"Davnya Rus" launches a new book series "Russia - Way of the Crisis". The 24-series publications will present the entire history of Russia - in the form of similar words to the present day. Proposed to be read, the book is dedicated to the ancient history of Russia. He speaks about the tribes that inhabited the territory of our country before the appearance of the first Old Russian state, about those how Kievan Rus was formed, about the princes of that princedom of the IX - XII centuries, about the times of quiet old hours. You know why the pagan Rus' became an Orthodox country, how it played a role in the world of need, it fought with it. We know you from the old Russian culture, as already created masterpieces of architecture and folk art. Long ago lie coils of Russian beauty and the Russian spirit. We turn you to turns.

From the series: Russia - the way of the crisis of the century

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the company LitRes.

Davnyoruska power

In the past, the ancestors of Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians became one people. The stinks looked like native tribes, they called themselves “Slovens” and “Slovenes” and lay down to the gіlka of similar words.

They have a bula edina - old Russian - mova. Territories, different tribes settled, then expanded, then moved quickly. The tribes migrated, others came to the place of some.

Tribes and peoples

What kind of tribes inhabited the Skhidnoevropeiska plain before the establishment of the Old Russian state?

At the borders of the old and new worlds

SKIFI ( lat. Scythi, Scythae; Greek Skithai) - a selection of the names of numerous Iranian tribes, disputed Sauromatians, Masagetes and Saks, who inhabited Pivnichne of the Black Sea in the 7th–3rd centuries. to the sound e. Roztashovuvalis in the areas of Central Asia, then began to protrude into the Pivnichny Caucasus and look at the territory of the Pivnichny Prychornomorya.

At 7 st. to the sound e. the Scythians fought with the Cimmerians and brought them from the Black Sea. Revisiting the Cimmerians, Scythians in the 70s. 7 art. to the sound e. invaded Asia Minor and conquered Syria, Media and Palestine. Ale, after 30 years, was ignominated by the Medes.

The main territory of the settlement of the Scythians was the steppe from the Danube to the Don, including the Crimea.

The greatest amount of information about the Scythians is found in the practice of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC (our era)), for a long time he lives in Olbia’s estranged Scythians and knows them well. Zgіdno z Herodotus, the Scythians insisted that they lead a trip to the first people - Targitai, the son of Zeus and the daughter of the river stream, that yoga blue: Lipoksai, Arpoksai and the youngest - Koloksai. Kozhen from the brothers became the founder of one of the three Scythian tribal communities: 1) the “royal” Scythians (like Koloksai) thrashed over others, the stench lived in the steppes between the Don and the Dnipro;

2) Scythian nomads lingered on the right birch of the Lower Dnipro and near the steppe Crimea; 3) Scythian-orachi - mizh Ingulom and Dniprom (deyak vcheni vodnosit tsі tribes to the words of the Yan). Krіm them Herodotus saw the Hellenic-Scythians at Krimu and the Scythians-tillers, not zmіshuyuchi їх іz “orachami”. In another fragment of his "History" Herodotus declares that the Greeks incorrectly call us Scythians, that they live near Pivnichny Prychornomoro. On Borisfenі (Dnipro), behind Herodotus, lived borisfenitis, yakі called themselves chips.

Ale, the entire territory from the lower Danube to the Don, the Sea of ​​Azov and the Kerch channel in the archaeological perspective become one cultural and historical spіlnіst. The main її sign is the “Scythian triad”: zbroya, kіnsk’s order and “animal style” (that’s why the creations of the craft of realistic images of creatures are more important; images of a deer are most often depicted, and a lion and a panther have come to life later).

The first Scythian burial mounds were excavated as early as 1830. From the archeological monuments found on the mounds of the "royal" Scythians near the Pivnichny Prychornomorya - majestic, rich on gold ridges. "Royal" Scythians, pevne, worshiped horses. At the wake of the deceased king, 50 horsemen and faceless horses were sacrificed to Shoroka. Up to 300 kіstyakіv horses were revealed near some barrows.

Rich burial mounds indicate the foundation of the slave nobility. The ancient Greeks knew about the foundation of the "Scythian kingdom", like up to 3 tbsp. to the sound e. lived near the coastal steppes, and then the bulk of the Sarmatians moved to the Crimea. The current capital of the bula was moved from the city of the modern Kam'yansk settlement (near Nikopol). In cinema. 2 tbsp. Don. e. its own Scythian power at Krimu has reached the warehouse of the Pontic kingdom.

Z kin. 1 st. to the sound That is, more than once the Scythians, defeated by the Sarmatians, did not become a serious political force. They eased their post-conflicts with the Greek places-colonies near Krimu. The name "Scythians" was passed on to the tribes of the Sarmatians and the majority of other nomads who inhabited the coastal regions. Nadal the Scythians spread among the minor tribes of the Pivnichny Prychornomorya. The Scythians at Krimu woke up right up to the time of preparations at the 3rd century. n. e.

In the early Middle Ages, the Scythians were called pivnichnoprichornomorsky barbarians. Є. G.

SKOLOTI - the self-name of a group of Scythian tribes that lingered at the 2nd floor. 1st yew. to the sound e. near Pivnichny Prychornomory.

The riddle of splintering is heard in the practice of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus (5th century e.):

Modern historian B. A. Ribakov considers cleavages to Scythian-orakiv - the ancestors of the words "yan", and the term "cleavage" itself is considered to be similar to the words "kolo" (kolo). According to Ribakov, the ancient Greeks called skolotiv, who lived on the banks of the Borisfen (the Greek called the Dnipro), borisfenites.

Herodotus instilled a legend about the ancestor of the Scythians - Targita and yoga nashchadkiv Arpoksa, Lipoksa and Koloksa, zgіdno zgіdny vіd the rest took away their own іm'ya chipped. The legend has a story about the fall on the Scythian land of sacred objects - a plow, a yoke, a yoke and a bowl. The plow and the yoke are for the workers not of the nomads, but of the farmers. Archeologists know the cult cups from the Scythian graves. The bowls are similar to wide ones at the Doskifian hour in the forest-steppe archeological cultures - Bіlogrudіvskoy and Chornolіska (12–8 centuries BC), like a lot of vchenih po'yazuyut іz proto-Slovaks. Є. G.

SAVROMATI ( lat. Sauromatae) - nomadic Iranian tribes who lived in 7-4 centuries. to the sound e. near the steppes of the Volga region and the Urals.

For the trips, the culture of that my Sauromati argued with the Scythians. Ancient Greek writers (Herodotus and others) emphasized the special role that women played among the Sauromatians.

Archaeologists have found the burial of rich women from the siege of the city. Deyakі savromatskaya zhіnki were priestesses - entrusted from them at the graves kam'yanі віvtarі was revealed. In cinema. 5–4 tbsp. to the sound e. Savromatian tribes crushed the Scythians and crossed the Don. At 4-3 tbsp. to the sound e. the stench formed strong alliances of tribes. Sauromatian caps - Sarmatians (3rd century BC - 4th century AD). Є. G.

SARMATI - the common name of the Iranian tribes, wandered in the 3rd century. to the sound e. - 4 c. n. e. near the steppes from the Tobol to the Danube.

Women played a great role in the social organization of the Sarmatians. The stench was an excellent naїnnitsa and arrows, equals with people took their part in the battles. They were buried in the mounds like warriors - at once from a horse that was taken. A number of historians wonder what the Greeks and Romans knew about the Sarmatian tribes; Possibly, the very stories about the Sarmatians became the core of ancient legends about the Amazons.

In cinema. 2 tbsp. to the sound e. Sarmatians became an important political force in the life of Pivnichny Prychornomor'ya. In the union with the Scythians, the stinks took their part in the campaigns against the Greeks, and 1 tbsp. to the sound e., the relics of the Scythian tribes were seen from the shores of the Black Sea. From that hour, on ancient maps, the coastal steppes - "Scythia" - began to be called "Sarmatia".

In the first centuries, the stars i.e., among the Sarmatian tribes, tribal splits of Roxolan and Alani were seen. At 3 st. n. e. the Goths, who invaded the Black Sea, pіdіrvali vpiv sarmativ, and in 4 tbsp. Goti and Sarmatians were beaten by the gunas. After that, part of the Sarmatian tribes came to the Gunivs and took their fate from the Great Migration of the Peoples. Alani and roxolani were lost at Pivnichny Prychornomorye. Є. G.

ROXOLANI ( lat. Roxolani; iran.- "Svetli Alani") - Sarmatian-Alanian nomadic tribe, like a great bunch of tribes, roamed in the Pivnichny Prychornomoro'ї and Priazov'ї.

The ancestors of the Roxolans are the Sarmatians of the Volga and the Urals. At 2-1 st. to the sound e. Roxolani fought the Scythian steppe between the Don and the Dnipro. As the ancient geographer Strabo recalls, “the Roxolani follow their herds, stealing the flocks from the garrison flocks, in winter - near the swamps of Meotidi (the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov. Є. G.), and vletku - i on the plains.

At 1 st. n. e. Voyovnichi Roxolani occupied the steppes and on the way to the Dnieper. Under the hour of the Great Migration of Peoples at 4–5 st. part of these tribes roamed out of the gunas at once. Є. G.

Anti ( Greek Antai, Antes) - the union of the words of the Yan tribes and the disputes between them and the tribal union. At 3-7 Art. inhabited the forest-steppes between the Dnipro and the Dnistr and on the slopes of the Dnipro.

Call the elders to name the "anti" Turkic and Indo-Iranian signification of the union of the tribes of the words of the Janskian campaign.

Anti zgaduyutsya at the practices of the Byzantine and Gothic writers of Procopius of Caesarea, Jordan and others. Zgіdno with these authors, they were anti-corrosive with other Slavic tribes of mine, they had the same sound of viruvannya. Imovirno, earlier, anti-clavini were given one name.

The antis fought for Byzantium, the Goths and the Avars, together with the Slavs and the Huns, ravaged the regions between the Adriatic and the Black Seas. The leaders of the antives - "archonti" - ordered the embassies before the accidents, received the ambassadors from the Byzantine emperors, the decree of Justinian (546). At 550–562 pp. volodynnia antiv was robbed by the Avars. Z 7 Art. The antis do not hesitate at the letters' necks.

According to archaeologist V.V. Archaeologists consider the tribes of the Penkiv culture to the ancients, the main occupations of which were agriculture, livestock farming, craft and trade. Large settlement of culture of the word'yansky type: small nap_vzemlyanka. During the burial, the cadaver's bed was stagnant. Ale deyakі znakhіdki zmushyuyut zazumnіvatisya at words'yanskіy priroі antiv. It also shows two great craft centers of Penkiv culture – Pastirskoe fortification and Kantserka. Pobut remіsnikіv tsikh settlement buv dissimilar words'yansky. Є. G.

Venedi, Veneti - Indo-European tribes.

At 1 st. to the sound e. - 1 tbsp. n. e. in Europe there were three groups of tribes with such a name: Veneti on the peninsula of Brittany in Gaul, Veneti in the valley of the river. According to deaki, the elders tell them to name the place Venetia, as well as Venedi on the pivdenno-shidny shore of the Baltic Sea. Until the 16th century. Today, the Rizka inlet was called the Venedskaya inlet.

From the 6th century, near the world, the settlement of the pivdenno-shidny shore of the Baltic Sea by the Slavic tribes, the Venedi assimilated with the new settlers. And from that hour on, the words themselves began to be called by some people Wends and Wends. Author 6 st. Yordan vvazhav, that the words were previously called "wends", "wends", "vinds". A lot of German dzherels are called "wends" of the Baltic and Polabian words. The term "wendy" lost its self-name part of the Baltic words until the 18th century. Y. Do.

SKLAVINI ( lat. Sclavini, Sclaveni, Sclavi; Greek Sklabinoi) is the common name of all words, seen both in Western early middle and early Zantine authors. Pіznіshe crossed one of the groups of the Slavic tribes.

The similarity of which ethnonym is left behind. Deyakі doslidniki vvazhayut, scho "sklovini" - modified by the Byzantine middle the word "Slovene".

In cinema. 5 - post. 6 art. the Gothic historian Jordan called sklavins and antives venets. “Live near the Novіetuna place (the place on the Sava river) that lake, which is called Mursian (may be on the edge of Lake Balaton), to Danastra, and on the pіvnіch - to Viskla; zamіst mist they have swamps and foxes. The Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea described the lands as sclavins as roztashovani “on the other side of the river Danube not far from the shore”, i.e., it is more important on the territory of the large Roman province of Pannonia, yak “The story of temporary years” pov'yazuє z prabatkіvschinoy words'yan.

Vlasne the word "slov'yani" in different forms became common in the 6th century, if the clavinians together with the ants began to threaten Byzantium with tribes. Y. Do.

SLOV'YANI - a great group of tribes and peoples, which lie down to the Indo-European modern family.

There are three main branches of the Slovyansk language “tree”: cross-Slovak language (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), zahіdnoslovian language (Polish, Czech, Slovak, Upper and Lower Lusatian-Serbian, Polish, Pomeranian dialects), etc. ivdennoslov'yanska (Staroslov'yanska, Bulgarian), Slovenian). Must stink like a single old Slavic mov.

One of the most controversial topics among historians is the problem of word shifting. At the letter jerseys, words are found in 6 tbsp. Linguistics established that the slov'yansk mova saved the archaic rice if the common Indo-European language. And it means that the words of old could have been cremated in the common sim's of the Indo-European peoples. To that thought at the time of the birth of the words, I can be divided - according to 13 tbsp. to the sound e. up to 6 tbsp. n. e. So are different thoughts about the prabatkivism of words.

At 2-4 tbsp. the words were included in the warehouse of tribes-carriers in the Chernyakhiv culture (the area of ​​the expanded deyakі vchenі is otoznjut іz the Gothic state of Germanarіha).

At 6-7 Art. words are scattered across the Baltics, the Balkans, the Mediterranean, and the Dnieper. In a century, about three quarters of the Balkan peninsula was conquered by words. The whole region of Macedonia, which adjoined to Thessaloniki, was called "Skladennya". Until the turn of 6-7 Art. one can hear reports about the words of the Jansk flotilla that sailed around Thessaly, Achaea, Epira and reached Pivdenny Italy and Crete. Mayzhe skrіz words'yani asimіlyuvali mіstseve population.

Calling for everything, the words were founded by a susidsk (territorial) bulk. Vіzantієts Mavrikіy Strategist (6th century) pointed out that the words did not reduce slavery, but the brigands were forced either to buy for an insignificant sum, or to be deprived in the community on the rights of an equal. Byzantine historian of the 6th century Procopius of Caesarea, declaring that the tribes of words "do not cherish one person, but from long ago they live with the rule of the people, and that in them happiness and unhappiness in life are taken in by the right."

Archaeologists have revealed monuments of the material culture of the Slavs and Antivs. The Slavs were given the territory of the archaeological culture of Prague-Korchak, which expanded on the front of the Dniester, Antam - Penkiv culture - on the back of the Dnieper.

