Presentation on the topic of ecosystems and biology. Presentation "Structure of ecosystems. Kharchov links in ecosystems". heterotrophs that lay out organic speech

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Ecosystems

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Biogeocenology. Ecosystem and biogeocenosis. Peculiarities of ecosystems. Vіdkrita (є input and output energy flows) Autonomous. May homeostasis - you can see the stability of the hour of that space. The design of the cordons, both vertically and horizontally. You can use it without any component. Ecoton - between ecosystems (biogeocenoses). Classification of ecosystems. Behind the macro ecosystems. For example, sea, ocean, continent… Meso ecosystem. For example, a village to a fox, a field, a meadow, a river, a lake. Such ecosystems are called biogeocenoses. Micro ecosystems (knots, galyavin, salmon…). - Ecosystems.

Parts of the ecosystem

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Ecosystems and warehouses. Ecosystem, її warehouse and type. Ecosystem = biocenosis + biotope. Types of ecological systems. The structure of ecosystems. Spacious structure. Layering is a manifestation of vertical expansion of biocenoses. Foxes often see up to six tiers. It is possible to dismember and meadow spіlnoti. A skin specific ecosystem has a specific structure. Trophic structure of biocoenosis. Energy and productivity of the ecosystem. Energy rises. The skin ecosystem can be more productive. Primary productivity of the system. Consumer. Ecological pyramids. - Parts of the ecosystem.

Understanding the Ecosystem

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Fundamentals of ecology. Ecosystems. The main functional unit in ecology. Basic understanding. The power of systems. Living organisms. Homeostasis. Ecological homeostasis. Homeostasis mechanisms. Eugene Odum. Ecosystem concept. A. Tensley. Volodymyr Mikolayovich Sukachov. Biogeocenosis. Biogeocenosis is formed by biotope and biocenosis. Ecosystem structure. The ecosystem is an open system. Mikola Fedorovich Reimers. Budova ecosystem behind Reimers. abiotic component. Climatotop. Territory and water area. The soil is like a storage element of the ecotope. Biotop. Biocenosis. Producenti. Substrate middle. - Understanding the ecosystem.

Ecosystem structure

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Topic: "Structure of ecosystems" Plan. I. Ecosystem, biogeocenosis, appointment, authority. The structure of ecosystems. Sukachev Volodymyr Mikolayovich Having created in 1964. vchennya about forest biogeocenology. Head of the school of lіsotypologists. The author is a low-principled assistant and assistant to dendrology, geobotany and works for the nutrition of Darwinism. A. Tensley. Ecosystem is the basic concept of ecology. The term was proponed in 1935 by the English ecologist A. Tensley. Biocenosis. Roslini. Creatures. Microorganisms. Biotop. atmosphere. Hydrosphere. Lithosphere. Biogeocenosis. Speech, energy, information. Ecosystem structure. Dibrova. - The structure of ecosystems.

Ecosystem structure

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Ecosystem structure. Strumka ecosystem. Together with the factors of inanimate nature, spilnot establishes the ecosystem. The ecosystem, between which it is designated as growing spivtovaristvo, is called biogeocenosis. The totality of the biogeocenoses of the earth's backwaters establishes the global ecosystem - the biosphere. Terrestrial biogeocenosis. Prostor's structure of the ecosystem. The expanse structure of large ecosystems is characterized by tiered growth of growth. Species structure of the ecosystem. Ecological structure of the ecosystem. Specialization of groups of species that occupy the same ecological niches and win the same functions in the breeding stock. - Ecosystem structure.

Ecosystem Stan

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Evaluation of ecosystems for thousands of years. Biggest project. services of ecosystems. Evidence of changes in ecosystems. Program structure. Overview of Visnovkіv programs. Humanity. Unprecedented changes. Biogeochemical cycles. Non-negotiable changes bioriznomanittya. Change ecosystems. Changes, imposition of ecosystems. Degradation of the services of ecosystems. Camp servants, scho care. The camp of regulating and cultural services. Hundreds of beats. Change of national wealth. Improving the imovirnist of non-linear changes. Apply non-linear changes. Riven zlidniv. The services of ecosystems and the fight against freedom. - Ecosystem Stan.

Biology of Ecosystem

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Ecosystem rіven. The main components of the ecosystem. In view of the peculiarity of transference of energy and the circulation of speech. According to the type of eating, organisms are subdivided into autotrophs. I heterotrophs. The main channel for the transfer of energy in spivtovaristvo is the grub lansyug. Changes in the intensity of energy flows to bring to the characteristic spivvіdnoshennosti number and biomass of organisms that occupy different trophic lines. Chim is the greatest trophic rіven. Spivtovaristvo change at the hour. - Biology of the Ecosystem.

Natural ecosystems

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Ecosystems. Understanding about ecosystems. Ecosystems. Biogeocenosis. Classification of ecosystems. Main biomes of land. Main types of natural ecosystems and biomes. Types of freshwater ecosystems. Ecosystem zonation. Periodic law of geographic zoning. natural systems. Ecosystem molding principle. Ecosystem structure. Potik energy in ecosystems. Kharchov lanceugs and trophic rivers. Kharchov's border of the mixed forest ecosystem. Kharchov merezha ecosystem bows. Kharchov's border of ecosystems and waters. Producenti. The 10% rule. Ecological pyramids. Biomass pyramid. Kharchov pyramid. Accumulation of straying speeches in grub lancers. - Natural ecosystems.

Organisms in the ecosystem

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Ecosystems of the Earth. Ecosystem structure. Live the population + abiotic mind the middle. How to understand the biogeocenosis and ecosystem? Biogeocenosis. Ecosystems. Superspecific riven of organization of biosystems. Characteristics of the ecosystem. The main signs of authority. Producenti Consumeri Reducenti. The value, the speed of a single-directed energy flow determines the efficiency of the ecosystem. Scheme of the circulation of energy in the ecosystem. The energy of the sun. Chemical energy. Mechanical energy Thermal outputs Small. 2. Streams of energy that go from the Sun through the green growth to the creatures. Surge of energy to the ecosystem. - Organisms in the ecosystem.

Vidi Ecosystems

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Ecology. What is an ecosystem? Types of ecosystems: Marine ecosystems: Mountain ecosystems: Meadow ecosystems: Steppe ecosystems: Tundra ecosystems: Desert ecosystems: Swamp ecosystems: Freshwater ecosystems: Anthropogenic (piece) ecosystems are created by people in the process of the government news. Marine ecosystems recognize a strong influx of the state's activity of people. Gori occupy significant land areas. The basis of the best herbage is composed of cereals. The steppes are roztashovuyutsya on the plains and pivdennimi schila gir. Today, the European steppes on the equal black soils can be used only in the reserves. - See ecosystems.

Ecosystem classification

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Classification of ecosystems. Designated ecological system. The hierarchy of ecosystems. Zone of life in the oceanic ecosystem. Zones in the ecosystem of stagnant continental waters. Regularities of geographic expansion of ecosystems. The law of geographic zoning. - Classification of ecosystems.

