, the pressure of blood in the arterial vessels decreases, and the axis of the robotic intestinal tract is strengthened. This made me understand: if I overwhelm my stomach, I don’t have an hour to repair, at a calm station.

The activity of the nervous system has reached great thoroughness and consistency. It is based on reflex (Latin “Reflexus” - reflexion) - the reaction of the body in the body to the influx of the outer middle, or to the change of the yogo internal state, which is associated with the participation of the nervous system.

A lot of our diy are entered automatically. For example, with such a bright light, our eyes are flattened, we turn our heads at a sharp sound, we look at a hot object with our hand - this is insane reflection. The stench zdіysnyuyutsya without any previous minds. Crazy reflections are transmitted from the recessions, moreover, they are called congenital. And umovnі reflexi - tse reflexi, nabutі after the life experience. For example, if you used to get up at the same time on the alarm clock, then after a certain hour you yourself will leave at the right time and without a call.

The way, how to pass a nerve impulse from the point of its inception to the working organ, is called a reflex arc. The reflex arc can be simple or folding. Sound to the її warehouse enter sensitive neurons with their sensitive endings - receptors, inserts of neurons and vikonavchi (effector) neurons (rukhovі chi secretory). The shortest reflex arc can be formed by two neurons: a sensitive one and a vicarious one. Folding arcs are made up of many neurons.

All our activities are involved in participation and control from the side of the central nervous system - the brain and spinal cord. For example, a child, having shaken a well-known toy, stretched out his hand to it: a command came from the head with nerve-wracking paths to the brain - what needs to be done. All direct links. The axis of the child hoarded a toy. - sent signals about the results of activity by sensitive neurons. All the bells and whistles. The brains of your head can control the accuracy of the command, make the necessary adjustments to the robotic organs.

Nervous and humoral ways of regulating the functions of our body are closely intertwined: the nervous system controls the work of internal secretion, and, in its own right, for additional hormones, which are seen, are injected into nerve centers. In this way, the system of endocrine diseases together with the nervous system induces neurohumoral regulation of the activity of organs.

• The work of the brain will require great amounts of energy. The main source of energy for the brain is glucose, as people swear by it. Ale glucose still needs to be delivered from the blood stream through the intestinal tract to the brain. Why is so rich blood flowing through the vessels of the brain: 1.0-1.3 l / min.

• The neurons of the brain are more sensitive to the ingestion of sour and glucose. To save the brain a rush of blood, which means that delivery to a new speech is less than 1 whilin, now there is a waste of information. But training can reach a lot of things. For example, girls, who are engaged in synchronized swimming, may be left with sprats of whilin under the water.

Flip your knowledge

1. What is the role of the nervous system in an organism?
2. How is the nervous clitina nailed?
3. What is a synapse?
4. How is excitement transmitted by the nervous system?
5. What is a reflex? How do you know reflection?
6. Which neurons form a reflex arc?
7. What organs enter the warehouse of the central nervous system?
8. What does the somatic nervous system innervate?
9. How does the function of the autonomic nervous system differ from the function of the somatic nervous system?

Think

Why does the nervous system work in the coordination and regulation of activity of the body? Set the speed of conduction of the nerve impulse from the speed of the blood stream in the aorta (0.5 m/s). To build a visnovok about the difference between nervous and humoral regulation.

The nervous system is composed of central and peripheral parts. The central nervous system is composed of the cephalic and spinal cords, the peripheral nervous system is composed of nerves, nerve nodes and nerve endings. At the core of the nervous system is the nerve clitina (neuron), at the core of activity is a reflex. The path, which seems to be damaged in the direction of the nerve impulse to the working organ, is called a reflex arc.

Nervous system grє vinyatkovu integrating that in the vitality of the organism, the oskilki unite (integruє) їх in one whole and "inscribe" (integruє) їх in dovkіllya. She will ensure the welfare of the robot with a few parts of the body ( coordination), pіdtrimannya equally important I will become in the body ( homeostasis) that attachment to the body to change the external and / or internal environment ( adaptive mill either adaptive behavior).

Naygolovnіshe, scho rob the nervous system

The nervous system is responsible for the interrelationship between the organism and the outer medium. І for whom it is necessary not so rich processes.

Basic processes in the nervous system

1. Transduction . The transformation of teasing, which is similar in appearance to the very nervous system, has a nervous awakening, which can be operated on.

2. Transformation . Pererobka, reworking of the input flow of zbudzhennya in the output flow with characteristics.

3. Rozpodil . Rozpodіl zbudzhennya that direction yoga for different ways, for different addresses.

4. Modeling. Pobudov's nervous model of teasing and/or teasing, as if replacing the teasing itself. From this model, the nervous system can be practiced, it can be saved, modified, and beaten to replace a real impersonator. The sensory image is one of the variants of nerve models of development.

5. Modulation . Nervous system, under the influence of razdratuvannya, changes itself this / or its activity.

Type of modulation
1. Activation (damage). Movement of the activity of the nervous structure, movement of arousal and/or wakefulness. Dominant state.
2. Prignіchennya (galmuvannya, іngіbіtsіya). Reduced activity of the nervous structure, galvanization.
3. Plastic rozbudova nerve structure.
Options for plastic breaks:
1) Sensitization - a full transmission of arousal.
2) Habіtuatsіya - degraded transmission of zbudzhennya.
3) Timchasovy nervovy zv'azok - the creation of a new way to transfer the awakening.