Vikoristovuyuchi data of archaeological excavations, you can accurately describe the way of life of ancient words. The stinks were overpowered by the people and were engaged in farming rilli - archaeologists know plows, coulters, plows, plow knives and other signs. Up to 10 st. the slov'yani did not know the potter's stake. Rough stucco ceramics was the hallmark of the Slavic culture. Settlements of words grew up on the low banks of the rivers, they were small in area and consisted of 15–20 small dugouts, near the skin of which lived a small family (person, squad, children). A characteristic sign of the word'yansk dwelling was a bula of a kam'yan pich, yak, it was ruffled at the coddle of a dugout. Among the rich Slavic tribes of the bula, polygamy (wealthy women) was expanded. Died words'yani-pagans spat. Slovyansky vіruvannya pov'yazanі іz zemlebrskimi cults, the cult of kinship (Veles, Dazhdbog, Svarog, Mokosh), from the land vіzіzanі naivishchi gods. Human sacrifices were daily.

At 7 st. vinicles of the first words of the Jansk powers: in 681 p., after the arrival of nomadic Bulgarians in the Danube, they swayed with words, the First Bulgarian kingdom was established, in the 8th–9th century. - The Great Moravian State, the first Serbian princedoms and the Croatian State appeared.

At 6 - post. 7 art. the territory from the Carpathian Mountains at the entrance to the Dnipro and the Don at the descent to Lake Ilmen on the pivnoch was settled by similar Slavic tribes. On the basis of tribal splits of similar words - Siverians, Drevlyans, Krivichi, V'yatichi, Radimichi, Glade, Dregovichi, Polochan and others. - stood the princes. On the territory of the future Old Russian state, the words assimilated the Baltic, Finno-Ugric, Iranian and many other tribes. Such a rank formed the old-Russian nationality.

Ninі є three hіlki slov'yanskih narodіv. Serbs, Croatians, Montenegrins, Macedonians, Bulgarians can be seen before the first words. To the last words - Slovaks, Czechs, Poles, as well as Lusatian Serbs (abo Sorbs), who linger on the territory of Nimechchin. Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians can be compared to similar words.

Є. R., Yu. K., S. P.

Skhidnoslov'yansk tribes

BUZHANE - a skhidnoslovyansk tribe that lived on the river. Bug.

Most of the dosledniks are aware that buzhans are the only name of the Volynians. On the territory inhabited by Buzhans and Volynians, a single archaeological culture was revealed. "The Tale of Time" says: "Buzhani, as if they were sitting behind the Bug, then they began to be called Volynians." In the opinion of the archaeologist V.V. Possibly, buzhani - naming only a part of the tribal union of the Volinians. Є. G.

VOLINNYANS, Volynyans - a skhіdnoslovyansky union of tribes, who settled the territory along the banks of the Western Bug and on the cob of the river. Pripyat.

Ancestors of the Volinyans, imovirno, buli dulibi, and there are more of them early name- Buzhani. From a different point of dawn, “volinyans” and “buzhani” - name two different tribes of tribal splits. The anonymous author of the "Bavarian Geographer" (1st half of the 9th century) has 70 places among the Volynians, and 231 places among the Buzhans. Arabic geographer 10th century al-Masudi rozraznyay volinyan and dulibiv, wanting, possibly, yogo vіdomostі vіdnosіtsya until a much earlier period.

In the Russian chronicles, the Volynians first guessed pіd 907: the stinks took their fate from the campaign of Prince Oleg against Byzantium, like "interpreters" - translators. 981 r. Prince of Kiev Volodymyr I Svyatoslavich ordered Peremishl and Chervensky lands, where the Volynians lived. Volinsky

m. At the 2nd floor. 10 st. Volodymyr-Volyn princedom settled on the lands of the Volynians. Є. G.

V'YATICHI - skhіdnoslov'yansky union of tribes that lingered in the pools of the upper and middle streams of the Oka and along the river. Moscow.

Vіdpovіdno to the "Povistі temporal litas", the ancestor of the V'yatichi Buv Vyatko, who came "from the Lyakhiv" (Poles) together with his brother Radim - the ancestor of the Radimich tribe. The current archaeologists do not know the confirmation of the zahіdnoslov'yansky campaign of the v'yatichi.

At the 2nd floor. 9–10 st. Vyatichi paid danin to the Khazar Khaganate. For a long time, the stench saved the independence of the Kievan princes. As the allies of the Vyatichi took part in the campaign of the Kievan prince Oleg against Byzantium in 911. At 968 p. Vyatichi recognized the blows of the Kiev prince Svyatoslav. On post. 12 st. Volodymyr Monomakh fought from the Vyatitsky prince Khodota. In cinema. 11-mail. 12 st. Christianity was planted among the Vyatichi. In the face of the stench, the trival hour was saved by the pagan viruvannya. The “Post of Time Years” describes the funeral rite of the Vyatichi (a similar rite of letters among the Radimichi): a small vessel and put on stovpah by the roads. Tsey ritual zberigavsya to kіn. 13 st, and the “stovpi” themselves in the deacing masses of Russia were sung right up to the honors. 20 st.

Up to 12 st. the territory of Vyatichiv belonged to the Chernigiv, Rostov-Suzdal and Ryazan princedoms. Є. G.

DEREV'YANES - skhіdnoslov'yansky tribal union, which borrowed from 6–10 st. the territory of Polissya, the Right Bank of the Dnipro, at the entrance to the glades, behind the flow of the river Teteriv, Uzh, Ubort, Stviga.

Vіdpovіdno to "Povіsti temporal litas", Drevljani "look like the words of the words themselves" like Galyavin. Ale, on the vіdmіnu vіd glades, “drevlians lived in a zvirinsky rank, lived like cattle, drove in one by one, if everything was unclean, and they didn’t have a boat, but the girls flickered away.”

At the entrance, the Drevlyans intermingled with the Volynians and Buzhans, at the pivnoch - with the Dregovichi. Archaeologists have revealed on the lands of the Drevlyans a burial place with corpses in urns near barrowless burial grounds. At 6-8 Art. burials at the mounds expanded, at 8–10 st. - bezurnovі pohovannya, and 10-13 st. - corpses in burial mounds.

At 883 p. Prince Oleg of Kiev “having begun to fight against the Drevlyans, podkorivshi їх, having put a danina on them with a black marten (sable)”, and in 911 p. the Drevlyans took their fate from Oleg's campaign against Byzantium. At 945 p. Prince Igor, for the sake of the retinue, pishov “to the Drevlyans for danina and adding to the amount of danina new, and the men of Yogo committed violence against them”, protesting not being satisfied with the selection and virishiv “picking”. The derevlyans, rejoicing at the sight of their Prince Maly, sang to beat Igor: “If it’s not possible to do it, then ruin us all.” Igor's widow, Olga, in 946. she took revenge on the Drevlyans, giving fire to the capital city of Iskorosten, “she took the mіsk elders into captivity, and killed other people, made the third into slavery to her people, and deprived the reshta of paying the danin”, and the whole land of the Drevlyans was brought to ki їvskoї dolі with the center at m. Vruchiy (Ovruch). Y. Do.

DREGOVICHI - tribal union of similar words.

The exact inter-dwelling dates of the Dregovichi dosi have not been established. On the thought of a number of doslidnikiv (V.V. Sedov and in.), at 6-9 tbsp. Dregovichi occupied the territory near the middle part of the river basin. Pripyat, at 11–12 st. Pivdenna between the їhny settlement took place on pіvdnі vіd Prip'yatі, pіvnіchno-zahіdna - near the waterway of the river Drut and Berezina, zahіdna - at the tops of the river. Pavlova. Niman. The susides of the Dregovichi were Drevlyans, Radimichi and Krivichi. "The Tale of the Time Years" tells the Dregovichi right up to Sir. 12 st. For the sake of archeological evidence, for the Dregovichi, agricultural settlements, burial mounds with corpses are characteristic. At 10 st. the lands inhabited by the Dregovichi moved to the warehouse of Kievan Rus, and later they moved to the Turiv and Polotsk princedoms. Vl. Before.

DULEBI - tribal union of similar words.

We lingered in the pools of the Bug and the right tributary of the Pripyat, starting from the 6th st. The successors include dulibivs to one of the early ethnic groups of similar words, for example, deaks of other tribal splics, including Volinyans (Buzhans) and Drevlyans, settled down later. Archaeological remembrances of dulibiv are represented by remnants of earthwork settlements and mound burial grounds with corpses.

Zgidno with literary tributes, at 7 tbsp. dulibi recognized a pile of accidents. At 907 p. Dulibiv squad took part in the campaign of Prince Oleg to Constantinople. On the thought of historians, at 10 tbsp. the united dulibiv broke up, as if the lands were taken to the warehouse of Kievan Rus. Vl. Before.

KRIVICHI - tribal union of similar words, Jan 6–11 st.

They occupied the territory near the upper Dnipro, Volga, Zakhidnaya Dvina, as well as near the Chudsky, Pskov lakes and lakes. Ilmen. "The Tale of Bygone Years" shows that Smolensk and Polotsk were the places of Krivichi. Zgidno with the same litopisom, at 859 p. Krivichi paid danin to the Varangians "from overseas", and in 862 p. together with the Slovenes of Ilmensk, that miracle was requested for prince Rurik with the brothers Sineus and Truvor. Pid 882 r. in the “Post of temporary years” there is a story about those who, like Oleg, went to Smolensk, to Krivichi, and, having taken a place, “planted his man with him.” Like and other words, the Yan tribes, the Krivichi paid danin to the Varangians, went together with Oleg and Igor to march on Byzantium. At 11-12 st. on the lands of the Krivichi vineyards Polotsk and Smolensk princedoms.

Ymovіrno, in the ethnogenesis of the Krivichi, the leftovers of the Finno-Ugric and Baltic (Est, Livi, Latgal) tribes took the fate, yakі zmіshalis with the numerical occupancy of the word'yansk populations.

Archaeological excavations have shown that the burial mounds are characterized by specific burials of Krivichi boules: low rampart-like deposits of zavdovka from 12–15 m to 40 m. and that Pskov. At 9 st. Dovgі barrows changed to round ones (napіvspherical ones). The dead were spat on the boots, moreover, more speeches burned on the funeral fire at once, and we would die, and in the funeral they squandered the less strongly shkodzhenі speech and embellishment: namisto (blue, green, yellow), buckles, respect. At 10-11 Art. among the Krivichi there are corpses, even before the 12th century. risi of the colossal rite are saved - ritual bagattya for burial and mound. Inventory of the funeral of this period to complete the rich: women adorn - bracelet-like ties of the ring, neck of the namist from the namist, privazhuvannya to the namist at the look of the kovzan. Items of clothing are worn - buckles, explaining hoops (they were worn by people). Often in the mounds of the Krivichi there are embellishments of the Baltic types, as if in the spring of the Baltic inscription, which testifies to the close connection of the Krivichi and the Baltic tribes. Y. Do.

POLOCHANES - the word'yansk tribe, part of the tribal spіlka of Krivichi; lived on the banks of the river. Dvina and її tide of Polota, in the form of which they took away their name.

The center of the land is the Polotsk metro station. At the "Postіstі Pavіlіh Lіt" polochani kіlka razіv zgaduyutsya at once from such great tribal spіlkami, like Slovenian Ilmensky, Drevlians, Dregovichi, Polans.

However, a number of historians put pіd sumnіv іsnuvannya Polochan as a okremі tribe. Arguing their point of view, the stench is paying respect to those who “The Tale of the Past Years” does not in any way show Polochans from the Krivichi, whose volodinny included their lands. Historian A.G. Kuzmin admitted that a fragment about the tribe of Polochans appeared in the Povisti approx. 1068, when the Kiyans drove out Prince Izyaslav Yaroslavich, they put the Polotsk prince Vseslav on the princely chair.

All R. 10 - post. 11 art. on the territory of Polotsk, the princedom of Polotsk was established. Є. G.

POLYANI - a tribal union of similar words that lingered on the Dnipro, in the region of modern Kiev.

One of the versions of Russia's march is tied up with glades, which is guessed in "The Story of the Past Years". Vcheni vvazhayut the "glade-Russian" version of the old, lower "Varyaz legend", and bring it to cinema. 10 st.

The old Russian author of the Russian version, having respected the meadows with words that came from Norik (the territory on the Danube), they became the first to be called by the names “Rus”: “Polyani є ninі calling Rus”. In the lithography, the glades are sharply contrasted with those of other skhidnoslovyansky tribes, which are united under the names of the Drevlyans.

At the Middle Podnіprov'ї near Kiev, archaeologists revealed the culture of the 2nd quarter. 10 st. with a characteristic word-Yansky funeral rite: for mounds, a domineering clay pad was used, de-spelled riches and spat nebizhchiks. Cordoni culture syahali go to the river. Black grouse, on the pivnoch - to metro Lyubech, on pivdn - to the river. Ros. Tse bulo, obviously, the word'yansk tribe'I glade.

At the 2nd quarter. 10 st. other people appear on these lands. A number of vchenih mistsem yogo primary settlement in respect of the Middle Podunav'ya. Others identify Yogo with other Russians from Great Moravia. Whose people knew from the potter's stake. They died after the rite of burial at the barrow pits. At the burial mounds, people often knew crosses. The glades of that Rus zmіshalis, the Russians began to speak the words of the Jansk mine, and the tribal union, having taken away the subvintage name - the glade-Rus. Є. G.

RADIMICHI - a skhіdnoslovyansk union of tribes, which lingered at the skhіdnіy part of the Upper Dnieper, according to the bunk. Sozh and її tributaries at 8–9 st.

Through the lands of the Radimichis, the handy river ways passed, as if they were calling them from Kiev. Vіdpovіdno to "Povіsti temporal litas", the ancestor of the tribe Buv Radim, who came "from Lyakhіv", tobto the Polish campaign, together with his brother Vyatka. Radimichi and Vyatichiv have a similar rite of burial - gunpowder was found in the grain - and similar skronevі zhіnochі embellishment (skronevі kіltsya) - semipromenevі (among the vyaticіv - seven-blade). Archaeologists of this linguistics admit that the tribes of the Balts also took part in the created material culture of the Radimichi, as they lived near the upper Dnieper. At 9 st. radimichi paid danin to the Khazar Khaganate. At 885 p. tsі tribes were ordered by the Kievan prince Oleg Vishchim. At 984 p. Viysko radimichiv Bulo broken on the river. Food by the voivode of Kiev Prince Volodymyr

Svyatoslavich. The stench rises from the litopisi pid 1169 p. Then the territory of Radimichi expanded to Chernigiv and Smolensk princedoms. Є. G.

Rus' - at the dzherelakh 8-10 tbsp. naming the people, who took the fate of the consecration of the Old Russian state.

In historical science, there is enough discussion about the ethnic journey of Russians. According to the records of Arab geographers in 9–10 centuries. and the Byzantine Emperor Kostyantyn Porphyrogenitus (10th century), Rus was the social top of Kievan Rus and panned over the words.

German historian R.Z. Bayer, requests to Russia in 1725 to work at the Academy of Sciences, having taken into account that the Rus and the Varangians are one Norman (i.e., Scandinavian) tribe, which brought sovereignty to the Slavic peoples. By the followers of Bayer in the 18th century. boules G. Miller and L. Schletser. This is how the Norman theory of the future of the Russians was blamed, and so do the rich historians.

Spiraling on the data of the "Post vremennye lit" some historians vvazhayut that the chronicler distinguished "Rusiv" from the tribe of glades and introduced them with other words from the upper Danube, from Norik. Inshі vvazhayut, scho Russ - tse Varangian tribe, "poklikan" on the princelyvanya in Novgorod for Prince Oleg Vishche, as if giving the name "Rus" to the Kiev land. The third is to argue that the author of the “Word about the Departure of Igor” has told about the journey of the Russians from the Pivnichny Prychornomorye and the Don basin.