Succession

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Self-development of the ecosystem. Tsіl. The concept of changing the biogeocenosis. Nature has both stable and unstable ecosystems. What will become an orne field, like yoga, pin it down. What will become of sleep later. What will become of sleep with progressive overgrowth of the lake. What is succession? The succession is controlled by the very mind. What can be a viklikana change of sleep. The activity of a person. Endogenetic change. V.M. Sukachiv. Which is the main reason for the instability of ecosystems. Rivnavaga in biocenoses has three types. Changing the amount of biomass in the ecosystem. - Succession.ppt

Change of succession

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Self-development of ecosystems - successions. Tell me about fire. Wheat. Interaction of archery stables in agrocenosis. Cultural growths. Self-development of ecosystems. Step bottling river. The latter is a natural change in biocoenosis. Change successions. American ecologist Clements. Primary succession. Development of one ecosystem. Changing the climate. Anthropogenic activities. Wait. Lisova pozhezha. The main reasons for borrowing lisiv. Vrazhayuchi officials of forests and peat fires. Appreciation of the benefits of litakiv. See fox fires. Behind swidkistyu, the fire is wide and the height is half a light. Verkhova is burning. - Change of succession.

Change of sleep

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Biology lesson. Ecological succession. Biological dictation Theme of the lesson: Ecological succession. Reference points for the lesson. The protection of biogeocenoses. See change biogeocenosis. Proceedings (successions) Changing the medium by the organisms themselves. Changing the climate In the process of evolution. Stribkopodіbnі, raptovі, "catastrophic" Natural disasters Anthropogenic factor. Succession. F. Clements called such a dream climax. Classification of succession. Stages of succession. Zagalni laws of succession. Stages of primary succession. Changes in natural groups. Diya themselves grew up one on one. Anthropogenic factor changing biogeocenosis. - Change of sleep.

Change of ecosystems

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Fundamentals of ecology. Ecosystems. Topic: Power of ecosystems. Change of ecosystems. Task: To form knowledge about the mechanisms of self-regulation, to ensure the sustainability of ecosystems. 1. Self-regulation. For any biogeocenosis, self-regulation is characteristic. Blame control "burn" can lead to more serious consequences. The presence of natural enemies in the Colorado potato beetle, which reduces the yield of potatoes in Eurasia. Ambrosia in Russia cannot burn itself out. 2. Change of ecosystems. Such a regular change of biogeocenoses is called succession. The succession, as it starts on the absolutely freed life of the mission, is called the first. - Change of ecosystems.

Change of ecosystems

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Changes in ecosystems. Ecosystems. Raznomanіtnіst interspecies vzaєmin. Biological terms Laws in mutual living organisms. Look at each other. Interaction of bean roslins. Bulbakov bacteria. Choose three answers. Abiotic factors. Statement of biological objects. Ascaris. Establishment of the sequence of processes. Kharchovy lanceug. Rank anniversary. Leafing through viparova rich vology. Introducing new themes Consolidation of the material studied. A stagnant lake. Homework. Prepared the presentation. -

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The ecosystem is the functional unity of living organisms and the medium of their living. The main characteristic features of the ecosystem are її bezrozmіrnіst i bezrankovіst. The replacement of some biocenoses by other stretches of a trivial hour is called a succession. Succession, which flows on the substrate, which is re-established, is called primary. Succession on the territory, which is already occupied by growth, is called secondary.

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One of the classifications of ecosystems is a biome - a natural zone and an area with the same climatic minds and a similar set of dominant species of growing and creatures. The ecosystem is special - biogeocenosis - a plot of the earth's surface with similar natural phenomena. Warehouse parts of biogeocenosis are climatotope, foodphotop, hydrotope (biotope), as well as phytocenosis, zoocenosis and microbocenosis (biocenosis).

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Ecosystems are the main structural units of the biosphere An ecological system, and an ecosystem, is the main functional unit in ecology, because before it enters organisms and the inanimate medium - components that mutually add to the power of one of one, that is necessary for intelligence life in that її form, like the origin of the Earth. The term ecosystems was first introduced in 1935. English ecologist A. Tensley.

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With the method of obsession with food products, people create agro-ecosystems piece by piece. The stinks are breathed into the natural with a small stamina and stability, prote more high productivity.

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In such a manner, under the ecosystem, the succulence of living organisms (spilenot) and dovkіllya їhnоgo іsnuvannya are understood, so that the winds of the circle of speeches are established, the system of life is settled. Spivtovaristva organizmіv pov'yazanі z inorganіchny sredovischem natіsnіshmi material-energetic linkages. Roslini can use only for the timely supply of carbon dioxide, water, sour, mineral salts to them. Heterotrophs live on the basis of autotrophs, but they will require the supply of such inorganic sprouts, like sour and water.

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Whether a specific place of living stocks of inorganic fields, the necessary improvement of the life of the organisms that they inhabit, would not last long, yakbi qi stocks would not be replenished. The rotation of biogenic elements in the middle is observed as a prolongation of the life of organisms (in the aftermath of indigestion, excretion, defecation), so after their death, after the laying out of corpses and growing grates. From the same time, spivtovaristvo establishes a singing system with an inorganic medium, in a kind of flow of atoms, calling out the life of organisms, and may tend to zamikatisya in krugoobig.

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The term "biogeocenosis" is widely used in the votchiznyaniya literature, the proposals of the 1940s. V. N. Sukachov. For this purpose, biogeocenosis is “the consistency on the visible stretch of the earth’s surface on homogeneous natural phenomena (atmosphere, mountain breed, soil and hydrological minds), which can be especially specific to the interdependence of these warehouse components that singing type of exchange of speech and energy between them and those other things nature and internally superfluous dialectical unity, which is the development of post-state Russia.

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In biogeocenosis V.M. Sukachov saw two blocks: ecotope - the abundance of the minds of the abiotic medium and biocenosis - the abundance of all living organisms (Fig. 8.1). The ecotope is often considered as an abiotic medium, not transformed by roslins (the first complex of factors in the physical and geographical medium), and the biotope is like a collection of elements of the abiotic medium, which are modified by the activity of living organisms.

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I think that the term "biogeocenosis" signifi- cantly reflects the structural characteristics of the macrosystem by the larger world. In fact, there are no differences between these terms. It should be noted that the sequence of a specific physical and chemical otochennya (biotope) from a combination of living organisms (biocenosis) that establishes the ecosystem: Ecosystem = Biotope + Biocenosis.

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Equally important (steady) state of the ecosystem is secured on the basis of circulation of rivers (div. p. 1.5). From these circles, without intermediary, take the fate of all warehouses of ecosystems. To support the circulation of speeches in the ecosystem, it is necessary to have a stock of inorganic speeches in the development of forms and three functionally different ecological groups of organisms: producers, consumers and reducers.

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Producers are autotrophic organisms, which will be their own body for the rahunok of inorganic sprouts (Fig. 8.2).

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Consumers are heterotrophic organisms that support the organic speech of producers or other consumers and transform them into new forms. The decomposers live for the dead organic speech, translating it again into inorganic words. The classification is notable, as well as consumers, and the producers themselves often act in the role of reducers of life, seeing in the mineral products of the exchange of speeches.