6. Activation of the iconic organ for the introduction of diї. In this way, the nervous system is safe reflex reaction in the mind to teasing .

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Tasks and activities of the nervous system

1. Zrobiti reception - to catch the change in the outer middle and the inner middle organism as a tease (cause the sensory system with the help of its sensory receptors).

2. Zrobity transduction - transformation (coding) of this roiling on the nerve of awakening, tobto. The flow of nerve impulses is due to special characteristics that lead to development.

3. Changes conducted - deliver damage to the nerve system along the nerve pathways to the necessary organs of the nervous system (effectors).

4. Zrobiti perception - Create a nervous model of rozdratuvannya, tobto. induce yogo sensory image.

5. Zrobiti transformation - convert sensory stimulation into an effector realization of a viable reaction of a change in the middle.

6. Rate results their duties for help return calls that convulsive afferentation.

Significance of the nervous system:
1. Safeguarding the relationship between organs, systems of organs and between other parts of the body. Tse її coordination function. She coordinates (uses) the work of about 100 organs per system.
2. Take care of the interaction of the body with the necessary medium.
3. Take care of intelligent processes. До цього відноситься сприйняття інформації, засвоєння інформації, аналіз, синтез, порівняння з минулим досвідом, формування мотивації, планування, постановка мети, корекція дії при досягненні мети (виправлення помилок), оцінка результатів діяльності, переробка інформації, формування суджень, висновків висновків та абстрактних (zagalnykh) understand.
4. Improving control over the camp of the body and other parts.
5. Carrying out the work of the body and yoga systems.
6. Ensure activation and tone up, so that. I will become a working organization and systems.
7. Promoting the vitality of organs and systems. Crim signal function of the nervous system can and trophic function, then. biologically active speech, which is seen, absorbs the vitality of the innervated organs. Organs, relieved of similar "regeneration" from the side of nerve cells, atrophy, then. sick and can die.

Budova nervous system

Rice.Zagalna Budova nervous system (diagram).© 2017 Sazonov V.F.

Rice. Scheme of the central nervous system (central nervous system). Dzherelo: Atlas of physiology in two volumes. Volume 1: head. Posibnik / A. G. Kamkin, I. S. Kiselova - 2010. - 408 p. (http://vmede.org/sait/?page=7&id=Fiziologiya_atlas_kamakin_2010&menu=Fiz...)

Video: Central nervous system

The nervous system in functional and structural development is divided into peripheralі central nervous system (CNS).

The central nervous system is composed of headі dorsal brain.

The cephalon is located in the middle of the medulla of the skull, and the spinal cord is at the spinal canal.
The peripheral part of the nervous system is composed of nerves, tobto. bundles of nerve fibers, which extend beyond the interbrain of the brain and spinal cord and straight up to the various organs of the body. Before her, one can also bring nerve knots, otherwise ganglia- accumulation of nerve cells in the posture of the spinal cord and the brain.
The nervous system functions as a single whole.

Functions of the nervous system:
1) shaping the awakening;
2) transmission of alertness;
3) galmuvannya (pripinennya zbudzhennya, izmenshennya yogo іtensіvі, prinіchennya, zamezhennya widening zbudzhennya);
4) integration (unification of various flows of arousal and change of these flows);
5) stimulating teasing from the outer and inner environment of the body for the help of special nerve cells - receptors;

6) coding, tobto. transformation of chemical, physical teasing on nerve impulses;
7) trophic, or life-giving, function - the establishment of biologically active speeches (BAS).

Neuron

Appreciate understanding

Neuron is the main structural and functional unit of the nervous system.

Neuron - tse spetsіalіzovana vіdrostkova kіtina, zdatna spriymati, і carry out і transmit nervovy zbudzhennya іnformatsії іnformatsії іn nervovіy sistemy. © 2016 Sazonov V.F.

Neuron - tse folded awake secreting highly differentiated nervous clitina with teenagers as a spriymaє nerve zbudzhennya, rework yoga and pass it on to other clients. The cream of the stimulating injection of a neuron can be repaired on its own cells-targets, as well as a galvanic or a modulating injection.

The work of the galvanic synapse

Galvanic synapse on its postsynaptic membrane maє receptors to the galmic mediator - gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA or GABA). On the surface of the wakeful synapse in the galmive synapse on the postsynaptic membrane, GABA induces ion channels for sodium and chlorine. They bring to chlorine not a positive charge, but a negative one; neutralize the positive charge of sodium ions, which excites the clitina.

Video:The work of the GABA receptor and the halmic synapse

Ozhe, zbudzhennya through the synapse is transmitted by a chemical path for the help of special slurring speeches,what is found in synaptic pimples, rotting in presynaptic plaques. Zagalna naming these speeches neurotransmitters , tobto. "Neurotransmitters". Їх pod_lyayat onmediators (intermediaries), yakі transmit zbudzhennya or galmuvannya, that modulators yakі zminyuyut camp postsynaptic neuron, but zbudzhennya or galvanization themselves do not transmit.