Vchenі vіdznachayut, scho in ancient documents called the people "Rus" bula rіzna - rugi, horns, ruteni, ruyї, ruyani, rani, reni, rus, rus, ros. This word is translated as “chervona”, “ore” (from the Celtic language), “svetla” (from the Iranian language), “rots” (from the Swedish language - “rowers on merry strings”).

Deyakі doslidniki vvazhayut rusіv words'yanami. Those historians, who know Russian in the Baltic words, affirm that the word "Rus" is close to the names "Rügen", "ruyani", "rugi". Vcheni, yakі vvazhayut rusіv by the inhabitants of the Middle Dnieper, respect that the word “ros” (R. Ros) is common in the Naddniprianshchyna, and the name “Ruska zemlya” in the chronicle meant the territory of the meadows and the Siverians (Kiev, Chernigiv, Pereyaslavl ).

I have a thought, for what kind of Rus' - all the Sarmatian-Alanian people, roksolan covers. The word "rus" ("ruhs") in Iranian language means "bright", "white", "royal".

Another group of historians admits that the Russians are tserugs, who lived in the 3rd–5th century. according to nar. Danube Roman province Norik and approx. 7 art. moved at once from the words of the Naddniprianshchyna. The riddle of the journey to the people of "Rus" is not clear to the doss. E. G., S. P.

PIVNICHNI - skhіdnoslovyansky union of tribes that lived in 9-10 centuries. by rr. Desna, Seim, Sula.

The backwaters of the inhabitants of the pivnoch were meadows and Dregovichi, the pivnichni - radimichi and vyatichi.

Pohodzhennya called "pivnіchni" is not explained. Deyakі doslidniki pov'yazuyut yoga with Iranian sev, sew - "black". In lithographs, the inhabitants of pivnoch are also referred to as "pivnich", "pivnich". The territory of the Republic of the Desnya and the Seimas saved the 16th–17th centuries from the Russian literature. that Ukrainian dzherela 17th century. the name "Pivnich".

Archaeologists describe the inhabitants of the pivnoch with the noses of the Volintsian archaeological culture, as they lived on the left birch of the Dnieper, the Desnoy and the Seimas near the 7th–9th centuries. The Volintsiv tribes were slovyansky, but their territory was stuck with the lands inhabited by salt-grass archeological culture.

The main occupation of the inhabitants of the pivnoch was farming. In cinema. 8 art. the stench opinated under the rule of the Khazar Khaganate. In cinema. 9 st. the territory of the inhabitants of the pivnoch moved to the warehouse of Kievan Rus. According to the “Post of Time Years”, the Kievan prince Oleg Vishchiy slandered them for tribute to the Khazars and laid a light tribute on them, saying: “I am [the Khazars] an enemy, but you have nothing to do.”

The centers of crafts and trade were the inhabitants of pivnochi buli mm. Novgorod-Siversky, Chernigiv, Putivl, yakі zgoda became the centers of princedoms. Since they came to the Russian state, the land, like before, was called "Siverian land" or "Siverian Ukrainian". Є. G.

SLOVENE ILMENSKI - a tribal union of similar words of the land of Novgorod, most importantly near the lands of the lake. Ilmen, instructed by the Krivichi.

For the records of the “Post of Time Lit”, the Slovenes of Ilmensk at once from the Krivichi, miraculously took the fate of the callers of the Varangians, as if they were disputed with the Slovenes - the departures from the Baltic Pomor'ya. Slovenian warriors entered the warehouse of Prince Oleg's squad, took part in the campaign of Volodymyr I Svyatoslavich against the Polotsk prince Rogvold at 980 r.

A number of historians in vvazha "prabatkivshchina" Slovenes Podniprov'ya, іnshі vyvodkіv іlmenskih slovenskih from the Baltic Pomor'ya, shards retell, vіruvannya that zvichaї, the type of inhabitants of Novgorod and polabskih words'yan arc close. Є. G.

TIVERTSI - skhіdnoslovyansky union of tribes, sho bagging at 9 - poch. 12 st. on nar. The Dnister is at the mouth of the Danube. The name of the tribal association, it is possible, to resemble the old Greek name of the Dniester - "Tiras", yak, in my line, to resemble the Iranian word turas - shvidka.

At 885 p. Prince Oleg Vishchiy, who helped the tribes of glades, drevlyans, inhabitants of pivnochi, helped to support his own power and tivertsiv. Later, the Tivertsy took their part in Oleg’s campaign against Tsargorod (Constantinople) as “interpreters” - so that translators, the oscars knew well the language of the peoples who lived on the Black Sea. At 944 p. tiverts at the warehouse of the Kievan Prince Igor were again taken in Tsargorod, and in the middle. 10 st. went to the warehouse of Kievan Rus. On post. 12 st. Under the blows of the Pechenigiv and the Polovtsians, the Tivertsy entered the pivnich, defrauded the other Slavic tribes. The leftover settlements and settlements, which, according to the opinion of archaeologists, belonged to the Tivertsy, were saved near the mezhirichchi Dnistr and Prut. Kuran burial grounds with corpses in urns were revealed; among the archeological knowledge on the territories occupied by the Tivertsy, daily women's high heels. Є. G.

STREETS - skhіdnoslov'yansky union of tribes, scho іsnuvav at 9 - ser. 10 st.

According to the “Post of Time Years”, the streets lived near the lower currents of the Dnieper, the Bug and on the birches of the Black Sea. The center of the tribal union is the metro station Peresіcheniy. For the admission of a historian of the 18th century. V. N. Tatishchev, the ethnonym “street” resembles the old Russian word “kut”. The contemporary historian B. A. Ribakov paid tribute to the Novgorod First Chronicle: “Earlier, the streets sat in the lowlands of the Dnipro, but later they moved to the Bug and the Dnister” - and having grown the visnovok, that the Crossings were on the Dnipro for the day Kiev. The place on the Dnipro under such a name is given in the Laurentian Chronicle under 1154 p. and in the “Translation of Russian places” (14th century). In the 1960s. archaeologists discovered settlements of streets near the area of ​​the bunks. Tyasmin (a tributary of the Dnipro), which confirms Ribakov's visnovok.

For a long time the tribes stood against the tests of the Kievan princes to support their power. At 885 p. Oleg the Vishchiy fought in the streets, who had already taken danina from the glades, Drevlyans, Siveryans and Tivertsiv. In view of the greater skhidnoslovyansk tribes, the streets took their part in the campaign of Prince Oleg against Constantinople 907 p. between the 40s. 10 st. Kiev Voivode Sveneld three rocks trimavs in the flank of m. Crossings. All R. 10 st. Under the onslaught of nomadic tribes, the streets led to the pivnich and were turned on to the warehouse of Kievan Rus. Є. G.

On the marginal lands

Around the territories inhabited by similar words, different tribes and peoples lived. Finno-Ugric tribes were the susіda z pіvnochі: cheremisi, chud (іzhora), mirya, all, korіla. Balto-Slovak tribes lived at the pivnіchny entrance: Zemigola, Zhmud, Yatvingians and Prussians. At the entrance - Poles and Ugrian, at the pivdenny entrance - Volokhi (ancestors of the Romanians and Moldavians), at the exit - Mari, Mordovians, Muroma, Volzko-Kama Bulgars. Let's get to know the old unions of the tribes that have been known for a long time.

Balti is the common name of the tribes that were inhabited in 1-poch. 2nd yew. the territory in front of the Baltic entry to the Upper Podnіprov'ya.

The Prussians (estiї), yatvingians, galindi (golyad) formed a group of western Balts. The Curonians, Semigallians, Latgalians, Samogitians, and Aukshtaites lay before the central Balts. The tribe of Prussians zahіdnim and pіvnіchnym scribes in vіdome z 6 tbsp.

From the first centuries of ours, the Balti were engaged in a great deal of farming and animal husbandry. Z 7-8 Art. built a fortified settlement. The dwellings of the Baltics were ground straight-cut budinki, surrounded by stone foundations.

A number of Baltic tribes are gathered in the "Postіsti of past years": "Letgola" (Latgalians), "Zemigola" (Semgalians), "Kors" (Cursians), "Lithuania". Ussi voni, krim latgaliv, paid tribute to Rusi.

At the turn of 1-2 yew. The Baltic tribes of the Upper Dnieper region were assimilated by similar words and moved to the stock of the old Russian nationality. The other part of the Baltivs made up the Lithuanian (Aukshtaiti, Samogitian, Skalvi) and Latin (Cursh, Latgalians, Semigallians, villages) nationalities. Y. Do.

VARYAGI - the word'yansk name of the population of the pivdenny coast of the Baltic Sea (in the 9th–10th century), as well as the Vikings-Scandinavians, who served the Kievan princes (in the 1st half of the 11th century).

"The Tale of Time" asserts that the Varangians lived on the shores of the Baltic Sea, as in the chronicles they are called the Varangian Sea, "to the land of Agnyanskaya and Voloskoy". Danes were also called Angles, and Italians were called Volohs. At the gatherings between the settlements of the Varangians, there were more spills often - "to the borders of Simov". At the thought of deaking successors, at whose mind they may be on the verge

Volzka-Kamsk Bulgaria (Varangians controlled the peninsular-western part of the Volga-Baltic way right up to Volzka Bulgaria).

The enrollment of other written dzherels showed that the Danes of the Baltic Sea lived near the pivdenny uzberezhzhі order from the Danes of the Baltic Sea - a tribe that lay before the Vandal group in the 9th century. what has already gone astray. Among the skhіdnoslovyanskіy raszvozі "Vagrіv" began to be called "Varangians".

In cinema. 8 - post. 9 st. the Franks began to advance on the lands of the Vagriv-varians. Tse sponukalo їх shukati new mіsts settlement. At 8 st. in France, "Varangevill" (Varyazka place) appears, in 915 r. viniklo of the city of Veringvik (Varyazka Bay) in England, the name Varangerfjord (Varyazka inflow) has been preserved in Scandinavia.

The main direct resettlement of the Vagriv-variniv was the saving of the Baltic. On the way, the stench moved at once with the same groups of Russians, who lived on the shores of the Baltic Sea (on the island of Rügen, near the Baltic States, etc.). Seen in the "Post temporal years" and viniclo under the name of the settlers - Varangians-Rus: "I went across the sea to the Varangians, to Rus, for that was the name of your Varangians - Rus." With this, the clerk specially guards that the Varangians-Rus are not Swedes, nor Norwegians, nor Danes.

In Northern Europe, the Vikings appear at the kіn. 9 st. The Varangians-Rus came half-heartedly from the beer-western lands to the Ilmenian Slovenians, and then descended to the Middle Podnіprov'ya. Behind the svіdchennyami rіznіh dzherel i, on the thought of deacon scientists, on the choli of the Varangians-Rus, who came to the Slovenes of Ilmen from the shores of the Pivdenny Baltic, standing Prince Ryurik. Name the foundations of him in 9 tbsp. Mіst (Ladoga, Bіle ozero, Novgorod) to talk about those who the Vikings-Rus at the hour spoke the words of the Yan language. The head god of the Varangian Rus was Perun. The treaty between Russia and the Greeks of 911, a kind of uklav Oleg Vishchiy, says: “And Oleg and his men were afraid to swear an oath to the Russian law: they swore an oath to their own and Perun, their god.”

In cinema. 9–10 st. the Vikings played a significant role in the pіvnіchno-zahіdnyh slov'yanskih lands. The chronicle asserts that Novgorodians resembled the Varangian family. The Kievan princes gradually went to the rescue of hiring Varangian squads from the struggle for power. For Yaroslav the Wise, a kind of friendship for the Swedish princess Ingigerd, the Swedes appeared at the Varangian squads. That's why. 11 art. in Russia, the Varangians were called the Vihіdtsіv z Scandinavia. However, in Novgorod, the Swedes were not called Varangians until the 13th century. After the death of Yaroslav, the Russian princes stopped recruiting hiring squads from the Varangians. The very name of the Varangians was rethought and progressively expanded by the usim vihіdtsіv from the Catholic Sunset. Yu. K., S. P.

NORMANI (type scand. Northman - pіvnіchna people) - in European dzherelakh 8-10 st. the solemn name of the peoples who lingered on the pivnich from the Frankish state.

In Western Europe, the inhabitants of Kievan Rus were also called Normans, who were known, according to the evidence of German chronicles, at a brewery gathering. Letter that diplomat 10 tbsp. Bishop Liutprand of Cremona, telling about the death of Prince Igor of Kiev in 941. to Constantinople, writing: “Closer on the pіvnіch live like a people, like the Greeks ... they call dews, but we call them Normans for the sake of knowledge. Aje in German my nord means pivnich, and man is a person; therefore, pivnіchnyh people can be called Normans.

At 9-11 st. the term "Norman" began to mean only the Vikings-Scandinavians, as they ran into sea cordons. European powers. With such a meaning, the name "urmani" is mentioned in the "Post of the Past Years". A lot of contemporary historians identify the Varangians, Normans and Vikings. Є. G.

PECHENEGI - a union of Turkic nomadic tribes, which settled in 8-9 st. near the steppes between the Aral Sea and the Volga.

In cinema. 9 st. Pechenizkі tribes crossed the Volga, roamed back and forth between the Don and the Dnipro Ugric tribes and occupied the majestic expanse of the Volga to the Danube.

At 10 st. Pechenigs were divided into 8 tribes (“colin”), the skin of which consisted of 5 folds. On the tops of the tribes stood the "great princes", and the canopies were bewildered by the "small princes". The Pechenigs were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding, and they also carried out robbery raids on Rus',

Byzantium, Ugorshchina. Byzantine emperors often victorious bakers to fight for Russia. In their quarters, under the hour of strife, the Russian princes lulled the pens of bakers before the battles with their supermen.

For the information of the “Posti temporal years”, the Pechenigs first came to Rus' in 915 r. Having settled peacefully with Prince Igor, the stench went to the Danube. At 968 p. Pechenigs took Kiev as a cover. Prince Svyatoslav of Kiev is alive at the hour at Pereyaslavtsi on the Danube, and at Kiev Olga was left with onuks. Only the cunning of the young man, a kind of zoom to help, allowed the tax to be taken from Kiev. At 972 p. Svyatoslav was killed at the battle with the cookie khan Kureya. Prince Volodymyr Svyatoslavich repeatedly beat the cookies. At 1036 p. the pechenigs again took Kiev into oblog, but they were defeated by Prince Yaroslav Volodymyrovich the Wise and left Rus' for good.

At 11 st. pechenigіv went to the Carpathians and the Danube, polovtsі and torks. Other pechenizkі tribes succumbed to the Polovtsians. Tі, scho lost their osіl on pіvdennih cordons of Rusі and got angry with words. Є. G.

PO LOVTSI (self-name - Kipchaks, Kumans) - middle Turkic people.

At 10 st. the Polovtsi lived in the modern Pivnichno-Zakhidny Kazakhstan, they went between the Khazars, in the middle. 10 st. crossed over

Volga and moved to the steppe of the Black Sea and to the Caucasus. Polovtsian nomads at 11–15 centuries. occupied a majestic territory - from the entry of the Tien Shan to the Danube, as it was called Desht-i-Kipchak - "Polovtsian land".