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In principle, the circle of atoms can be taken into account in the system and without intermediary lanka - consumers, for the account of the activity of two other groups. However, such ecosystems grow more rapidly like vines, for example, on quiet plots, defunctioning spiving, formed only from microorganism. The role of consumers wins over nature is more important than creatures, their activity from the transition and the accelerated cyclical migration of atoms in ecosystems is foldable and varied.

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The scale of the ecosystem in nature is different. Not the same is the degree of isolation under which they circle the circle of speech, that is. bagatorazovist luchennya quiet elements themselves in cycles. As an ecosystem, you can see, for example, a pillow of lichens on a stovbur tree, and a stump that is collapsing, for its inhabitants, and a small timchas waterfield, a meadow, a forest, a steppe, an empty place, the entire ocean and, nareshti, the entire surface of the Earth, occupied by life .

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In some types of ecosystems, the guilt of speech for interstitial floors is great, and their stability is mainly supported by the flow of water, and the amount of speech is called, even though the internal circulation is not very effective. Such are the flowing water basins, rivers, streams, plots on steep slopes. Other ecosystems may significantly increase the circulation of rivers and visually autonomous (foxes, bows, lakes thinly).

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An ecosystem is a practically closed system. Why do we use the principle of ecosystems diversity in terms of spivtovariance and populations, yakі є vіdkritimi systems that are exchanged with dovkіllâm energy, speech and information. However, the Earth's ecosystem is not able to repeat a closed circle, but the minimum exchange of mass from the middle of life is still visible. Ecosystem є suupnіstyu vzaєmopov'yazanih energospozhivachіv, yakі zdіysnyuyut z podtrimki її unrequited stav schodo dovkіllya rahunіstnya vykoristannya flow soniachnoi ї ergії.

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Vidpovidno to ієrarchії spіlnot zhittya on the Earth is manifested in єієrarchіchnostі vіdpovidnyh ecosystems. Ecosystem organization of life is one of the necessary minds and foundations. As it was intended, the stocks of biogenic elements, the necessary life of the organisms of the Earth, are sunburned and the skin specific space is superficial, not without borders. Only the system of circles could give these reserves of power the insincerity, the necessary continuation of life.

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Pіdtrimuvati and zdіysnyuvati krugoobіg can only functionally different groups of organisms. Functional-ecological diversity of living sources and organization of the flow of speeches, which are seen from the superfluous medium, in cycles - the most ancient power of life. From this point of view, the richness of the sights in the ecosystem is reached for the rahunok, and they are constantly entering into the natural destruction of the space, which allows new generations to occupy the space, which is reborn again.

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The concept of the ecosystem The main object of the development of ecology is the ecological system, or the ecosystem. The ecosystem borrows the next biocoenosis space from the system equal to living nature. Speaking about the biocenosis, we were small on the ground, there are only living organisms. As well as looking at living organisms (biocenosis) at once from the officials of dovkіll, the same ecosystem. In this way, the ecosystem is a natural complex (bio-cosna system), solutions by living organisms (biocenosis) and the medium of their living (for example, the atmosphere - steel, soil, water reservoir - bio-ossium, etc.) .

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The term “ecosystem” was widely adopted in ecology in 1935. English botanist A. Tensley. Considering that ecosystems, "from the point of view of the ecologist are the main natural units on the surface of the earth", to which include "not only a complex of organisms, but the whole complex of physical factors, which are established by those that we call the middle of the biome, - factor іsceperebuvannya in the widest sense". Tensley pіdkreslyuvav, scho for ecosystems characteristic of a different kind of speech exchange is not only between organisms, but also between organic and inorganic speech. Not only a complex of living organisms, but also a subset of physical factors.

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Ecosystem (ecological system) is the main functional unit of ecology, which is the unity of living organisms and the medium of their living, organized by energy flows and the biological circulation of speeches. What is fundamental is the cohesion of the living and the middle of its life, whether it be the constellation of living organisms that live in harmony, and the minds of their reason (Fig. 8).

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Mal. 8. Different ecosystems: a - the rate of the middle smog (1 - phytoplankton; 2 - zooplankton; 3 - swimming beetles (larvae and mature individuals); 4 - juvenile bark; 5 - pike; 6 - hovomid larvae (mosquitoes-twitchers); 7 - Bakteri, 8 - mosquitoes of the reserves of Redninnosti, b - Luke (I - Abіotichni Rechovini, Tobto basic unorganical tu organized); Polov Mishі I. ;C - "upper" huts (hawks);

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The concept of "ecosystem" can be reduced to objects of a different degree of complexity. The butt of the ecosystem can serve as a tropical forest in a singing place and at a particular moment in time, thousands of populations of species of roslin, creatures and microbes that live together, and intermingle between them in mutual modalities. Ecosystems are also natural creations, like the ocean, sea, lake, onion, swamp. An ecosystem can be a bush in a swamp and a rotting tree in forests with organisms that live on them and in them, a goosebump with ants. The largest ecosystem is the planet Earth.

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Presentation on the topic: Ecosystems

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History of the term History of the term Understanding the ecosystem of the Budov ecosystem Mechanisms of functioning of the ecosystem Expanses of inter-ecosystems (chorological aspect) Hours of inter-ecosystems (chronological aspect) Ranks of ecosystems Individual ecosystems

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The ideas of the unity of all living things in nature, and the interdependence of the processes in nature, lead their cob from ancient times. However, at the turn of the 19th-20th century, the modern interpretation of understanding began to grow. So, the German hydrobiologist K. Mobius in 1877 described the oyster jar as a breeding of organisms and gave it the name "biocenosis". In the classical practice of the American biologist S. Forbes, a lake with a strong system of organisms is designated as a "microcosm" ("The lake as a microcosm" - "The lake as a microcosme", 1887). The current term was first propagated by the English ecologist A. Tensley in 1935. V. V. Dokuchaev also developed a statement about the biocenosis as a whole system. However, among Russian science, the introduction of V.N. Modern sciences also use different definitions, as they still use the concept of “ecosystem”, for example, “geosystem” in geoecology, or they introduced approximately in the same period by other scientists “Holocene” (F. Clements, 1930) and “biokosne body” "(V. I. Vernadsky, 1944). The ideas of the unity of all living things in nature, and the interdependence of the processes in nature, lead their cob from ancient times. However, at the turn of the 19th-20th century, the modern interpretation of understanding began to grow. So, the German hydrobiologist K. Mobius in 1877 described the oyster jar as a breeding of organisms and gave it the name "biocenosis". In the classical practice of the American biologist S. Forbes, a lake with a strong system of organisms is designated as a "microcosm" ("The lake as a microcosm" - "The lake as a microcosme", 1887). The current term was first propagated by the English ecologist A. Tensley in 1935. V. V. Dokuchaev also developed a statement about the biocenosis as a whole system. However, among Russian science, the introduction of V.N. Modern sciences also use different definitions, as they still use the concept of “ecosystem”, for example, “geosystem” in geoecology, or they introduced approximately in the same period by other scientists “Holocene” (F. Clements, 1930) and “biokosne body” "(V. I. Vernadsky, 1944).

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Be it unity, which includes all organisms in this division and interdependence with the physical medium in such a way that the flow of energy creates a clearly defined trophic structure, species diversity and circle of speech ( exchange of speech and energy between biotic and abiotic parts) in the middle of the system, is itself ecological system, chi ecosystem (Yu. Odum, 1971). Ecosystem is a system of physical-chemical-biological processes (A. Tensley, 1935). The combination of living organisms together with the inanimate part of the medium, in which it is known, is called an ecosystem by all the different interactions (D.F. Owen.). Be it a collection of organisms and inorganic components of a superfluous medium, in which a circle of speeches can be formed, they are called an ecological system or an ecosystem (V. V. Denisov.). Biogeocenosis (V. N. Sukachov, 1944) - a complex of living and natural components, connected with each other by the exchange of speech and energy. In some cases, it is especially emphasized that the ecosystem is a system that has historically evolved.

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An ecosystem is a collapsible system that self-organizes, self-regulates and develops itself. The main characteristic of the ecosystem is the presence of normally closed, stable in the open space, flows of speech and energy between the biotic and abiotic parts of the ecosystem. Why is it obvious that if a biological system were not, it could be called an ecosystem, for example, such is not an aquarium, but a rotten stump. These biological systems are not sufficiently self-sufficient and self-regulating, so stop regulating the mind and improve the characteristics on the same level, do it quickly. So spіlnoti do not form independent closed cycles of speech and energy, but only part of a larger system. Such systems should be called lower rank spilnots, or microcosms. In other words, vikoristovuyut understand-facies (for example, in geoecology), but it is not possible to describe such systems in a new world, especially piece-wise. In a wild way in different sciences, the concept of “facies” is given different meanings: in systems of a subecosystemic level to understand, not related to the ecosystem, but to understand that they are united by the same ecosystem, or the same is the designation of the ecosystem.

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Obviously, there is no difference between the concepts “ecosystem” and “biogeocenosis”, biogeocenosis can be considered as a synonym for the term “ecosystem”. However, the idea is broadened, because of some kind of biogeocenosis can serve as an analogue of the ecosystem on the corn cob, but the term "biogeocenosis" can give more emphasis on the link between the biocoenosis and a specific land or water medium, but also eco the transmission system is an abstract plot. Therefore, the biogeocenosis zvuchchay vvazhayutsya okremim vipadkom ecosystem. Different authors of the designated term biogeocenosis override the specific biotic and abiotic components of biogeocenosis, even though the designation of the ecosystem may be more wild in nature.

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Two components can be seen in the ecosystem - biotic and abiotic. Biotic subdivides into autotrophic and heterotrophic components that form the trophic structure of the ecosystem. Two components can be seen in the ecosystem - biotic and abiotic. Biotic subdivides into autotrophic and heterotrophic components that form the trophic structure of the ecosystem. The only source of energy for the development of the ecosystem and support in other processes is the producer, which will capture the energy of the sun with the efficiency of 0.1 - 1%, rarely 3 - 4.5% of the cob size . Autotrophs become the first trophic rіven of the ecosystem. The onset of trophic rіvnі ecosystems are formed by the consumer's shells and zamikayutsya decomposers, yakі translate non-living organic speech into a mineral form, yak can be conquered by an autotrophic element.

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At a glance, the structures in the ecosystem are seen: the climatic regime, which determines the temperature, water content, lighting regime and other physical characteristics of the medium; inorganic speech to be included in the circle; organic spoluky, yakі povyazyut biotic and abiotic parts of the circle of speech and energy; producers - organisms that create primary products; macroconsumers, or phagotrophs, - heterotrophs, which eat large parts of organic speech; Microconsumers (saprotrophs) - heterotrophs, mainly fungi and bacteria, like destroying dead organic speech, mineralizing it, and turning it into a circle. The remaining three components form the biomass of the ecosystem.

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From the point of view of the functioning of the ecosystem, the forward functional blocks of organisms (crim autotrophs) are seen: From the point of view of the functioning of the ecosystem, the forward functional blocks of organisms (crim of autotrophs) are seen: biophages - organisms that feed on other living organs izmіv, saprophages are organisms that eat dead organic speech. Dany showed a time-functional connection in the ecosystem, focusing on the time of the adoption of organic speech and re-development in the middle of the ecosystem (biophages) and re-processing by saprophages. Mіzh vіdmirannym organic speech and re-inclusion її warehouses in the circle of speech in the ecosystem can pass suttєvy interval of an hour, for example, in times of pine logs, 100 and more rocks. All these components are mutually related in space and in that part of the world, they establish a single structural-functional system.

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Sound understand the ecotop was designated as the place of living of organisms, which is characterized by the singing of ecological minds: gruntiv, gruntiv, microclimate and other. However, for whom one can understand, in fact, the understanding of the climatotope may be identical. Sound understand the ecotop was designated as the place of living of organisms, which is characterized by the singing of ecological minds: gruntiv, gruntiv, microclimate and other. However, for whom one can understand, in fact, the understanding of the climatotope may be identical. At the moment, under the ecotope on the vіdmіnu vіd the biotopu, it is clear that the territory or the water area with the usual set and features of soils, soils, microclimate and other factors in the unchangeable organisms look. Alluvial soils, volcanic or coral islands, which have become established, can serve as butts for the ecotope, and other territories that have become anew established. In this type of climate, the climate is part of the ecotope.

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V. N. Sukachov (1964) described a part of the biogeocenosis as a part of the biogeocenosis, which breathes in the atmosphere with its gas storage, especially the concentration of carbon dioxide in the surface biohorizon, sour in the same place and in the bio horizons of photosynthesis, improved by the regime, that changed sony radiation and illumination, the presence of luminescence of growths and other creatures, special thermal regime and humidity regime. V. N. Sukachov (1964) described a part of the biogeocenosis as a part of the biogeocenosis, which breathes in the atmosphere with its gas storage, especially the concentration of carbon dioxide in the surface biohorizon, sour in the same place and in the bio horizons of photosynthesis, improved by the regime, that changed sony radiation and illumination, the presence of luminescence of growths and other creatures, special thermal regime and humidity regime. At the present moment, the understanding is interpreted a little more broadly: as a characteristic of the biogeocenosis, on the physical and chemical characteristics of the surface or water medium, the meanings for the organisms that inhabit this medium. The climatotop sets on a long-term scale the main physical characteristics of the basis of creatures and growing, indicating the number of organisms that can be used in this ecosystem.