At 11-13 Art. among the Polovtsians, they founded okrem tribal unions on choli with khans. The main occupation was animal husbandry. Z 12 Art. near the Polovtsian land they founded places, they inhabited, surrounded by Polovtsians, Bulgars, Alans and words.

In the Russian chronicles, the Polovtsians first guessed in 1054, if the Polovtsian Khan Bolush had gone to Rus'. Prince Pereyaslavsky Vsevolod Yaroslavich slew peace with the Polovtsians, and the stench turned back, “stars came.” The permanent Polovtsian raids on the Russian land started from 1061 r. Under the hour of strife, the Russian princes formed alliances with them against their brothers, who ruled in the judicial princedoms. At 1103 p. the princes Svyatopolk and Volodymyr Monomakh, who used to curse earlier, organized a funeral trip to the Polovtsians. April 4, 1103 The united Russian forces defeated the Polovtsians, and with great expenses they went to Transcaucasia.

Z 2nd floor. 12 st. Russian cordon lands were emptied in abundance of Polovtsian. At the same time, a lot of princes of Pivdenny and Pivnichno-Skhidnoy Rus were friendly with the Polovtsy. The struggle of the Russian princes from the Polovtsy was celebrated at the monument of old Russian literature “Words about the departure of Igor”. Є. G.

The establishment of the state

Step by step, the tribes of similar words are united. The Old Russian state appears, as it went down in history under the names "Rus", "Kyivska Rus".

The old Russian state - the name of the state, which has developed into a movie, has been expanded in the historical literature. 9 st. in the aftermath of the union under the rule of the princes from the dynasty of Rurikovich in the skhidnoslovyansky lands with the head centers in Novgorod and Kiev. At the 2nd quarter. 12 st. fell apart on the borders of the princedom of that land. The term "Old Russian State" is used in order with other terms - "Ruska land", "Rus", "Kiev Rus". Vl. Before.

Rus', Russian land - the name of the united lands of similar words from the center near Kiev, which is the wine of the cinema. 9 st.; to cinema 17 art. the name was extended to the territory of the entire Russian state, with the center near Moscow.

At 9-10 Art. the name of Rus' is fixed behind the territory of the possible Old Russian state. On the back of the head, the lands of the skhidnoslovyanskogo tribe of glade-rus z mm. Kiev, Chernigiv and Pereyaslavl. At 11 p.m. 12 st. Russia began to be called the lands of that princedom, under the order of the Kiev prince (Kiev Rus). At 12-14 Art. Rus' is the sole name of the territory, the Russian princedoms were de-rozted, which were blamed after the fragmentation of Kievan Rus. At the same hour, name Great Rus', White Rus', Small Rus', Black Rus', Chervona Rus' and others, as a signification of the various parts of the deep Russian land.

In 14-17 Art. Rus' - the name of the lands that enter the Russian state, the center of which is the 2nd floor. 14 art. became Moscow. S. P.

KYIV RUS, Old Russian state - a power in the Northern Europe, which vinified after the unification of lands under the rule of the princes of the Rurikovich dynasty (9-2nd part of the 12th century).

The first signs about the foundation of the state in similar words have a legendary character. The "Povisti of the Past Lit" reports that among the pіvnіch skhіdnoslovyansk tribes (Novgorod Slovenes and Krivichiv), as well as the Finno-Ugric miracles, the world and the weight of strife began. We ended up scho, that the participants of the war would not know their own prince, who was “volodya and judging from the right” among them. Three Varangian brothers came to Rus' on their way: Rurik, Truvor and Sineus (862). Ryurik established a prince at Novgorod, Sineus - at Biloozero, and Truvor - in Izborsk.

Some of the chronicle notes about the request of Rurik and his brothers to fight with the whiskers, that the sovereignty was brought to Rus'. Dosit, prote, win respect, that Rurik, Truvor and Sineus will be asked to perform functions that are good for the inhabitants of the Novgorod land. So tsya rozpovid - less than the first riddle about the hromadas іnstituti, yakі already worked (and, maybe, dosit for a long time) on the territory of Pivnіchno-Zahіdnoї Rusі.

The prince was a battalion of a paddock and vykonuvav the functions of the supreme ruler, moreover, he was like a secular, and th spiritual. Nayimovіrnіshe, prince keruvav viisky and buv high priest.

The druzhina was formed from professional soldiers. A part passed to the prince as a father (“senior”, chi “great”, squad). The young combatants grew up and swayed at once from the prince from the 13th–14th century. Їх, sevne, they tied friendly ultrasounds, yakі podkrіlyuvalis mutual special goiters.

The special duty of the combatants was not secured by Timchas's land volodni. Long-time Russian warriors are mostly known for the security of the prince. The combatants lived okremo, in the prince's courtyard (near the prince's residence). The prince vvazhavsya at the retinue of the midst of the first among equals. The retinue of goiters were trying to protect their prince. Vaughn was victorious like a policeman, and "evil political" functions were defending the tribes; In addition, for її pіdtrimki, the prince controlled the most important trade routes (having collected tributes and protected merchants in the prirodnіy yoma territory).

In a different way, the formation of the first state institutions could be directly conquered by the territory. The butt of such a path in similar words is the legend about the founders of Kiev. It is accepted that Kyi, Shchek and Khoriv are representatives of the Polish nobility. In the name of the elder of them, the ear of the Russian land appeared as a proto-power association of the Polyan tribe. For the time being, Kiev was occupied by the legendary Askold and Dir (apparently, until the "Time of Time" - Rurik's combatants). Three years later, power in Kiev passed to Oleg, the regent of Igor, Rurik's minor son. Oleg fooled Askold and Dira and drove them in. To substantiate his claims to power, Oleg relies on those who Igor is the son of Rurik. As if the power had been requested for the right to be buried, now it is the most important factor for the exclusion of the lawful flock of the new ruler.

The sacking of Kiev by the legendary Oleg (882) was taken from the ear of the formation of the Old Russian state. Z ієї podії zanovaetsya іsnuvannya svoєridnannya 'unification' of Novgorod, Smolensk and Kiev lands, until such a year the lands of the Drevlyans, Siveryans and Radimichis were brought. It was laid the foundation of an inter-tribal union of the Khidnoslovyans, as well as a number of Finno-Ugric tribes, who inhabited the forest and forest-steppe zones of Schidnoy Europe. This united and accepted to be called the Old Russian power, as well as

Long ago, chi Kievskaya, Russ. Zovnіshnіm pokaznanny vlady kіїvskogo knіїvskogo knіїvskogo bula regular vlady yoma danini. The choice of the danini was scrupulously for the hour of the so-called polyuddya.

As if it were a power, Kievan Rus victorious strength, to achieve order for its bodies. The main power structure was the princely squad. However, the inhabitants of Ancient Russia succumb to the prince not only and not only inspire under the threat of stagnation, but rather voluntarily. Tim himself, the prince and his squad (zokrema zbir danini) are recognized as legitimate. Tse, vlasne, and secure the prince's ability with a small retinue of cherubate a majestic power. In another way, the inhabitants of Old Russia, who most often did good deeds, could fully defend their right not to be acquiesced by illegal (in their opinion) vimog.

An example of this is the driving in of the Kiev prince Igor by the Drevlyans (945). Igor, virushayuschey for repeated danina, obviously, did not show in an instant that his right to otrimanny danini - do not let me resurrect the zvichayní razmiri - be someone offended. Therefore, the prince took from him only a “small” squad.

From the rebels of the Drevlyans, a podia was tied, superimportant in the life of a young state: Olga, having zhorstko avenged for the death of a man, was embarrassed to establish the lessons of that tsvintary (rozmiri that place of the collection of tribute). Tim himself had first imagined one of the most important political functions of the state: the right to see the law.

The first monument of writing law, which has been written to this day, is Russian Truth. Її I will appear in the name of Yaroslav the Wise (1016-1054), I have long ago called Yaroslav the truth. Won є sberkoy sudovyh rіshen z specific pitan, yakі nadal became obov'yazkovym pіd h vyrіshennya slavіchnyh prіpan.

a new sight at political life becoming a subdivision of the territory of the Old Russian state between the sons of the Kievan prince. At the 970th p., virushayuchi at the Viysk trip to the Balkans, the Kievan prince Svyatoslav Igorovich "planted" his elder son Yaropolk, Novgorod - Volodymyr, on the prince's court to Kiev, and Oleg - near the land of the Drevlyans, the court of Kiev. Obviously, he was given the right to collect tribute for the prince of Kiev, so that at this hour the prince has to go to the crowd. Beginning to form the singing prototype of the sovereign apparatus on the missions. Control over it continues to be in the hands of the Kievan prince.

Remainingly this type of government is formed for the reign of the Kiev prince Volodymyr Svyatoslavich (980–1015). Volodymyr, leaving behind him the throne of Kiev, having planted his elder sons at the greatest Russian places. The entirety of power in the missions passed into the hands of the Volodymyrovichs. The ordering of the grand duke-batkov was expressed in the regular transfer of part of the tribute to you, which was taken from the lands, in which the grand duke's blue-priests sat. From whom the right to rule was saved. At once, as the order of the decline of power, step by step, the right of seniority is more important.

This principle was brought to the fore and at times rediscovered the princedoms between the sons of the Grand Duke of Kiev after the death of one of the brothers. As if the eldest of them had died (like sitting on the Novgorod “table”), having taken the step for seniority brother, and the brethren’s reshta were shifting the “forester” of power to one “gathering” uphill, moving on to more and more prestigious princedom. Such a system of organizing the transfer of power is called the “forester” system of the convergence of princes to the throne.

However, the "bream" system worked only for the life of the head of the princely family. After the death of the father, as a rule, an active struggle began between the brothers for the right to rule Kiev. Obviously, all other princes can be handed out to their children.

So, after that, as the throne of Kiev passed to the new one, Yaroslav Volodymyrovich zoomed in on practically all his brothers, as if the skils were seriously claiming power. These places were occupied by Yaroslavichi. Before his death, Yaroslav commanded Kiev to the elder son Izyaslav, who had already lost the Novgorod prince. Other places Yaroslav rozdiliv

seniority between sins. Pіdtremuvati vstanovleny order mav Іzyaslav as the eldest of the family. Tim himself was formally securing the political priority of the Kievan prince.

Prote already to the cinema. 11 art. the power of the Kiev princes is significantly weaker. I will commemorate the role of life not less than a place, and the powers start to win over the Kievan veche. They swung around and asked for the throne of the princes. At 1068 p. The Kiyans knocked down Izyaslav, the Grand Duke of Kiev (1054-1068, 1069-1073, 1077-1078), who was the prograve of the Polovtsy, and planted Vseslav Bryachislavich Polotsky on the yogi. Through the river, after Vseslav flowed to Polotsk, the Kievan veche asked Izyaslav to return to the throne.

Z 1072 p. passed low knyazіvskih z'їzdіv, on such Yaroslavichs slandered about the main principles of subdivision of power and about cooperation in the fight against outrageous opponents. In 1074, the fight for the throne of Kiev baked between the brothers. With this, the Polovtsian corrals were more often victorious at the political struggle of the Daedalus.

The strife, which became more frequent, seriously damaged the internal and especially the western political camp of the Russian lands. At 1097 p. the city of Lyubech had a princely star, for whom Yaroslav’s onuks established a new principle of mutual relations between the rulers of the Russian lands: “Skin and trim your fatherland.” Now the “fatherland” (land, de princely father) passed at the recesses of the son. The dynastic rule came to change the “leaf” system of the descent of princes to the throne.

Although neither Lyubetsky nor the advancing princely stars (1100, 1101, 1103, 1110) could not avoid strife, the significance of the first of them is superbly great. The foundations of independent powers on the territory of the united Kievan Rus were laid on the new one. Residual disintegration of the Old Russian state was taken to be attributed to the podia, which followed the death of the eldest of the blue Kiev prince Volodymyr Monomakh, Mstislav (1132). A. Before.

On the distant frontier

On the distant frontiers of Kievan Rus, other ancient powers were founded, with which the words formed the songs of blue. Among them, one can see the Khazar Khaganate and the Volzka Bulgaria.

Khazar Kaganate, Khazaria - a power that was founded in 7-10 centuries. in the Pvnіchny Kavkazі, near the Volga and Don.

There was a pool populated by Turkic Caspian nomadic tribes, like in the 6th century. invaded as far as Skhidny Peredkavkaz. Possibly, the name "Khazars" resembles the Turkic basis "kaz" - nomads.

The Khozari roamed on the shoulder near the Skhidny Peredkavkaz, from the Caspian Sea to Derbent, and 7 st. settled on the Lower Volz and on a part of the Crimean Pivostrov, settled in the fallow land of the Turkic Khaganate, which was up to the 7th century. weakened At the 1st quarter. 7 art. an independent Khazar state was formed.

In the 660s. The Khazars in the alliance with the Caucasian Alans defeated Great Bulgaria and established a kaganate. Under the rule of the supreme ruler - the kagan - there were impersonal tribes, and the title itself was equated to the imperial one. The Khazar Khaganate was strong in the hands of Northern Europe, and there were few written records about him in Arabic, Persian and Byzantine literature. The Khazars are guessing at the Russian chronicles. Important information about the history of the Khazar Khaganate to avenge those that date back to the 10th century. sheet of the Khazar king Josip on the Spanish Jewish community of Hasdai ibn Shafrut.

The Khazars robbed the constant land gains of the Arab Caliphate in Transcaucasia. Already from the 20s. 7 art. Periodic invasion of the Khazars and allied tribes of the Caucasian Alans began near the Derbent region. At 737 p. the Arab commander Mervan ibn Mohammed took the capital of the Khazars - Semender, and the kagan, ryatuyuchi his life, swore an oath to accept Islam, without finishing the word. How to bear witness to the Khazar legend, if Jewish merchants came to Khazars from Khorezm and Byzantium, the Khazar prince Bulan adopted Judaism.

This butt was inherited by part of the Khazars, who lived on the territory of modern Dagestan.

The Khazar Khaganate was inhabited by nomadic tribes. Territory of the Khazarian rivers - Zahidno-Caspian steppes between the Nar. Sulak near Pivnichny Dagestan and the Lower Volga. Here, archaeologists found burial mounds of the Khazar warriors. Academician B. A. Ribakov, having hanged the baptism, that the Khazar Khaganate was a small power in the lower Volga, and having gained his glory in the wake of a large camp on the Volga-Baltic trade route. A glance of the foundations at the records of the Arab mandrowners, as they said, that the Khazars themselves did not vibrate anything and lived for the rahunok of the comrades, which were brought from the suddnіh krajn.

Most of the vchenih consider that the Khazar Khaganate was a majestic power, under the rule of which over two centuries half of the Khidnoy Europe, including a rich number of words of the Yan tribes, ruled over, and archeologically ї culture. The Khazar king Josip called the fort Sarkel on the Lower Don as a cordon of his power. Krim neї vіdomі hozarski pp. Balanjar and Semender, yakі perebuvali on the river. Terek and Sulak, and Atil (Itil) at the mouth of the Volga, and archaeologists did not find any of these places.