No. slide 18

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Under the food photo, the soil becomes clear as a storage element of the ecotop. Prote more precisely tse prinyatya slіd vyznati as a part of the old middle ground transformed by organisms, so not all of the soil, but only one part. The soil (food photop) is the most important warehouse ecosystem: in some places the cycles of speech and energy are changing, and the transition from dead organic speech to mineral and radiance to living biomass is changing. The main carriers of energy in food photography are organic charcoal, their labile and stable forms;

No. slide 19

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A biotope is a transformation of biota into an ecotope, or rather, a village of a territory, similar to the minds of life for singing species of growing up or creatures, or for molding a singing biocoenosis. A biotope is a transformation of biota into an ecotope, or rather, a village of a territory, similar to the minds of life for singing species of growing up or creatures, or for molding a singing biocoenosis. Biocenosis - a historically formed collection of roslin, creatures, microorganism, which inhabit land or water land (biotope). I will not leave the role of the formation of the biocenosis in the competition and natural water. The main unit of the biocenosis is the consortium, so be the organisms of the other world related to autotrophs and establish a collapsible system of consorts of a different order, terminants of consortia. It is also possible for the biocoenosis to phytocenosis and zoocenosis. Phytocenosis is the sequence of growing populations of one species, which form the determinants of consortia. Zoocenosis - the whole population of creatures, as consorts of a different order, and the mechanism of redistribution of speech and energy in the middle of the ecosystem (div. functioning of ecosystems). A biotope and a biocenosis at once form a biogeocenosis/ecosystem.

No. slide 20

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Resilience of Ecosystems Resilience of Ecosystems An ecosystem can be described by a complex scheme of direct and reverse links, which improves the homeostasis of the system in the boundaries of the parameters of the natural medium. In this way, at certain boundaries, the ecosystem of the building is capable of enhancing its structure and functions, while maintaining its normal inflows. We see two types of homeostasis: resistant - building up the structure and functions of ecosystems with a negative external influx; spring - building up the ecosystem to restore the structure and functions with the introduction of part of the components of the ecosystem.

No. slide 21

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No. slide 22

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No. slide 23

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Some people see the third aspect of persistence - the persistence of the ecosystem and the change in the characteristics of the medium and the change in its internal characteristics. In a way, as the ecosystem functions stably in a wide range of parameters of the most common medium, and in the ecosystem there is a large number of interchangeable species, such an abundance is called dynamically mine. In the proliferative region, if the ecosystem can be found in a similar set of parameters of the natural medium, and more species are indispensable in its functions, such a coherence is called dynamically crying]. The next thing to note is the characteristic of a person to lie down, depending on the number of species of life and the folding nature of the trade. A classic butt can be the Great Bar'erny Reef on the coast of Australia, which is one of the "hot spots" of the bioriznomanite in the world - symbiotic algae of corals, dinoflagellates, even sensitive to temperature. Reducing the optimum is literally a couple of degrees before the death of algae, and up to 50-60% of the living polypi cavities are capable of photosynthesis of their mutualists. Some people see the third aspect of persistence - the persistence of the ecosystem and the change in the characteristics of the medium and the change in its internal characteristics. In a way, as the ecosystem functions stably in a wide range of parameters of the most common medium, and in the ecosystem there is a large number of interchangeable species, such an abundance is called dynamically mine. In the proliferative region, if the ecosystem can be found in a similar set of parameters of the natural medium, and more species are indispensable in its functions, such a coherence is called dynamically crying]. The next thing to note is the characteristic of a person to lie down, depending on the number of species of life and the folding nature of the trade. A classic butt can be the Great Bar'erny Reef on the coast of Australia, which is one of the "hot spots" of the bioriznomanite in the world - symbiotic algae of corals, dinoflagellates, even sensitive to temperature. Reducing the optimum is literally a couple of degrees before the death of algae, and up to 50-60% of the living polypi cavities are capable of photosynthesis of their mutualists.

No. slide 24

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No. slide 25

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No. slide 26

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Sound the stability of the pov'yazuvali and pov'yazuyut z bioriznomanittyam species in the ecosystem, that is more bioriznomanittya, the more foldable the organization of grouping, the more foldable the food chains, the greater the steadiness of ecosystems. And yet, 40 and more years ago, on the basis of nutrition, they established different points of dawn, and at the given moment, the idea is most broadened, that it is local, so the stability of the ecosystem to lie in the presence of a significantly larger set of factors, oriznomanittya. So, at the present moment, from the development of bioriznomanitya, it sounds like a movement of folding, the strength of the connection between the components of the ecosystem, the stability of the flow of speech and the energy between the components. Sound the stability of the pov'yazuvali and pov'yazuyut z bioriznomanittyam species in the ecosystem, that is more bioriznomanittya, the more foldable the organization of grouping, the more foldable the food chains, the greater the steadiness of ecosystems. And yet, 40 and more years ago, on the basis of nutrition, they established different points of dawn, and at the given moment, the idea is most broadened, that it is local, so the stability of the ecosystem to lie in the presence of a significantly larger set of factors, oriznomanittya. So, at the present moment, from the development of bioriznomanitya, it sounds like a movement of folding, the strength of the connection between the components of the ecosystem, the stability of the flow of speech and the energy between the components. The importance of bioriznomanitya lies in the fact that it allows you to mold impersonal spilinot, different in structure, form, functions, that ensures the stability of their moulding. The more bioriznomanittya, the more grouping can be used, the more diverse reactions (with a glance of biogeochemistry) can be developed, safer to use the biosphere with a halo.

No. slide 27

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No. slide 28

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In nature, there are no clear cordons between different ecosystems. You can always point to other ecosystems, but you can still see discrete cordonies, but the stench is not represented by various landscape factors (shaving, rivers, different slopes of the humpbacks, you can’t see the rock formations) ієї ecosystems to іnshої. This is due to the smooth changing gradient of the chinniki in the middle (water content, temperature, volatility thinly). Sometimes transitions from one ecosystem to another can be an independent ecosystem. Ring out the groupings that settle on the stick of different ecosystems, they are called ecotones. The term "ecoton" was introduced by F. Clements in 1905. In nature, there are no clear cordons between different ecosystems. You can always point to other ecosystems, but you can still see discrete cordonies, but the stench is not represented by various landscape factors (shaving, rivers, different slopes of the humpbacks, you can’t see the rock formations) ієї ecosystems to іnshої. This is due to the smooth changing gradient of the chinniki in the middle (water content, temperature, volatility thinly). Sometimes transitions from one ecosystem to another can be an independent ecosystem. Ring out the groupings that settle on the stick of different ecosystems, they are called ecotones. The term "ecoton" was introduced by F. Clements in 1905.

Description of the slide:

On the very same biotope, hourly, different ecosystems are explored. Changes of one ecosystem for another time can take as long as it takes, so it is remarkably short (spring of years) intervals of an hour. The trivality of the foundation of ecosystems in different times is determined by the stage of succession. The change of ecosystems in a biotope can be swayed by catastrophic processes, but in such a situation, the biotope itself changes as well, and it is not customary to call such a change a succession (for some reason, if a disaster, for example, after a cyclic succession). On the very same biotope, hourly, different ecosystems are explored. Changes of one ecosystem for another time can take as long as it takes, so it is remarkably short (spring of years) intervals of an hour. The trivality of the foundation of ecosystems in different times is determined by the stage of succession. The change of ecosystems in a biotope can be swayed by catastrophic processes, but in such a situation, the biotope itself changes as well, and it is not customary to call such a change a succession (for some reason, if a disaster, for example, after a cyclic succession).