The main occupation of the population of Khazaria is animal husbandry. The system of social organization was called the "eternal spruce", the center of the bula was the horde - the headquarters of the kagan, a kind of "trimav spruce", tobto ocholyuvav union of tribes and slopes. The greatest camp was made by tarkhans - tribal aristocracy, the noblest among them were respected by those of the kagan's family. The Naimann Varta, which protected the Volodarians of Khazaria, consisted of 30 thousand. Muslims and "Rusiv".

The kagan ruled over the power, but step by step the situation changed. The “protector” of the kagan is a shad, who commanded the army and having collected taxes, becoming a spivruler with the title of kagan-bek. On post. 9 st. the power of the kagan became nominal, and the vin himself became a sacred person. Vin was appointed kagan-bek from representatives of a noble rank. A candidate for the kagan was strangled with a shovkoy hank and, if they started to suffocate, they fed them, how much they wanted to rule. If a kagan died before the term he named, he was considered normal, otherwise he was beaten. Kagan maw right bachiti lishe kagan-bek. Like the famine of the country, the epidemic, the kagan was driven in, the shards were respected, that the wine had spent its magical power.

The 9th century became the hour of the revelation of Khazaria. In cinema. 8 - post. 9 st. naschak Prince Bulan Obadiy, having become the choli of the kaganate, having carried out a religious reform and voicing Judaism as a sovereign religion. Regardless of the protidium, Obadiya Zumiv united a part of the Khazar nobility. So Khazaria became the single power of the Serednyovichchya, where less than its head and the nobility promoted Judaism. The Khazars, with the help of the allied nomadic tribes of the Ugortsiv, could unnecessarily order their own Volz Bulgars, Burtasivs, encircle these words of the Yanian tribes of the Polyans, Siveryans, Vyatichivs and Radimichivs.

Ale panuvannya Khozar was not long. Nezabar zvіlnilis in the fallow land of Galyavin; siveryan i radimichiv having spared tribute to the Khazars Vishchiy Oleg. In cinema. 9 st. at Pivnіchne Prychornomor'ya the livers broke through, like constant raids they weakened Khazaria. The Khazar Khaganate was left with a remnant of destruction in 964–965. Prince of Kiev Svyatoslav. Until cinema. 10 st. Khazaria fell asleep. The remnants of the Khazar tribes were ruled by Krimu, for a year they fought against the local populations. Є. G.

ITIL - the capital of the Khazar Khaganate in 8-10 centuries.

The place was roztashovuvalosya on obidva take care of the river. Itil (Volga; more modern Astrakhan) and on a small island, where the palace of the kagan was known. Itil was a great center of caravan trade. The population of the place was formed by Khazars, Khorezmians, Turks, Slavs, and Jews. Merchants and craftsmen lived near the shidniy part of the city, and ranks were set up near the western part. Behind the tribute of the Arab mandrivniki, in Italy, there were a lot of mosques, schools, camps, markets. Zhitlovi spores were wooden names, erected yurts and dugouts.

At 985 r. Іtіl zruynovaniy Kiev prince Svyatoslav Igorovich. Є. Before.

BULGARIA VOLZHSKO-KAMSKA, Bulgaria Volzka is a power that founded in the Middle Volga region that Prikamy.

Volzka Bulgaria was inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes and Bulgars, who came here after the defeat of the Great Bulgaria. At 9-10 Art. the inhabitants of the Volzka Bulgaria switched from nomadism to donkey farming.

Actual hour at 9–10 st. Volzka Bulgaria bula under the rule of the Khazar Khaganate. On post. 10 st. Khan Almas opened the union of the Bulgar tribes. At 10 st. The Bulgars adopted Islam and formally recognized the Arab caliph as the supreme ruler - the head of the Muslims. At 965 p. Volzka Bulgaria gained independence from the Khazar Khaganate.

Mіstseznahodzhennya Bulgarії on the Volga-Baltic trade route, which pov'yazuvav Skhіdna and Pіvnіchnu Evropa zі Skhod, ensured the rush of goods from the country of the Arab Skhod, the Caucasus, India and China, Vizant ії, Western Europe, Kievan Rus.

At 10-11 Art. the capital of the Volzka Bulgaria was the place of Bulgar, which was located 5 km from the left bank of the Volga, below the girl of the bunk. Kami. Bulgar quickly turned into a great center of crafts and transit trade. Here they carved their coin.

Place already from 10 st. buv good fortifications, and from the sunset to the new primikav posad. On the outskirts of the Bulgar there was a settlement with a Christian temple and a tsvintar. Archaeologists discovered the ruins of Bulgar - the Bolgar settlement, where the stone houses of the 14th century, the mausoleum, the cathedral mosque, the huge lazne were saved.

At 10-12 Art. resemble the Volz Bulgars repeatedly zdіysnyuvali Russian princes. Having first tried to encircle the Volzka Bulgaria with Danina

Volodymyr I Svyatoslavich, ale 985 p. buv zmusheniya lay down a peace treaty. “The Tale of Bygone Years” recounts the following legend: “Pishov Volodymyr attacked the Bulgarians because of his uncle Dobriney… I overcame the Bulgarians. I said to Volodymyr Dobrin: “Having looked at the convicts, they were all in boots. Don’t give us tribute, we’ll ask our own bastards. ”

Then the Volzko-Kamsk Bulgariy threatened the Volodymyr princedom. At 12 st. the Bulgars moved the capital to the glib region.

Bilyar became the new capital of the state - a place on the left birch of the river. Cheremshan. Vіn vinik at 10 st. Significant development was occupied by crafts: smelting, painting on brush, shkiryan, kovalska, pottery on the right. Found in the area of ​​Kievan Rus, Syria, Byzantium, Iran, China.

At 13 st. The Volzka-Kama Bulgaria was conquered by the Mongol-Tatars and moved to the warehouse of the Golden Ordi. In 1236 p. The Bulgars and Bilyar were redecorated and the bedrooms by the Mongols-Tatars, but they did not wake up again. Until cinema. 13 art. Bulgar buv the capital of the Golden Ordi, 14th century. - the hour of the most important rozkvitu: the city had an active life, a coin was carved, crafts were developed. A blow to the power of Bulgar was caused by the campaigns of the Golden Orda ruler Bulak-Timur in 1361. In 1431 p. The Bulgars were suffocated by the Russian troops under the command of Prince Fyodor the Motley and remained in a state of silence. In 1438 p. By the Volzka Bulgaria, the Kazan Khanate was established. Є. G.

* * *

Guidance cognizant fragment of the book Ancient Rus'. IV-XII Art. (Authors team, 2010) gifts from our book partner -

Kievan Rus 862 r_k - 1139/1240

Capital Kyiv

Kievan Rus, also Davnyoruska power (іn.-rus., st.-slav. Rus, Russian land - a middle power in Східній Еurope, which vinikla in the IX century as a result of the union of the skhіdnoslovyansky tribes under the rule of the princely dynasties Rurikovich At the time of the naivishcha, it occupied the territory from the Taman Pivostrov on the pivdni, the Dniester and the upper Wisli at the entrance to the upper Pivnichnaya Dvina on the pivnoch. Russian historiography - feudal fragmentation) and actually fell apart for the second time, dozens of Russian rіznimi gilks of Rurikovich. Mongolian bulk(1237-1240) Kiev formally continued to be the head table of Russia, and the Kiev princedom was left in the collective volodin of Russian princes.

The signification of "old Russian" is not related to the historically accepted in the historiography of the ancient period of the Middle Ages in Europe in the middle of the 1st yew. Not. Stosovno Rusі vono sound vikoristovuєtsya for the recognition of tz. "pre-Mongolian" period of the IX - the middle of the XIII century, to revive the epoch in the coming periods of Russian history.

The term "Kyiv Rus" was used in the first half of the 19th century. In modern historiography, wines are victorious as for the recognition of a single power, which woke up until the middle of the XII century, so for the broadest period of the middle of the XII - the middle of the XIII century, if Kiev became the center of the country and the administration of Russia, it was dinim princely family on the principles of "collective suzerainty". Offenses come and save relevance and at once.

Pre-revolutionary historians, starting from N. M. Karamzin, were adding to the idea of ​​transferring the political center of Russia in 1169 from Kiev to Volodymyr, which works for Moscow scribes, or to Volodymyr (Volin) and Galich. Modern historiography has no unity of thoughts about anything. Part of the historians are aware that these ideas do not know confirmation from the dzherelakh. Zokrema, the deacons of them point to such a sign of the political weakness of the Suzdal land, as a small number of fortified settlements near the other lands of Russia. Other historians, on the other hand, know from the dzherelakh confirmation that the political center of the Russian civilization moved from Kiev to Rostov and Suzdal, and later from Volodymyr-on-Klyazma.

History of Russia

Ancient words, the people of Rus (until the 9th century)

Old Russian state (IX-XIII centuries)

Novgorod Rus (IX century)

Kievan Rus (X century-1139); (decay)

Pitoma Rus (XII-XVI cent.)

Novgorod Republic (1136-1478)

Volodymyr princedom (1157-1389)

gold horde (1224 - 1483)

Princedom of Lithuania and Ruska (1236-1795)

Moscow princedom (1263-1547)

United Russia

Russian kingdom (1547-1721)

Russian empire (1721-1917)

Russian Republic (1917)

Radianska Russia (1917-1922)

Kievan Rus vinified on the trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” on the lands of the skhidnoslovyansky tribes - the Ilmensky Slovenes, Krivichi, Polans, swarming with the sweat of the Drevlyans, Dregovichivs, Polochans, Radimichivs, Siveryans, Vyatichivs.

The founders of Kiev are the legend of the rulers of the glade tribe - brothers Kyi, Cheek and Khoriv. For the data of archaeological excavations, which were carried out near Kiev in the XIX-XX centuries, already in the middle of the 1st millennium AD. that is, a settlement arose in the city of Kiev. Arabic writers of the 10th century (al-Іstarkhі, Іbn Khordadbeh, Іbn-Khaukal) later speak about Kuyab as a great mist. Ibn Haukal wrote: “The Tsar lives in the place called Kuyaba, more like a Bolgar… Rus' constantly trades with the Khazars and Rum (Byzantium)”

The first reports about the Russian state lie until the first third of the 9th century: at 839, the fortune-tellers after the kagan to the people of Rice, yaki arrived on the heels of Constantinople, and the stars came to the court of the Frankish emperor Louis the Pious. At what hour do we become familiar with the ethnonym "Rus". The term "Kyiv Rus" appears earlier in the historical records of the XVIII-XIX centuries.

At the 860th anniversary (“The Story of the Time Years” pomilkovo vodnosit yogo until the 866th year) Rus' zdiisnyuє first trip to Constantinople. Gretsky dzherela pov'yazyut yoga with the so-called first christenings of Russia, after which in Russia, perhaps, the eparchy vinicla, and the ruling upper-vka (possibly on the choli with Askold) adopted Christianity.

In 862, from the "Povisti Timchasovy rokiv", the Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes called the Varangians to princedom.

“Rik 6370 (862). They drove the Varangians across the sea, and they didn’t give them tribute, and began to lead themselves, and there was no truth in the middle, and standing side by side, and there was strife among them, and they began to fight one against one. And they said to themselves: "Let's ask ourselves the prince, who has ruled us and judging by right." I went across the sea to the Varangians, to Rus. These Varangians were called Rus, like the Swedes, the Normans and the Angles, the other Gotlanders, - the axis and the qi. Russian Chud, Slovenes, Krivichi and all said: “Our land is great and clear, but there is no order in it. Come prince and rule us." I chose three brothers with their families, and they took all of Rus' with them, and they came, and the eldest, Ryurik, near Novgorod, and the third, Sineus, to Biloozeri, and the third, Truvor, to Izborsk. І vid tih Vikings nicknamed Ruska land. Novgorodians are those people of the Varangian family, and if they were Slovenians.

In 862 (the date is approximate, as is the entire early chronology of the Letopis), the Vikings, Rurik’s warriors Askold and Dir, who sailed to Constantinople, pragmatically to establish control over the most important trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”, establish their power over Kiev.

Rurik died near Novgorod in 879. The princess was handed over to Oleg, regent for the minor son of Rurik Igor.

The problem of vindication of sovereignty

Establish two main hypotheses of the establishment of the Old Russian state. It is based on the Norman theory, which is based on the Tale of the XII century and the numerically Western European and Byzantine dzherel, sovereignty in Rus' was introduced by the Vikings - the brothers Rurik, Sineus and Truvor at 862 roci.

The anti-Norman theory is based on the concept of the impossibility of bringing sovereignty to the call, on the idea of ​​blaming the state as a stage of internal development of the state. The founder of this theory in Russian historiography is Mikhailo Lomonosov. In addition, to understand the difference, look at the adventures of the Varangians themselves. Vecheni, scho to belong to the Normanists, were respected by the Scandinavians (sound the Swedes), part of the anti-Normanists, starting from Lomonosov, propagating their journey from the Western Slavic lands. I use and intermediate versions of localization - in Finland, Prussia, and the other part of the Baltic. The problem of ethnic affiliation of the Varangians and the independent nourishment of the independent sovereignty.

In modern science, there is a thought, for which there is a lot of opposing “normanism” and “anti-normanism” in which it is politicized. The reasons for the spoconvіchno soverzhnostі in skhіdnіh slovіyan not zanіchivalis nor Miller, nor Schlötser, nor Karamzіnim, but zvnіshn (Scandinavian chi іnshe) the march of the ruling dynasty - wide extensions of the Middle Ages phenomenon, news to the people before the creation of the state or, specifically, nutrition about those , that Ryurik is a real historical special, like the exodus of the literary Vikings, that the ethnonym (and then the name of the state) Russia, are connected with them, are being discussed in modern Russian historical science. Zahidnі іstoriki zahіdnі іstoriki zahіduyuyutsya kontsії normanіzmu.

Princess Oleg Vishchogo

Oleg Vishchiy led the army to the walls of Tsargorod 907. Miniature from the Radzivil Litopis

At 882 p. for chronological chronology, Prince Oleg (Oleg Vishchiy), Rurik's kinsman, having left Novgorod for the day. By the way, having buried Smolensk and Lyubech, having established their own power there and put their people on princedom. Dali Oleg from the Novgorod city and the hired Varangian retinue, under the sight of merchants, sacked Kiev, killed the rulers there, Askold and Dir, and voted Kiev the capital of his state (“I sіv Oleg, prince, near Kiev, and saying Oleg:“ Hay bud e mother to the Russian places "."); Panivnoy religion was paganism, although Kiev also had a Christian minority.

Oleg podkoriv Drevlyans, Siveryans and Radimichis, the two remaining unions paid tribute to the Khazars.

“...Rik 6391 (883). Having started Oleg to fight against the Drevlyans, pissing them off, taking danina from them with a black marten. to rіk 6392 (884). Oleg pishov attacked the Siveryans, and the Siveryans changed, and laid a light tribute on them, and did not tell them to pay the tribute to the Khazars, saying: “I am the enemy of the Khazars” and there is nothing for you (them to pay). to rіk 6393 (885). Sending (Oleg) to the Radimichi, feeding: “To whom do you give danin?”. The stench vіdpovili: "Khazars". I told Oleg to them: "Don't let the Khazars, but pay me." I gave Olegov by the width, like they gave the Khazars. I panuvav Oleg over the meadows, and the Drevlyans, and the Siverians, and the Radimichs, and from the streets and the Tivertsy fought.

The result is a grinding campaign at the Buli Buli Pershi Pershikovi in ​​907 I 911, they were navigated by Pilgovi Torgivі for the Rosieki merchants (the trading of Mito, the renovation of the court, the viriyshnevyu, the right -handed Putin, forgot. The tribes of Radimichi, residents of pivnochi, Drevlyans, Krivichi were surrounded by danina. Zgidno with a literal version, Oleg, who had the title of Grand Duke, having ruled over 30 years. The early son of Rurik Igor took the throne after the death of Oleg near 912 and cherubav until 945.

Igor Rurikovich

Igor zdіysniv two military trips to Byzantium. First, 941 fate, ending not far away. Yoma was also overwhelmed by the military campaign against the Khazars, during the course of such Rus, fighting against Byzantium, attacked the Samkerts Khazar town on the Taman Pivostrov, but the bula was beaten by the Khazar commander Pesach, and then turned the battalion against Byzantium ї. Another trip to Byzantium in 944. Vіn ending with an agreement, which confirmed the rich provisions of the previous agreements of 907 and 911 years, but also skasovuvav free trade. At 943 chi 944 roci, buv zdijsneniya went to Berd. 945 to the fate of Igor, the first hour was beaten for the collection of tribute from the Drevlyans. After the death of Igor, through the young son of Svyatoslav, the real power leaned in the hands of Igor's widow, Princess Olga. Vaughn became the first ruler of the Old Russian state, who officially adopted Christianity of the Byzantine rite (for the best-argued version, in 957, wanting to proponuyutsya and other dates). Tue, Olga close 959 p. asked the German Bishop Adalbert and the priests of the Latin rite to Rus' (after the failure of their mission, the stench would be embarrassed to leave Kiev).

Svyatoslav Igorovich

Close to 962, the mature Svyatoslav took power from his own hand. The first step was the order of the V'yatichi (964), as the rest of all the skhidnoslov'yansky tribes paid tribute to the Khazars. In 965 Svyatoslav zdіysniv went to the Khazar Khaganate, taking by storm his main place: the place-fortress Sarkel, Semender and the capital Itil. On the site of the fortress of Sarkel, which was inspired by the Khazars to block a new way of transportation, the Khazar Kaganate passed through, and at the same time with it such a tight mita, Svyatoslav prompted the fort of Bila Vezha. So Svyatoslav zdіysniv two hikes to Bulgaria, de mav namir create a powerful state with the capital near the Danube region. Vіn buv murders in the battle with the pechenigs when turning to Kiev from a nearby campaign against Byzantium in 972.

After the death of Svyatoslav, a strife broke out for the right to the throne (972-978 or 980). The elder son Yaropolk became the great prince of Kiev, Oleg occupied the Drevlyansk lands, Volodymyr - Novgorod. 977 fate Yaropolk defeated Oleg's squad, Oleg died. Volodymyr big “beyond the sea”, but turning after 2 rocks from the Varangian squad. Under the hour of the loss of one's right to the throne, the son of Svyatoslav Volodymyr Svyatoslavich (royalty 980-1015) was standing. During the new era, the formation of the sovereign territory of Ancient Rus was completed, and the red towns of Carpathian Rus were added.

Characteristics of the state in the IX-X centuries.

Kievan Rus united under its sovereignty the great territories inhabited by skhidnoslovian, Finnish-Ugric and Baltic tribes. The chroniclers called the state Rus'; the word "Russian" at the same time with the others was used in different writings: like from one "z", and z subwiyny; like from "b", so without it. At the narrow roaming point of "Russ" the territory of Kiev (behind the vine of the Drevlyansk and Dregovichi lands), Chernigovo-Siverskoi (over the vine of the Radimich and V'yatitsky lands) and Pereyaslav lands became lucid; The term “Rus” itself had such a meaning right up to the XIII century, for example, in the Novgorod dzherelakh.

The head of the state was the title of Grand Duke, Prince of Kiev. Unofficially, some other prestigious titles could be added to him, such as the middle Turkic kagan and the Byzantine king. Prince Vlad was spadkovoy. The Crimean princes in the administration of the territories took the fate of the great princely boyars and "people". Tse buli combatants, as if they were hired by the prince. The boyars also reduced their recruitment of squads, or, while hanging out with my current, territorial garrisons (for example, Pretich commanded the Chernigiv squad), as if needed, they united in a united army. For the prince, one of the boyars-voivods was also seen, who most often performed the functions of the real government of the state, such governors for the minor princes were Oleg for Igor, Sveneld - for Olga, Svyatoslav - for Yaropolk, Dobrynya - for Volodymyr. On the mіstsevomu equal, the knyazіvska vlada is small on the right with the tribal self-ranking at the sight of the “city elders”.

Druzhina in the period of the IX-X centuries. was hired. Significantly її part was made by Zayv Vikings. So її popovnyuvali vihіdtsі іz the Baltic lands and mіstsevih tribes. The differences in the salary of hired workers are estimated by historians in different ways. The dress was paid with silver, gold, and craft. Call the warrior by paying close to 8-9 Kiev hryvnias (more than 200 silver dirhams) on the river, prote until the ear of the XI century, the payment to the pepper warrior became 1 pivnіchnu hryvnia, which is significantly less. Rulyovі on the ships, the old age of the townspeople otrimuvali more (10 hryvnia). From the other side, the squad was proud of the prince's rahunok. The back of the head turned into a form of dining, and then turned into one of the forms of in-kind gifts, “anniversary”, matrimony of the squads of the taxable population for an hour and a half, and a rahunok in the wake of yoga results on the international market. Among the squads that served the Grand Duke, there was a special “small”, younger, squad that included 400 warriors. The old Russian military also included a tribal militia, as it could reach tens of thousands of skin tribes. The total number of the old Russian war was from 30 to 80 thousand inhabitants.

Gifts (danina)

Danina acted as a form of tribute in Old Russia, and the primordial tribes were crying out. Most often alone, giving in, speaking “dim”, then the house, or the family fire. Obliged to give a tribute, ring out one shirk for dima. In deyaky vipadki, from the tribe of Vyatichiv, it was taken as a coin a vіd ral (plough). The form of the collection of the danini was polyuddya, if the prince was out of the retinue from the fall of the leaves on the kvіten ob'їzhdzhav pіddanikh. Rus' was divided into a sprinkling of taxable districts, half of the Kiev region passed through the lands of the Drevlyans, Dregovichivs, Krivichis, Radimichis and Siveryans. A special district of Buv Novgorod, which paid close to 3000 hryvnias. The maximum amount of danini for the famous Ugrian legend in the X century was 10 thousand. stamps (30 more thousand hryvnias). The selection of danini was carried out by the squads of hundreds of warriors. Panivna ethno-stanova group of the population, as it was called "Rus", paid the prince a tenth part of their river income.

In 946, after the suppression of the rebellion of the Drevlyans, Princess Olga carried out a tax reform, streamlining the collection of tribute. Vaughn set up “lessons” so that the danini would be reconciled, and she created “tsvintars”, fortifications on the way of the polyuddya, in which the princely administrators lingered and where the danina was taken. Such a form of collection of danina and danina herself was called "poviz". Under the hour to pay the tribute, the pilgrims took away the clay seals with the prince's sign, which insured them against re-collection. The reform took the centralization of the grand duke's power and the weakening of the rule of the tribal princes.

In the X century in Russia, the law was normal, as in the dzherels it is called the "Law of Russia". The same norms are shown in the treaties of Russia and Byzantium, in the Scandinavian sagas and in the Pravda of Yaroslav. The stench stood together between equal people, Russians, one of the institutions, bula "vira" - a fine for driving in. Laws guaranteed the blues of power, zocrema and power on slaves (“servants”). Among the speech rights, the deacons see “personal tributary”, which was characterized by “the supreme right of the Grand Duke of Kiev to the land and the granting of the right to draw the singing part of the tribute to the melancholy of the third individual. Personal data may be analogous to similar landowners such as “aktu”, “timar”, “tiul” and “dzhagir”.

The principle of the decline of power in the IX-X centuries of non-domy. Spadkoєmtsі were mostly young (Igor Rurikovich, Svyatoslav Igorovich). In the 11th century, princely power in Russia was transferred along the “ladder”, that is, not obov'yazkovo sons, but the eldest in the family (uncle maw prevailed over nephews). At the turn of the 11th-12th centuries, two principles clashed, and a struggle broke out between the direct declines and the lines.

Old Russian law, as assigned to one of the monographs I. V. Petrov, was on the verge of the interests of the old Russian merchants: “The legal defense expanded both on Russian and on foreign merchants ... The specialty of that mine merchants was changed according to the security of trade names, the Russian Law, Byzantine contracts ... Special and, as the lack of specialty of the merchant chi yogo maina, carried the maina vіdpovіdalnіst… In the IX century. on the territory of Northern Europe, various forms of sovereign regulation of trade vodnosyns were observed: deyak territories were open for foreign traders, other lands and tribes introduced exchanges on deaks and all types of foreign trade activities in…”

Groshova system

In the X century, a larger-less unified penny system was formed, oriented to the Byzantine literature and the Arabic dirham. The main penny units are hryvnia (groshova and vagova unity of Old Russia), kuna, nogata and rіzana. The stench of a small silver and a cunning viraz. Penny-vagovo systems were studied in the practice of A. V. Nazarenka, I. V. Petrova, G. V. Semenchenko, A. V. Fomina, V. L. Yanina.

Power type

Historians evaluate the nature of the state period in a different way: “barbarian power”, “viysk democracy”, “militant period”, “Norman period”, “viysk trading power”, “formation of the early feudal monarchy”.

Volodymyr and Yaroslav the Wise. Christening of Rus'

Monument to Volodymyr the Great near Kiev

For Prince Volodymyr Svyatoslavich in 988, Christianity became the official religion of Russia. Having become the prince of Kiev, Volodymyr stumbled upon the greater threat of the liver. For the defense of the nomadic vines, I will be on the border of the fort, the garrisons of those recruited from the "best people" of the savage tribes. During the hours of Volodymyr, there are a lot of Russian bilins, who testify about the exploits of the heroes.

У містах, найдавнішими з яких були Київ, Новгород, Ладога, Смоленськ, Полоцьк, Ізборськ, Чернігів, Переяславль, Турів, Ростов, Білоозеро, Плесків (Псков), Тмутаракань, Муром, Овруч, Володимир-Волинський, та інші, розвивалися ремесла та trade. Monuments of writing (“The Tale of Time Lit”, the Novgorod Codex, Ostromir Gospels, Lives) and architecture (Tithing Church, St. About the high level of literacy of the inhabitants of Russia, to speak of the number of birch bark letters that have been passed down to our time. Rus' traded in foreign and foreign words, Scandinavia, Byzantium, Western Europe, the peoples of the Caucasus and Middle Asia.

After the death of Volodymyr in Russia, a new strife arose. Svyatopolk Okayaniy near 1015 having beaten his brothers Boris (for a different version, Boris killed Yaroslav by Scandinavian hirelings), Gliba and Svyatoslav. Svyatopolk himself, the dvіchi, having recognized the blows, she died at the Vignanna. Boris and Glib at 1071 rots were insured to the face of saints.

Sribnik of Yaroslav the Wise

The reign of Yaroslav the Wise (1019 - 1054) became the hour of the greatest expansion of the state. Suspіlnі vіdnosiny were regulated by the collection of laws “Ruska Pravda” and princely statutes. Yaroslav Mudry after an active foreign policy. Vіn following the impersonality of the ruling dynasties of Europe, which witnessed the wide international recognition of Russia in the European Christian world. Razgortaetsya intensively kam'yane budіvnitstvo. If the 12-rope vіdokmolenny was the death of his prince without the Spadkumzi pd, Vlad Yaroslav turned to CherniGivsky, the reign, Yaroslav the navigorod to the Kiwa Zavdav, the Penihags, and the Yakiki Nabigi nabigi was attached to Rus' (1036).

Change the state administration for example X - on the cob XII Art.

Golden Gate near Kiev

At the time of the Christening of Russia, the power of Orthodox bishops was established in all її lands, as they bowed to the Metropolitan of Kiev. At the same time, the blues of Volodymyr I were planted in all lands by the monks. The Scandinavian sagas tell about the lazy volodinnya of the Vikings, and the stench rose up on the outskirts of Russia and on the newly acquired lands, to which, in the hour of writing "The Story of the Time Lit", the stench was already a relic. The princes-Rurikovichi waged a baked fight with the tribal princes (Volodimir Monomakh zgaduє prince V'yatichiv Khodotu and yoga son). It seized the centralization of power.

The power of the Grand Duke has reached the highest point of honor for Volodymyr and Yaroslav the Wise (then later, interrupt for Volodymyr Monomakh). The camp of the dynasty was marked by numerous international dynastic hats: Annie Yaroslavna and the French king, Vsevolod Yaroslavich and the Byzantine princess and others. Try to see the vlad and Yaroslavichi, but less successfully (Izyaslav Yaroslavovich died in strife).

At the hour of Volodymyr chi, for deakimy vіdomosty, Yaropolk Svyatoslavich, the prince began to give land to the warriors. As soon as there were places for an anniversary, then in the 11th century the combatants began to take over the village. Together from the villages that became patrimonies, bestowing the boyar title. The boyars began to fold the senior squad. The service of the boyars was zoomed in by the special virility of the princes, and not by the size of the land allotment (the mindfulness of the land was not wide enough). The young squad (“youths”, “children”, “grids”), who lived under the princes, lived for years from the princely forces and wars. The main fighting force in the 11th century was the militia, which for an hour took away the horses and the brigades from the prince. In view of the servants of the hired Varangian squad, it was important to move under the hour of the reign of Yaroslav the Wise.

Side of the short edition of "Ruska Pravda"

Following Yaroslav the Wise, the “leaf” principle of land subsidence on the Ryurikovich kshtalt was residually established. The eldest of the clan (not by century, but by the line of dispute), having conquered Kiev and becoming the Grand Duke, the land was divided between members of the clan and divided according to seniority. Vlada passed from brother to brother, from uncle to nephew. Another place in the hierarchy of cities is Chernigiv. At the death of one of the members of the family, all young in age to the new Rurikovich moved to the land, which corresponded to their seniority. With the appearance of new members of the family, their share began - a place from the earth (volost). Singing Prince Mav the right to reign is less for that city, de prince of Yogo Batko, otherwise vin vvazhavsya izgoєm.

A significant part of the land has become the Voloditi church ("monastic estates"). From 996 to the fate of the population wept tithes for the disgrace of the church. The number of eparchies, starting from 4, grew. The chair of the metropolitan, which is appointed by the Patriarch of Constantinople, began to move to Kiev, and for Yaroslav the Wise Metropolitan, it was first taken from the number of Russian priests, becoming close to Volodymyr and yogo syna Іlarion in 1051 rotations. Volodymy monasteries and their heads, abbesses, became a great influx. The center of Orthodoxy is the Kiev-Pechersk monastery.

The boyars and the squad laid down for the prince especially for the sake of. The prince was also pleased with the metropolitan, the bishops and abbots, as they became the church cathedral. From the aggravation of the princely hierarchy until the end of the XI century, the princely z'ezdi ("take off") began to be chosen. At the places there were vichas, where the boyars often rallied to support their political powers (insurrections near Kiev in 1068 and 1113).