No. slide 31

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Succession is the last, natural change of some spіlnot іnshimi dilyantsі territorії, obumovlen internal officials development of ecosystems. The skin of the frontal spivtovaristvo signifies the mind and the basis of the attack and the vlasny. Why is it due to the fact that in ecosystems, which are transitional to the succession series, there is an accumulation of speech and energy, as if stench is already not included in the circle, transformation of the biotope, change of the microclimate and others factors, and they themselves create speech-energetic base, as well as wash the middle, necessary for the formation of offensive spivtovaristvo. However, this is the second model, which explains the mechanism of succession in such a way: see the cutaneous anterior sleepiness is reduced only by the last competition, inhibiting that “leaning” on the provocation of the advancing species. Prote tsia theory looks only competitively between species, not describing the whole picture of the ecosystem in a blur. Without a doubt, such a process should go on, but it is possible to compete with the front view itself through the transformation of the biotope by them. In this way, offensive models describe different aspects of the process and the variance at once. Succession is the last, natural change of some spіlnot іnshimi dilyantsі territorії, obumovlen internal officials development of ecosystems. The skin of the frontal spivtovaristvo signifies the mind and the basis of the attack and the vlasny. Why is it due to the fact that in ecosystems, which are transitional to the succession series, there is an accumulation of speech and energy, as if stench is already not included in the circle, transformation of the biotope, change of the microclimate and others factors, and they themselves create speech-energetic base, as well as wash the middle, necessary for the formation of offensive spivtovaristvo. However, this is the second model, which explains the mechanism of succession in such a way: see the cutaneous anterior sleepiness is reduced only by the last competition, inhibiting that “leaning” on the provocation of the advancing species. Prote tsia theory looks only competitively between species, not describing the whole picture of the ecosystem in a blur. Without a doubt, such a process should go on, but it is possible to compete with the front view itself through the transformation of the biotope by them. In this way, offensive models describe different aspects of the process and the variance at once.

No. slide 32

Description of the slide:

Succession is autotrophic and heterotrophic. At the early stages of the autotrophic succession of succession of the P/R spawning, there are more than one, so the sound of the first succession may be highly productive, but the structure of the ecosystem has not yet been fully formed, and there is no opportunity for tilizuvati tsyu biomass. Consequently, with the aggravation of the grouping, with the aggravation of the structure of the ecosystem, the influence on the mind (R) grows, therefore, there are more and more heterotrophs, more and more heterotrophs, more and more for the redistribution of the speech-energy flows, the reduction of P / R to one і and actually є like that of the terminal (ecosystem) ). Heterotrophic succession may have successive characteristics: in the early stages, there are less than one P / R in the early stages and progressively increase in the world through the succession stages. Succession is autotrophic and heterotrophic. At the early stages of the autotrophic succession of succession of the P/R spawning, there are more than one, so the sound of the first succession may be highly productive, but the structure of the ecosystem has not yet been fully formed, and there is no opportunity for tilizuvati tsyu biomass. Consequently, with the aggravation of the grouping, with the aggravation of the structure of the ecosystem, the influence on the mind (R) grows, therefore, there are more and more heterotrophs, more and more heterotrophs, more and more for the redistribution of the speech-energy flows, the reduction of P / R to one і and actually є like that of the terminal (ecosystem) ). Heterotrophic succession may have successive characteristics: in the early stages, there are less than one P / R in the early stages and progressively increase in the world through the succession stages.

No. slide 33

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No. slide 34

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No. slide 35

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Nutrition ranking of ecosystems is more complicated. Seeing the minimum ecosystems (biogeocenoses) and the ecosystems of the highest rank - the biosphere does not mean sumniviv. Promіzhnі vіdіlennya dosit foldnі, oskіlki skіlki slozhnostі horologicheskogo aspect yaky zavzhdі unambiguously allow vyznachiti interі ekozistem. In geoecology (i landscape science) the main ranking is: facies - natural boundary (ecosystem) - landscape - geographical area - geographical area - biome - biosphere. In ecology, there is a similar ranking, however, it is important to note that only one intermediate ecosystem, the biome, can be seen correctly. Nutrition ranking of ecosystems is more complicated. Seeing the minimum ecosystems (biogeocenoses) and the ecosystems of the highest rank - the biosphere does not mean sumniviv. Promіzhnі vіdіlennya dosit foldnі, oskіlki skіlki slozhnostі horologicheskogo aspect yaky zavzhdі unambiguously allow vyznachiti interі ekozistem. In geoecology (i landscape science) the main ranking is: facies - natural boundary (ecosystem) - landscape - geographical area - geographical area - biome - biosphere. In ecology, there is a similar ranking, however, it is important to note that only one intermediate ecosystem, the biome, can be seen correctly.

No. slide 36

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Biome is a great systemic-geographical (ecosystemic) development at the boundaries of the natural-climatic zone (Reimers N.F.). Zgidno R. H. Whittaker is a group of ecosystems of this continent, which may have a similar structure or physionomy of tallness and the wild nature of the minds of the middle. The designation is not correct, the shards are tied to the continent, and the biomes are present on different continents, for example, the tundra biome or the steppe. Biome is a great systemic-geographical (ecosystemic) development at the boundaries of the natural-climatic zone (Reimers N.F.). Zgidno R. H. Whittaker is a group of ecosystems of this continent, which may have a similar structure or physionomy of tallness and the wild nature of the minds of the middle. The designation is not correct, the shards are tied to the continent, and the biomes are present on different continents, for example, the tundra biome or the steppe. At the present time, the most important designation sounds like this: "Biom - a collection of ecosystems with a similar type of growth, growing in one natural-climatic zone" (Akimova T. A., Khaskin V. V.). The spіlnim at tsikh vyznachennyah i those, scho in different biome is called the sukupnіst of ecosystems of one natural-climatic zone.

slide 2

Ecology looks at the largest equal organization of living things: populations, populations and ecosystems.
Guessing that a population is called a group of organisms of the same species, sufficiently isolated from other groups.
Spilnota is a group of organisms of various species that live on the outlying territory and interact with each other.
The ecological system (biogeocenosis) is the combination of organisms with the most common abiotic medium (soil, atmosphere, etc.).

slide 3

The ecological system includes abiotic (that is, non-living) and biotic components.

Some abiotic components of a biogeocenosis are called a biotope, and biotic components are called a biocenosis.

The soil, which is considered to be abiotic components, is often seen as a structural unit of the ecosystem.

The soil is a good balance between biotic and abiotic factors of biogeocenosis. To the warehouse of the soil enter the most important components:

mineral base (50-60% of the total amount);
organic speech (up to 10%);
repeat (15-25%);
water (25-35%).

slide 4

The main functions of biogeocenosis are accumulation and redistribution of energy and circulation of speeches.

The middle ecological systems of organic speech are established by autotrophic organisms (for example, roslins). Roslini eat creatures, such as their blackness, eat other creatures. Such a sequence is called a grub lance; The skin lanka of the grub lancer is called trophic rye (Greek Trophos "food").

slide 5

Organisms of the first trophic equal are called primary producers. On dry land, the greater part of the producers are laid down by the growths of lisiv and lukiv; near the water, green algae are more important. In addition, organic speech vibrators can be blue-green algae and active bacteria.