In the XI - the beginning of the XII century, the first letter of laws was formed - "Ruska Pravda", as it was successively followed by the articles "Pravda Yaroslav" (bl. 1015-1016), "Pravda Yaroslavichiv" (bl. 1072) and "Statute of Volodymyr Vsevolodovich" (bl. 1113). “Ruska Pravda” had a stronger differentiation of the population (now it was stale in the social camp of a beaten one), the camp of such categories of population was regulated, like servants, serfs, smerds, purchasers and ryadovichi.

“Pravda Yaroslava” called the rights of “Rusyns” and “Slovenes”. Tse, in order from Christianity and other factors, took the form of a new ethnic splinterness, as it confirmed its unity that historical journey.

From the beginning of the 10th century in Russia, there was a great coinage - silver and gold coins of Volodymyr I, Svyatopolk, Yaroslav the Wise and other princes.

Polotsk princedom was first recreated in Kiev already on the cob of the XI century. Having concentrated all the rest of the Russian lands under his power, less than 21 years after the death of his father, Yaroslav the Wise, dying in 1054, spreading them between five years of sinami, who survived yoga. After the death of two of the youngest of them, all the lands were concentrated in the hands of three older ones: Izyaslav of Kiev, Svyatoslav of Chernigiv and Vsevolod Pereyaslavsky (“the triumvirate of Yaroslavichiv”).

From 1061 to fate (after the destruction of Torki by the Russian princes in the steppes) began to come in abundance of polovtsiv, as they came to replace the pechenigs, which they saw in the Balkans. In the course of the long Russian-Polovtsian wars, the pivden princes of the trival period could not run into the opponents, having lowered the ranks of low, not far away marches and knowing sensitive strikes (the battle on the Alta river (1068), the battle on the Stugni river (1093)).

After the death of Svyatoslav in 1076, the princes of Kiev tried to save the blue of the Chernigiv recession, and they went far to the aid of the Polovtsians, wanting the Polovtsy to be vikoristan in the intercessions of Volodymyr Monomakh (against Vseslav Polotsky ). Izyaslav Kiyivsky (1078) and the son of Volodymyr Monomakh Izyaslav (1096) perished at this struggle. On the Lyubetsky Z'ezd (1097 r.), who was called to inflict strife and unite the princes for the defense of the Polovtsians, the principle was voiced: "Kozhen do not cherish your fatherland." In such a rite, for the preservation of the forest law, at the time of the death of one of the princes, the relocation of the downtrodden was surrounded by their patrimony. That led the way to political fragmentation (feudal fragmentation), shards in the skin of the earth, the whole dynasty was established, and the Grand Duke of Kiev, becoming the first among equals, playing the role of suzerain. However, it also made it possible to make use of united forces to fight against the Polovtsians, as the bula was transferred to the deep steppes. In addition, agreements were made with the allied nomads, “black hoods” (torks, berendeys and pechenigs, driven from the steppes by the Polovtsy and settled on the pivdennororussian cordons).

Rus', Poland and Lithuania at 1139 roci

In the other quarter of the 12th century, Kievan Rus broke up into independent princedoms. The chronological cob of disintegration of the modern historiographical tradition is respected in 1132, if after the death of Mstislav the Great, the son of Volodymyr Monomakh, the prince of Kiev, Polotsk (1132) and Novgorod (1136) ceased to be recognized, and the title itself became an object om fight between different dynastic and dynastic. The chronicler of 1134 rocked the split between the Monomakhovichi, writing “the whole land of Ruska was torn apart”. Rozpochati mizhusobitsі did not stumble upon the greatest prince, but after the death of Yaropolk Volodymyrovich (1139) the offensive Monomakhovich V'yacheslav was ignited from Kiev by Vsevolod Olgovich Chernigivsky.

During the 12th-13th century, part of the population of the pvdennorussky princedoms through a permanent threat, which left the steppe, as well as through uninterrupted princely strife for the Kiev land, moved to the pivnich, near the calm Rostov-Suzdal land, which was also called Zali ssya or Opillya. Having added a number of words to the Persian, Krivichsko-Novgorod migratory period of the 10th century, settlers from the richly populated pivdnya quickly piled up more on this land and assimilated the native Finnish population. About the massive Russian migration during the XII century, to record chronicles and archaeological excavations. The same basis falls on this period shvidky rist Numerical places of the Rostov-Suzdal land (Volodimir, Moscow, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Yur'ev-Opolsky, Dmitrov, Zvenigorod, Starodub-on-Klyazmi, Yaropolch-Zalessky, Galich and others), the names of these were often repeated and the names of the places of resettlement. Thus, the weakening of Pivdennoi Rus is caused by the success of the first cross-roads and the change of the main trade routes.

Under the hour of two great international wars in the middle of the XII century, the Kiev princedom spent Volin (1154), Pereyaslavl (1157) and Turiv (1162). In 1169, onuk of Volodymyr Monomakh, the Volodymyr-Suzdal prince Andriy Bogolyubsky sent a military command to his son Mstislav, and they plundered Kiev. The place was heavily plundered, Kyiv churches were burnt down, the inhabitants were led in full. In Kiev, the young brother Andriy was imprisoned. I wanted to be unmarried, after recent trips to Novgorod (1170) and Vishgorod (1173) after the Volodymyr prince had entered the other lands, the time fell, Kiev started step by step to spend, and Volodymyr - to gain political attributes in the Russian center. In the XII century, the Crimean prince of Kiev, the title of great becoming was also carried by Volodymyr princes, and in the XIII century, Galician, Chernigivsky and Ryazansky were episodic.

The ruins of the Church of the Tithes on the little ones of Westerfeld, XVII century.

Kiev, on the vіdmіnu bіlshostі іnshі prinіkіvstvo, not becoming nadbannyam be-yakої odnієї dynasties, but serving as a constant apple for the brotherhood of all the strong princes. In 1203, there were sudden robberies by the Smolensk prince Rurik Rostislavich, who fought against the Galician-Volinsky prince Roman Mstislavich. At the battle on the river Kaltsi (1223), in which practically all Russian princes took part, it became the first battle of Russia with the Mongols. The weakening of the Pivdennorussky princedoms strengthened the onslaught from the side of the Ugrian and Lithuanian feudal lords, but at the same time it took the strength of the Volodymyr princes at Chernigov (1226), Novgorod (1231), Kiev (1236 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich occupied Kiev for two Yogo's older brother Yuriy, having lost the princedom Volodymyrі) and Smolensk (1236-1239). In the course of the Mongol heap to Rus', which began in 1237, in 1240 Kiev, the brutality was in ruins. Yogo was taken away by the princes of Volodymyr Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, the recognition by the Mongols of the oldest in the Russian lands, and later by the son of Oleksandr Nevsky. Prote, the stench didn't go all the way to Kiev, having lost it from Volodymyr. In 1299 the Metropolitan of Kiev moved his residence. At the Grace of Church of Litherasty Jerelah, the same in the Vyslovanni of the Patrigai I Vitovta, Nakrikinzi XIV, Kyiva, having gone to the capital of the capital, the Provinsky provinziymy Mista of the Grand Dukes of Lisovsky. From 1254 Galician princes bore the title "King of Russia". The title of "great princes of all Russia" from the beginning of the XIV century began to be worn by the princes of Volodymyr.

During the collapse of Kievan Rus in the middle of the 12th century, about 15 territorially stable princedoms settled down in Russia (which were divided at their own pace). The most powerful princely dynasties were Chernigiv Olgovichi, Smolensk Rostislavich, Volyn Izyaslavich and Suzdal Yuriyovich. In the period of disintegration of Russia, political power from the hands of the prince and the young squad often passed to the boyars, which succeeded. As before, the boyars were small, political, and economical, with the whole family of Rurikovich on the part of the Grand Duke, now - with the rich princely families.

In the Kyiv princedom, the boyars, in order to weaken the tension of the struggle between the princely dynasties, raised a number of duumvirates (spivright) of the princes and navit went to the physical adoption of the princes (Yury Dolgoruky buv otrueny). The Kyivan boyars sympathized with the ruler of the elder nobles of Mstislav the Great, but the old pressure was too strong, so that the position of the nobles became the primary choice of the princes. Novgorod land, like, like and Kiev, did not become the patrimony of one of the princely families of the Rurikovich family; At the Volodymyr-Suzdal land, there was a fall, if the boyars (Kuchkovichi) that young squad physically stole prince "self-owner" Andriy Bogolyubsky, but in the course of fighting for power after his death, the old Rostov-Suzdal boyars were defeated and the special power of Volodya worldly princes suttyavo possililsya. In the Pivdennoruska lands, the Miska vecha played a great role in the political struggle (even though the riddles about the vechi and in the Volodymyr-Suzdal lands were heard right up to the 14th century). Near the Galician land, there is a unique moment of the prince's deception at the warehouse of the boyars.

The main type of war was the feudal militia, it began to rozsharuvannya prince's retinue on the regiment as a territorial militia that prince's door. For the defense of the city, the city district, that settlement was victorious for the militia. At Veliky Novgorod, the prince's squad was actually hired by appointment to the republican rule, a special regiment of Vlad's mother, the townspeople became a "thousand" (militia in choli z tysyatsky), so was the boyars' militia, adopted from the inhabitants of "p'yatin" (p'yat fallow species of Novgorod) family districts in Novgorod land). Zzvichay campaigns were carried out by the forces of several allied princedoms. Litopisah guess numbers are close to 10-20 thousand. chol.

Battle of Novgorodians and Suzdalians in 1170 roci, a fragment of an icon of 1460 rubles,

The only political organ of the Galno-Russian organ has lost the princes' z'izd, which has vindicated the most important food for the struggle against the Polovtsians. The Church also saved its identity (because of the vindication of the mystic cults of the saints and the cult of the mystical relics) on the side of the metropolitan and fought against the various regional “heresies” of the clergy of the cathedrals. However, the position of the church was weakened by the strengthening of tribal pagan viruvans in the XII-XIII centuries. Religious power and "wretched" (reprisals) were weakened. The candidacy of the Archbishop of Veliky Novgorod was proclaimed by the Novgorod veche, as well as in the case of Vladyka's (archbishop's) appointment.

During the period of fragmentation, a streak of financial systems was formed: the Novgorod, Kiev and "Chernigiv" hryvnias were divided. Tse buli zlivki srіbla rіznоgo rozmіru ta vaga. Pivnіchna (Novgorod) hryvnia was straightened into a pivnіch brand, and pіvdenna - into the Byzantine liter. The kuna is small, silvery and cunning, the first one rose to the other, like one to the other. Like a penny alone, the old coats were won, sealed with a princely seal (the so-called “shkiryan pennies”).

The name Rus was taken from the period behind the lands near the Middle Dnieper. The inhabitants of the different lands named themselves according to the metropolitan places of princedoms: Novgorodians, Suzdalians, smokers toshcho. bud. dialects. After the pile, practically all Russian lands entered a new round of fragmentation, and in the XIV century, the number of great and pet princedoms was about 250.

Trade

The most important trade routes of Kievan Rus were:

way "from the Varangians at the Greeks", which originated from the Varangian Sea, along Lake Nevo, along the Volkhov and Dnipro rivers, which, having entered the Black Sea, Balkan Bulgaria and Byzantium Great Moravia);

Volzsky trade route (“the route from the Varangians to Persia”), which leads from the Ladoga area to the Caspian Sea and further to Khorezm and Central Asia, Persia and Transcaucasia;

land route, which originated in Prague and through Kiev, which went to the Volga and went to Asia.

At the thought of Richard Pipes, reports about the intensity of trade allowed some contemporary foreign historians, ignoring archaeological data and other data, to declare that the first power of similar words was only a “by-product of overseas trade and two foreign peoples, the Varangians and the Greeks. Follow-up I. V. Petrov showed that trade and trade law developed intensively in the first century, the foundation of the Old Russian state of the IX-X centuries, and the majestic infusion on them, having pressed the tide of a similar monetary srіbla to Northern Europe in the VIII-X centuries. The return of a coin was not single-manited and could be represented as a collection of heterogeneous ones, like for a certain amount of money and coins, so for their warehouse, stages

Course "Vitchiznyan istoriya"

Topic 1. Old Rus' (IX-XIII centuries).

Kievan Rus.

"Nursery period".

3. The fight against foreign cultivators.

1 . Kievan Rus vinyl like the first millennium A.D. e. at the borders of Skhidno - the European Region.

Pohodzhennya words'yan. The Slovyansk tribes were seen from the Indo-European population of peoples in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. e. on the territory on the day of the Baltic coast.

Slovian colonization of the Northern European region. The Slavs took their fate from the "Great Migration of Peoples" (III-YI centuries AD). Part of the tribes destroyed Skhid - at the direct lake. Ilmen and middle flow of the Dnieper. The skhіdnoslov'yansk ethnіchna spіlnota settled down. The YII century became the “Slovakian centuries”: similar words began to dominate in the open spaces from the Carpathians to the upper Volga and from the Finnish tributary to the middle flow of the Dnieper. The natives (original Meshkantsi) of the forest zone (Baltic and Finno-Ugric tribes) led “attractive dominance” (poluvannya, fishing), the Meshkantsi of the steppes (random nomads) - primitive animal husbandry. Slov'yani - rіllі earthworkers - brought the culture of domination to Skhid Europe.

Suspіlny ustrіy skhіdnih slov'yan. Changed words were changed at the stage of laying out the primary-suspile mode. On the change of cohesiveness, we will build on blood-argumentary ties and collective main, there will come “susidic” communities that are grounded on the territorial-gospodar unity. Tribal associations overgrow among the territorially-political tribal splits: Galyavins, Drevlyans, Ilmen Slovenes and others. . The formation of social differentiation served as the basis for the formation of old Russian statehood.

Vinnyknennya of Kievan Rus. The scientific development of old Russian history (from the middle of the 18th century) is connected with the formation of "Norman" and "anti-Norman" theories. Persha was grounded on the admission of the Norman (Norman, Varangians - out of Scandinavia) campaign of the Kiev statehood. The friend was reprimanded by the foreign adventures of the state, vvazhayuchi the Varangian gang of Rurik with the figure of the mythical chi words of the Yang leader. The weakness of both theories is the separation of the power of the blamed power from the problem of the march of the dynasty. The vindication of the Old Russian State was the result of a single act. The Slavic pershoosnova of the old Russian sovereignty is obvious. The Varangian element played an active role in the formation of the state institutions of old Russia (the Varangian journey of the ruling dynasty, which spired to the old Russian nobility - the boyars, who were formed after the anger of the Varangians from the word'yansk tribal leadership ).

Similar term "Rus". Dominant version of the Scandinavian adventure (“Rus”: warrior – oarsman, retinue). Arguments are taken against the vindictiveness of the words of the Janskian, Baltic and ranomous etymology. "Kyivska Rus" is a term adopted by scientific literature.

Periodization of the history of Kievan Rus. The first princes (like Rurik, 862 - 979 pp., before the reign of Volodymyr I the Holy in 980 pp.) - the formation of the old Russian state, the reign of Volodymyr (980 - 1015 pp.) and Yaroslav the Wise (1019 - 1054 pp.) - rozkvit, period right up to the death of Mstislav the Great (1132) - the collapse of Kievan Rus.