Slide 7

There is one more group of organisms, which are called decomposers. Tse saprophytes (sound, bacteria and fungi) that eat organic remnants of dead growths and creatures (detritus).
Detritus can be eaten by creatures - detritophages, speeding up the process of laying out surpluses. Detritophages, their blackness, can be eaten by huts. On the vіdmіnu vіd podovishchnyh zharchovіh lancers, scho otvinyutsya from the primary producers (thus from living organic speech), detritnіnі kharchovі lantsyugy otdetrit (tobto from dead organic matter).

Slide 8

In the schemes of food lancers, the skin organism of representations by organisms is of the same type. Diysnist is richly folded, and organisms (especially huts) can eat different organisms, navit from different food lances. In such a rite, the grub lansyugs are intertwined, making the grub merezhi.

Slide 9

Kharchovi Merezhi is the basis for encouraging ecological pyramids. The simplest are the pyramids of numericality, yakі vdbivat kіlkіst organіzmіv (kremih osobiny) dermal trophic equal. For the sake of clarity, the analysis of the quantity of the quantity is taken as straight lines, the proportion of some of them is proportional to the number of organisms that live in the ecosystem, it is necessary to grow, or the logarithm of the quantity of the quantity. Often the pyramids of numbers will be the same area (in terrestrial ecosystems) and obsyagu (in aquatic ecosystems).

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The history of the term Understanding the ecosystem of the Budov ecosystem Mechanisms of functioning of the ecosystem Expanses of inter-ecosystem (chorological aspect) Expanses of cordoni of the ecosystem (chorological aspect) Time of hours of inter-ecosystem (chronological aspect)

The ideas of the unity of all living things in nature, and the interdependence of the processes in nature, lead their cob from ancient times. However, it was at the turn of the 19th century that the modern interpretation of understanding began to grow. So, the German hydrobiologist K. Mobius in 1877 described the oyster jar as a breeding of organisms and gave it the name "biocenosis". In the classical practice of the American biologist S. Forbes, the lake with the strength of the complexion of organisms appears as a microcosm (Lake as a microcosm The lake as a microcosme, 1887). The current term was first propagated by the English ecologist A. Tensley in 1935. V. V. Dokuchaev also developed a statement about the biocenosis as a whole system. However, among Russian science, the introduction of V.N. Modern sciences also use different definitions, as they still use the concept of “ecosystem”, for example, “geosystem” in geoecology, or they introduced approximately in the same period by other scientists “Holocene” (F. Clements, 1930) and “biokosne body” "(V. I. Vernadsky, 1944).

Appointed Be-yak unity, which includes all organisms in this relationship and interaction with the physical medium in such a way that the flow of energy creates a clearly defined trophic structure, species diversity and circle of speech barn (exchange of speech and energy between biotic and abiotic parts) in the middle of the system, є ecological system, chi ecosystem (Yu. Odum, 1971). Ecosystem - a system of physical-chemical-biological processes (A. Tensley, 1935). The combination of living organisms together with the inanimate part of the medium, in which it is known, is called an ecosystem by all the different interactions (D.F. Owen.). Be it a collection of organisms and inorganic components of a superfluous medium, in which a circle of speeches can be formed, they are called an ecological system or an ecosystem (V. V. Denisov.). Biogeocenosis (V. N. Sukachov, 1944) is a complex of living and natural components that are interconnected by the exchange of speech and energy. In some cases, it is especially emphasized that the ecosystem is a system that has historically evolved.

Ecosystem concept An ecosystem is a complex system that self-organizes, self-regulates and develops itself. The main characteristic of the ecosystem is the presence of normally closed, stable in the open space, flows of speech and energy between the biotic and abiotic parts of the ecosystem. Why is it obvious that if a biological system were not, it could be called an ecosystem, for example, such is not an aquarium, but a rotten stump. These biological systems are not sufficiently self-sufficient and self-regulating, so stop regulating the mind and improve the characteristics on the same level, do it quickly. So spіlnoti do not form independent closed cycles of speech and energy, but only part of a larger system. Such systems should be called lower rank spilnots, or microcosms. Sometimes they can understand the facies (for example, in geoecology), but it’s possible to describe such systems in a new world, especially piece-wise. In a wild way in different sciences, the concept of “facies” is given different meanings: in systems of a subecosystemic level to understand, not related to the ecosystem, but to understand that they are united by the same ecosystem, or the same is the designation of the ecosystem.

Eugene Odum (). Father of Ecosystem Ecology

V. N. Sukachov (). The author of the term biogeocenosis Ecosystem is a distinct system that is characterized by incoming and outgoing flows of speech and energy. The basis of the foundation of a practically be-like ecosystem is the flow of energy of the sleepy light, which is the legacy of a thermonuclear reaction, in direct (photosynthesis) or indirect (laying out organic speech) look, behind the grapevine of aquatic ecosystems: “black” and "bіlih kurtsіv, dzherelom energy in yak є internal heat of the earth and the energy of chemical reactions.

Biogeocenosis and ecosystem Vіdpovіdnya to vyznachennya between the concepts of "ecosystem" and "biogeocenosis" is not much different, biogeocenosis can be considered as a synonym of the term ecosystem. However, the idea is broadened, because of some kind of biogeocenosis can serve as an analogue of the ecosystem on the corn cob, but the term "biogeocenosis" can give more emphasis on the link between the biocoenosis and a specific land or water medium, but also eco the transmission system is an abstract plot. Therefore, the biogeocenosis zvuchchay vvazhayutsya okremim vipadkom ecosystem. Different authors of the designated term biogeocenosis override the specific biotic and abiotic components of biogeocenosis, even though the designation of the ecosystem may be more wild in nature.

In the ecosystem, two components can be seen: biotic and abiotic. Biotic subdivides into autotrophic and heterotrophic components that form the trophic structure of the ecosystem. The only source of energy for the development of the ecosystem and support in other processes is the producer, who will gain the energy of the sun with an efficiency of 0.11%, rarely 34.5% of the cob size. Autotrophs become the first trophic rіven of the ecosystem. The onset of trophic rіvnі ecosystems are formed by the consumer's shells and zamikayutsya decomposers, yakі translate non-living organic speech into a mineral form, yak can be conquered by an autotrophic element.

The main components of the ecosystem At a glance, the structure in the ecosystem is seen: the climatic regime, which determines the temperature, water content, lighting regime and other physical characteristics of the medium; inorganic speech to be included in the circle; organic spoluky, yakі povyazyut biotic and abiotic parts of the circle of speech and energy; producer; organisms that create primary products; macroconsumers, or phagotrophs, heterotrophs, which eat other organisms and large parts of organic speech; microconsumers (saprotrophs) heterotrophs, mainly fungi and bacteria, like destroying dead organic speech, mineralizing it, and turning around around them. The remaining three components form the biomass of the ecosystem.