Social and economic devices. The long-standing Russian household has little agrarian character: a rural way of life (a way of life is a system of suspensory waters of the singing type), subordination to the natural cycle and foundations for a collective (communal) hermitage, being the basis of society, mentality (lightness).

Suspіlno - political device. The prevailing thought is about Kievan Rus as an early feudal suspense. Feudalism is a type of suspensory structure that is characterized by agrarianism; іnnya for service), fallow vіd neї rural power, panuvannya religion in the spiritual sphere, as a rule, a monarchical form of government.

Social structure of Kievan Rus(Fragmentally fixed in the most recent set of laws of "Russian Pravda") is characterized by a divergence behind the principle of establishing especially free (privileged to the nobility and non-privileged people) and especially fallow (mostly - slaves, often - smerds, purchases, ryadovichi). The main productive force of the ancient Russian suspenst was "people" - the free peasants, who led the family reign on the communal land, that mysky people, involved in the craft and trade.

Ancient Russia did not have the key institutions of feudalism: seignorial (private) power over the land (princely domains begin to form from the X century, Boyar estates - from the XI century); strong right(legally formalized attachment of peasants to the land and especially - to the owner of the land, which forms "patrimonial jurisdiction" - the right of the feudal lord to the economic primus krіpak); rentnі v_dnosiny (reappropriation of the supplementary product from the virobnik to the owner of the earth).

The middle of the privileged sphere was formed as a suzerainty - vasalitet (vasal - a servant, with volodya not given rights - immunities, serving a suzerain for a favor): the prince of Kiev - "the first among equals" - acting as suzerain by appointment until young. With the development of private vodnosyns in Kievan Rus, the formation of a service ball on the "classic" basis of land grants begins.

For the panuvannya of the collective feudal land power of privileges, the camps had three main reasons: trade, military production and "polyuddya". The elite “walked among people”, as if they were supplying the products of craftsmanship and crafts. In the X century. to Princess Olga, the order of collection was fixed for the mass (“tsvintari”), lines, sizes. "Polyuddya" was transformed from tribute at tributes, which was the court's courtesy, the provision of sovereign needs. "Polyuddya" became an early form of feudal rent, as it was taken from especially free peasants by the feudal nobility as a whole, by dominion.

The peculiarity of old-Russian (shіdno-European), "synthetic" feudalism (on the basis of the "synthetic" Western European, which adopted the Roman tradition) was an increase in the formation of private power, saving an array of sovereign lands, shch about created the prospect of a trivial expansion of feudalism "in breadth". Early Russian feudalism is “sovereign feudalism”, which demonstrates etatism (promoting the role of the state) at an early stage of the formation of statehood.

Formation of territorial unity. In 882 Rurik's successor Oleg zahoplyuє Kiev, as if becoming the capital, having put an end to the resistance of the pіvnіchnogo pіvdennogo tsentrіv shaping the old Russian statehood. Stretch IX - X Art. kiev princes suborder tribal princedoms. During the reign of Volodymyr the Holy, the replacement of the "tubile" princedoms by the serving princes - the nascents of the house of Rurikovich, is completed. Until the end of the X century. Kievan Rus was divided into volosts on choli with princes - vassals of the Grand Duke. The local government (representatives of the prince, garrison, selected by the thousands, centurions, tenths - all the way to the "tithe" system of government) avenged the yearly quarters - the selection from the population.

A system of palace and patrimonial administration is beginning to take shape, and the patrimony should lie with the lord. The servants of the princely palace state (tiuni, old age) become the rulers of the state's grand galleys.

Mista. Behind the grapes of Novgorod, old Russian towns, which are formed, basically, as transshipment points of the most famous trade, did not small self-regulation, being the residence of the city’s power - the support of the princely power, and the role of the folding power.

Political device. The Kievan prince, having taken the throne by right of dynastic succession, was a separate state, the supreme ruler, a judge, the head of diplomacy, the enemy forces, the manager of the treasury.

Obzhuvachi knyazhoy vlad: Rus' was respected by the Volodinn of Rurikovich, the Kievan prince was bound by suzerainties - vassalites with serving princes; boyar rada; "rank-and-file" ("row" - agreed) grounds that fit into the low territory; vichovim system; in the traditional order of succession to the princely table, which maw passes to the elder family of Rurikovich; by the institute of feudal "removing" - z'їzdіv, yakі vyrіshuyut nutrition of dynastic and vassal vodnosin.

Kievan Rus - an early colonized monarchy (dzherelom vlady - the institute of monarchical rule).

Zovnishnya politics. Kievan Rus, a similar outpost of Christian Europe, was the most active participant in international wars.

Khazar straight: in 964 - 965 pp. Prince Svyatoslav Ruynuє Khazar Khaganate, the most unsafe supernik of the IX - X Art.

Byzantine straight: peaceful trade and cultural links were interspersed with violent conflicts (like the Russians at the turn of the IX - X centuries, the sign of alliance and antagonism for the hours of Svyatoslav, X Art.).

Pivdenniy directly: in the wake of the alliance and the savage struggle with the livers, which threatened the pivdnya of Russia, especially from the beginning of the X century; from XI Art. similarly - with the nomadic Turks - Polovtsians.

Zahidniy straight: dynastic links appeared to the fervent of various noblemen (beginning with Yaroslav the Wise, who was friends with the daughter of the Swedish king).

Christianization of Russia. During the period of statehood, the skhіdnі words of the yani (yak and the Varangians) accompanied paganism.

From the middle of the X century. Christianity is penetrating Rus'. At 988 r. Prince Volodymyr Svyatoslavovich zdіysniv massive baptism of kyan. Step-by-step Christianity becomes the religion of the majority of the population of Russia. The adoption of a monotheistic faith played a vinous role in the formation of a single old Russian statehood, movement and culture. The vіdmіnnostі mіzh zahіdnoy (Roman-Catholic) and skhіdnoy (Vzantіysko-Orthodox) christianity slapped a streak of self-reliance on the farther end of the venerable history.

Decay of Kievan Rus. After the death of Yaroslav the Wise, strife began, which brought Russia to fragmentation. The process became irrevocable after Lyubetsky (under Kiev, 1097) to the Rurikovich z'izdu, a kind of virishiv, that Rus' є sukupnіstyu independent "fatherlands".

Reasons for fragmentation:

Zovnіshni chinniki - fell the role of the trade way "from the Varangians from the Greeks", to the front of the "pulling" Russian lands; the presence of a serious serious problem;

Domestic officials - the process of development of feudal society, entering the stage of maturity (the collapse of the early feudal powers in Europe began in the X-XII centuries).

The German unity of Russia was grounded on the inseparability of the suspіlnyh vіdnosin, scho transferring to the independent foundation of volosts and allowing the central government to get by with a set of administrative functions. Economical growth for the minds of the panuvannya of the natural (for oneself) statehood took hold of the self-sufficiency of the volosts; the growth of the private landownership weakened the staleness of the vassals as suzerains; The aggravation of sovereign functions revealed the impossibility of managing a gigantic territory from a single center.

The collapse of Kievan Rus, having revealed a rational form of sovereignty for the minds that are formed.

2. The fragmentation of Russia meant the formation of independent powers, which, as a rule, settled down at the borders of the valley - volosts (“the nursery period of Russian history”).

Dominating centers. For pіvdenno-zahіdnoї Rusі it was more characteristic to resist the princely rule and the dominating boyars (this is the name of the “princely-boyar model”). Pivnіchno-shіdnіy Rusі was pritamane stronger than the monarchical rule (single-pole princely model). Unique for the Middle Russia, the dosvіd of the sovereign order was called at the pivnіchny entry, near the Novgorod land (“single-pole vichova model”).

Novgorod "boyar" republic(dzherelom vladi є the will of the people) gradually formed up to the end of the XII century and woke right up to the other half of the XY century.

Reasons for the formation of the republican arrangement:

The non-rootedness of the princely power (in Kievan Rus, the Novgorodian style instantly became a convergence to the Kievan style);

Consolidation of the Novgorod boyars on an independent basis of princely rule.

Sovereign power in Novgorod was established with the strengthening of self-government principles: "street", "Konchan" - regional vehicular elections robbed the municipal administration. The supreme power was zagalomіske viche. Vіchevі zbori robbed all the townsmen of the republic (posadnik, Tisyatsky, archbishop, prince, who calls out, head rank, like a viysk kerivnik). The Konchansk organs were called provinces - the "p'yatin" of the Novgorod land. At the outbuilding of Novgorod, the elements of vibornity and the rule of power are visible. However, the reign of power in the “oligarchic republic” belonged to the boyars (“golden belts”). In the Moscow tradition, the Novgorod “freedom” is a period of endless troubles. Reality - Novgorod was the most distinguished in the economic and cultural benefits of the Russian land - a simple "defamatory" scheme.

Culture of the pre-Mongolian period. Old Russian culture is a synthesis of paganism with Christian culture on the basis of the word-Janian writing system, created in the other half of the 9th century. Byzantine chants Cyril and Methodius.

Literacy is expanding. At XI Art. the people of Russian literature, literary writing. The "Word about Igor's trip" was recognized as a memorial to the pre-Mongolian culture. A high level of architecture (Kiev and Novgorod Sophia Cathedrals) to iconography.

3. In kennels during the period of entry and exit, centers of aggression against Russia were formed.

Viniknennya of the Mongol-Tatar Empire. In 1206, one of the noyons - princes Temuchin buv appeals to the name of Chingizkhan (1206 - 1227) the great khan of all the Mongols (Tatars - one of the Mongol tribes), who lingered on the pivden of Baikal - to the Great Gobi of China walls. The Kochov tribes were at the stage of social differentiation (nobles, nukers - warriors, community members - cattlemen, slaves) and the formation of sovereignty. The growth of the population, the rise of the shepherds through the settlements of dryness, the growth of the Mongols on the paths of aggression. Beginning in 1211, an empire was created, which included the territory of Siberia, China, Korea, Central Asia, Iran, Transcaucasia, Pivnichny Caucasus.

Reasons: internal lack of statehood of the susіdіv, yakі experienced a period of disintegration, the advance of the Mongol war (the primitiveness of the suspіlnyh vіdnosin allowed to include all the people of the population, vaccinated to the wіyskovoї right), effective victoria resursіv i dosvіdu zahoplenih kraїn.

Light meaning of the empire. The integrity of the empire was shvidkoplinnaya. After the death of the successor, the state fell into uluses, which nominally saved unity and were drawn into strife. In the wake of the Mongol expansion, it was accelerated the formation of the world's history as a real interaction between people.

Go to Rus'. During the campaign against Zakhid, the Mongols on choli with the onuk of Chingizkhan Batu (Batiem) in 1237-1238. y 1239 - 1241. led the attack on the Russian lands. Irrespective of the cold opera, Rus' was rooted.

Consecration of the Golden Ordi. After a recent march to the east of Batii, the Golden Horde power, which swarmed the territory from the Irtish to the Danube, was founded as the capital Saray on the Volz.

Reasons for the defeat of Russia. Rus' was fragmented, bula was in the midst of a blow from quiet reasons, like the Mongols were given a lot of victory.

Aggression from Sunset. The situation was exacerbated by the onslaught of the Swedes and the German personal orders. At 1240 r. at the girl's bed The Neva was beaten by the Novgorod prince Oleksandr Yaroslavich, nicknamed Nevsky. In 1242, Alexander Nevsky, head of the defeat of the Livonian Order in the battle on the lake. Chudske (“Battle of Lloyd”). The victories posed a threat from Sunset and allowed Oleksandr, who, having become the grand prince of the ruler, laid down the order of fallow land in the Ordi, which was trimmed on the greater stretch of the “yoke” like “less evil”.

Ordinsk yoke. Navala sent Rus' back: the number of people wasted, the ruler's - cultural zanepad. The Prote Horde did not pay off the Russian territory and was harried by the blame of the Russian population, which would help to get more income. Punishment actions were carried out with the method of destroying Russian lands in the subjugation.

Status of Russia stsovno Ordi. Rus', which saved social devices, forms of sovereignty, religion, became the “negotiable” vassal of the Ordi. The Great Khan (Tsar) was the suzerain of the princes, from which the vicons of the Orda "exit" - tributes were enacted.

Injecting Ordi into Rus'. The glibinny influx of the Ordi into Rus' was assigned to the sphere of the vladnyh vіdnosin. All-powerful Khanate, superimposed on the monarchical institutions of pivnіchno-shіdnoї Rusі, gave rise to the "Moscow-Ordinary" tradition: despotic power will be in the future for the subjugation of the population, as we conquer, goiter and subdue.

In the pre-Mongolian period, Rus' evolved in a similar way to a global European scheme: from sovereign-feudal forms, the basis of political unity, to seignioral (private) ones, the basis of fragmentation. Ordinsk invasion was a process of folding a special type of feudalism, which took shape in the XYI-XYII centuries.

Place of the Golden Ordi in Russian history. The connections were made, the advent of the Orda lands to Russia, to give an insight into the history of the Golden Ordi as a part of Russian history.

Main sub-history of Russia IX -Trans. thirds XIII Art.

Kievan Rus

862 - poklikannya Rurik Novgorodians.

879 - 912 (or 921) - rule of Oleg, 882 - Oleg captured Kiev, united the Novgorod and Kiev lands, 911 - went to Byzantium, an agreement with the Greeks.

912-945 - the rule of Igor, go to the western shore of the Caspian Sea, to Byzantium, an agreement with the Greeks, the death of Igor at the Drevlyansk land at the hour of the collection of tribute.

945-972 - rule of Olga Svyatoslav Igorovich, Olga's trip to Constantinople, 964-972 - Svyatoslav's campaign against the Vyatichi, the Volz Bulgars, the destruction of Khazaria, the defeat of Byzantium at the fight for Danube Bulgaria.

972-978 - struggle for power between the sons of Svyatoslav (Yaropolk, Oleg, Volodymyr).

980- 1015 - prince Volodymyr Svyatoslavich, go to Western Russia to Poland, an allied agreement with Byzantium, 988 - the birth of Russia.

1015-1019 - struggle for power between the sons of Volodymyr (Svyatopolk, Boris, Glib, Yaroslav, Mstislav).

bl. 1016 - approx. 1113 - step by step creation by Yaroslav, Yaroslavichi and Volodymyr Monomakh of the articles of "Ruska Pravda".

1019-1054 - Prince Yaroslav the Wise - the rise of Kievan Rus, go to Poland, Yatvyag, Radimichi, Vyatichiv, Croats, Kamsky Bulgarians, Byzantium, fight against the livers, Polovtsy, consecrate the Kiev metropolis ї, sample of the post of the Metropolitan.

1054-1068 - the reign of the blues of Yaroslav (Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod).

1068-1076 - strife of the Yaroslavichs, which was accompanied by the invasion of the Polovtsians, popular riots, lure the Pole from the Russian political struggle

1078-1093 - Prince Vsevolod near Kiev.

1093 - 1113 - Prince Svyatopolk Izyaslavich.

1095-1111 - successful campaigns of princes against the Polovtsians.

1097, 1100, 1103 - for the sake of that treaty of the princes near Lubech, Vitichev, on the Dolobsky lake - try to put in order the system of princes, attach benefits, save military unity in the fight against the Polovtsy.

1113-1125 - Prince Volodymyr Vsevolodovich Monomakh.

1125-1132 - Prince Mstislav Volodimirovich.

after 1132 p. - disintegration of Kievan Rus.