From the point of view of the functioning of the ecosystem, one can see the advancing functional blocks of organisms (crim autotrophs): biophages, organisms that eat other living organisms, saprophages, organisms that eat dead organic speech. Dany showed a time-functional connection in the ecosystem, focusing on the time of the adoption of organic speech and re-development in the middle of the ecosystem (biophages) and re-processing by saprophages. Mіzh vіdmirannym organic speech and re-inclusion її warehouses in the circle of speech in the ecosystem can pass suttєvy interval of an hour, for example, in times of pine logs, 100 and more rocks. All these components are mutually related in space and in that part of the world, they establish a single structural-functional system.

Sound understand the ecotop was designated as the place of living of organisms, which is characterized by the singing of ecological minds: gruntiv, gruntiv, microclimate and other. However, for whom one can understand, in fact, the understanding of the climatotope may be identical. At the moment, under the ecotope on the vіdmіnu vіd the biotopu, it is clear that the territory or the water area with the usual set and features of soils, soils, microclimate and other factors in the unchangeable organisms look. Alluvial soils, volcanic or coral islands, which have been established, viritized by people's caves and other newly established territories, can serve as butts of the ecotope. In this type of climate, the climate is part of the ecotope.

Foodphotop Under the foodphotop sound the soil as a storage element of the ecotope. Prote more precisely tse prinyatya slіd vyznati as a part of the old middle ground transformed by organisms, so not all of the soil, but only one part. The soil (food photop) is the most important warehouse ecosystem: in some places the cycles of speech and energy are changing, and the transition from dead organic speech to mineral and radiance to living biomass is changing. The main carriers of energy in food photography are organic charcoal, their labile and stable forms; ]

A biotope of transformations of a biota is an ecotop or, more precisely, a village of a territory, similar to the minds of life for singing species of growth or creatures, or for molding a singing biocoenosis. Biocenosis has historically evolved a collection of roslin, creatures, microorganism that inhabit land or water land (biotope). I will not leave the role of the formation of the biocenosis in the competition and natural water. The main unit of the biocoenosis is a consortium, shards of whether or not organisms are related to autotrophs and establish a collapsible system of consorts of a different order, moreover, this merezha is a consort of an ever greater order and can be indirectly deposited in a de terminants of consortia. It is also possible for the biocoenosis to phytocenosis and zoocenosis. Phytocenosis is the succes- sion of growing populations of one species, as it forms the determinants of consortia. Zoocenosis is a population of creatures, ie consorts of a different order, and a mechanism of redistribution of speech and energy in the middle of the ecosystem (divine functioning of ecosystems). A biotope and a biocenosis at once form a biogeocenosis/ecosystem.

The ecosystem can be described by a complex scheme of direct and reverse links, which enhance the homeostasis of the system in certain inter-parameters of the necessary medium. In this way, at certain boundaries, the ecosystem of the building is capable of enhancing its structure and functions, while maintaining its normal inflows. We see two types of homeostasis: resistant building of ecosystems preserves the structure and functions with a negative positive impact, and spring building of the ecosystem restores the structure and functions when part of the components of the ecosystem are taken in.

Some people see the third aspect of the stability of the sustainability of the ecosystem by changing the characteristics of the medium and changing its internal characteristics. In a way, as the ecosystem functions stably in a wide range of parameters of the most common medium, and in the ecosystem there is a large number of interchangeable species, such an abundance is called dynamically mine. In the proliferating type, if the ecosystem can be found in the same set of parameters of the natural medium, and more species are indispensable in its functions, such a coherence is called dynamically crying. The next thing to note is the characteristic of a person to lie down, depending on the number of species of life and the folding nature of the trade. A classic butt can be the Great Bar'erny Reef beating the coast of Australia, which is one of the "hot spots" bioriznomanittya in the world of symbiotic algae of corals, dinoflagellates, even sensitive to temperature. Exceeding the optimum is literally a couple of degrees before the death of algae, and up to % of living speech polyps are capable of photosynthesis of their mutualists. ]

Different positions of the balance of systems (illustration) In ecosystems, there are impersonal states, in some of them there are changes in the dynamic balance; in times of development with new equal forces, the ecosystem needs to turn to the cob camp, most of all, to get the nearest equal camp, although the wines can be even closer to the cob camp.

Ecotoni licenses and ecological niches. Tim himself can be seen both from one and the other ecosystem, as well as species specific to the ecotone (for example, the growth of coastal water residences).

Succession Succession is the last, natural change of some groupings by others on the same territory, conditioned by internal factors in the development of ecosystems. The skin of the frontal spivtovaristvo signifies the mind and the basis of the attack and the vlasny. Why is it due to the fact that in ecosystems, which are transitional to the succession series, there is an accumulation of speech and energy, as if stench is already not included in the circle, transformation of the biotope, change of the microclimate and others factors, and they themselves create speech-energetic base, as well as wash the middle, necessary for the formation of offensive spivtovaristvo. However, this is the second model, which explains the mechanism of succession in such a way: see the cutaneous anterior sleepiness is reduced only by the last competition, inhibiting that “leaning” on the provocation of the advancing species. Prote tsia theory looks only competitively between species, not describing the whole picture of the ecosystem in a blur. Without a doubt, such a process should go on, but it is possible to compete with the front view itself through the transformation of the biotope by them. In this way, offensive models describe different aspects of the process and the variance at once.

Nutrition ranking of ecosystems is more complicated. Seeing the minimum ecosystems (biogeocenoses) and the ecosystems of the highest rank of the biosphere does not lead to doubts. Promіzhnі vіdіlennya dosit foldnі, oskіlki skіlki slozhnostі horologicheskogo aspect yaky zavzhdі unambiguously allow vyznachiti interі ekozistem. In geoecology (i landscape science) the main ranking is: facies natural boundary (ecosystem) landscape geographical area biographical biosphere. In ecology, there is a similar ranking, however, it is important to note that only one intermediate ecosystem of the biome is correctly seen.

Biomi Biom is a great systemic-geographical (ecosystemic) plant near the borders of the natural-climatic zone (Reimers N.F.). Zgidno R. Kh. Whittaker is a group of ecosystems of this continent, which may have a similar structure or physionomy of tallness and the wild nature of the minds of the middle. The designation is not correct, the shards are tied to the continent, and the biomes are present on different continents, for example, the tundra biome or the steppe. At the moment, the most important designation sounds like this: “The biome is the accumulation of ecosystems with a similar type of growth, growing in one natural-climatic zone” (Akimova T. A., Khaskin V. V.). The spіlnim at tsikh vyznachennyah i those, scho in different biome is called the sukupnіst of ecosystems of one natural-climatic zone. The biosphere is suffocated by the entire surface of the Earth, poking with the splintering of living speech. The protégé of a whole science about the biosphere belongs to the Russian scientist Volodymyr Ivanovich Vernadsky. The biosphere is an ecosystem of the highest order, which unites other ecosystems and ensures the life of the Earth. The warehouse of the biosphere includes the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, pedosphere.
Piece ecosystems of ecosystems created by humans, for example, agrocenoses, natural-government systems Biosphere 2 іnnostі u rebranded the flow of speech and energy.