(Chancellor of Alizaveti Petrivny): Intrigan under Vlad.

Oleksiy Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin was born on the 22nd May 1693 in Moscow with the family of the Russian diplomat Pyotr Mikhailovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin. The blessed historian M. Yu. Anisimov was able to follow the same thought for the family of Bestuzhovs: “Rid ... having walked from the English Gabriel Best, who went to Russia in 1403 r., Blue, Yakiv Ryum, buvana boyar. As a matter of fact, Oleksiy Petrovich buv on the square of Novgorod, who drove to Moscow by Ivan III, as a result of the lack of independence of Novgorod. The nickname of yogo ma rosіyske kornnya: "cold-hearted"- not annoying anything. Z 1701 p. The Bestuzhevs began to write to the Bestuzhev-Rumini. "

We will briefly visit Oleksiy Petrovich Bestuzhev at the ensuing kar'єrny gatherings to the landing of the Chancellor of the Russian Empire.

Copenhagen, Christian August Lorentzen

In 1708, Oleksiy’s older brother Michael, after the orders of Peter I, began to send messages to Copenhagen, and then to Berlin. A.P. Bestuzhev was successful in the sciences, especially in the earthmovs. After the end of the day, the brothers went to the price of Europe, and when they went to Russia they went to the diplomatic service. Oleksiy Bestuzhev-Rumin, who was an official of directions to the Russian embassy to Holland and rested at the center of diplomatic negotiations of provincial European regions. A. Bestuzhev will be present at the hour of signing the Utrecht svit in 1713 r. A.P. Bestuzhev-Riumin, with the permission of Peter I, having entered the service before the Elector of Hanover, George-Ludwig, who through the rik became the English King George I.

George I28, 1660 rock, Hanover - 11 hearts 1727 rock, Osnabrück - king of Great Britain from 1 rock 1714 rock, the first representative of the Hanoverian dynasty on the royal throne of Great Britain.

Qiu novina Petro took gravely. However, if in 1716 p. Tsarevich Oleksiy Utik from Russia, Bestuzhev revised to a new leaf, in which he declared that he would be ready to serve him, ala, he’d spent time in Russia, not at all, but now the prince can roztashovuvati. Petro did not know about the list, and in 1717 Bestuzhev-Rumin turned to the Russian service.

Petro I Oleksiyovich, Oleksiy Petrovich Antropov

Pislya arriving in Russia in the name of 1718 r. Ober-chamber-junker to the court of the Dowager Duchess of Courland, Annie Ioanivny, after having served for two years without a fee (deserving the service after having passed the first father Petro Mikhailovich).

Ganna Ioanivna and Biron

Here he approached E.I. Byron. Z 1720 p. Oleksiy Petrovich became a resident of Dania for an interruption from 1731-1734, since Bestuzhev became a resident of Gamburza. The Tsi Fate reigned and was relieved of his trust in the carnival gatherings for Oleksiy Petrovich, who were not bound by the death of Tsar Peter I: “At 1725 r. Peter I died, and Bestuzhev's kar'ara stalled. Omnipotent Todi A.D. Menshikov commemorated against the side of P.M. Bestuzhev to his plans to become a duke of Courland and not try to intercede in synovia. " At 1736 p. Oleksiy Petrovich otrimu the rank of the local radio station, and on the 25th birch of 1740 - the effective local radio station and call to the courtyard in Petersburg, de zaymaє mice cabinet-ministra.

Oleksiy Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin

Protest the first ministerial dosvid for Bestuzhev appeared unrepentant. As a result of the Chergov coup, Biron was knocked down, and Bestuzhev-Ryumin of the settlement and planting at Shlisselburzka fortress. When he was finished, Oleksiy Petrovich gave a testimony to Biron, ala, at the first time, he was seen from us at the address of the ruler of the hour, having sent to the pogros and the fouls of the vyaznitsa. Bestuzhev-Ryumin will be sentenced to trial and convictions until the fourth day. Ale Hanna Leopoldivna, who was not very good at the throne, replaced the other stratum for the Lozersky povit. Nezabar Bestuzhev-Rumin otrimovav vypravdannya, ale yo vіdstoronil. At the capital, Oleksiy Petrovich is allowed to perebuvati.

Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldivna (under the people of Elizabeth Katarina Khristina, Princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerinska 7 breast 1718, Rostock - 19 Bereznya 1746, Kholmogory) - ruler (regent) of the Russian Empire with 9 leaves 174.

Lui Caravac

As a result of Chergovoy " palace coup»25 falling leaves 1741 p. Elizaveta Petrivna came to power. Svychano, won turned to the courtyard of the disgraced comrades-in-arms of the father - Peter I.

Portrait of the Empress Alizaveti I, artist Georg Christopher Grot

Nova Vlada demanded a well-informed and intelligent diplomat, who was obligated to Russia for his campaigns, and a bit of a coup d'état from Alizavetsky was seen from the ever-sovereign posts of the Sozemtsy. Istorik M.Yu. Anisimov means: “Bestuzhev-Ryumin will be a smart man, an admirable diplomat, a Russian for his campaigns, a blue colleague of Peter I, having served the Emperor himself, innocently suffered for the great rule of the earth, honored kerivniks of the land policy of the land "

Johann Hermann Lestok (1692-1767), Count, DTZ, court physician.

Copy from the portrait of the robot G.K. Groot

Same Lestok is the physician-in-chief of Alizaveti Petrivnya and having respected A.P. Bestuzhev, the rest of the zavdyaki in the flow of Lestok 30 leaf fall 1741 having trimmed the order of St. Andrew the First-Called, becoming a senator, then the head director of the post, 12 chest 1741 p. vіn obіymaє will put the vice-chancellor, and lipnі 1744 p. - the highest state post - chancellor - і until 1758 r. wiping out at the new, "Unaffected by the protests of the doers of European courtyards and their enemies at the courtyard of Alizaveti"

Overbought on the vice-chancellor's office, Bestuzhev-Rumin vikriv Shetardi, French Party"(Before her, there were such people, like the physician-in-chief of the Empress I. G. Lestok, the chief marshal of O. F. Brummer, and three more from Princess Johann Alizaveta, the mother of Sophia Frederica, named of the Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich) the camp of Oleksiy Petrovich and the appointment of the chancellor.

Johanna-lizaveta Holstein-Gottorpska, DIM. 2-a p_dlog. 1740s pp. Nevidomy artist

As the chancellor of the Russian Empire, A.P. Bestuzhev mav tsіlkom pevnі, formed look at the main work of Russian diplomacy. The program of the international political course of the Russian Empire, proponated by Bestuzhov, denied the name of the author himself - "The system of Peter the Great". Vіn viklad in її at uyavlennyah to the Empress and sheets to Vorontsov. Istorik Є.V. Anisimov named "The system of Peter the Great" - "mistifying Bestuzhev-Rumin", A M.Yu. Anisimov vvazhak, that "the name of the Bula was assigned to Alizaveta, for the sake of good luck with the plans of Batka Mali, a magical infusion, I want Bestuzhev to carry on the course of Peter the Great in the integration of Russia into the future."

Oleksiy Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin

Mainly A.P. Bestuzhev, taking into account the need to turn to the current political course of Peter I, which allowed Russia to gain its prestige and expand the investment in the international arena. The essence of Bestuzhev-Ryumin's glances was at the permanent and permanently saved allies of the nations from those powers, from those in Russia who had become interested in the state of affairs. Before them, on the thought of the chancellor, before them lay such maritime powers, like England and Holland. There could be no territorial superchannels in Russia with all the countries, for Bestuzhev's thought, and Russia and England and Holland were also involved in long-standing trade in fashion and social interest in Europe.

Serpen III Saxon 7 Zhovtnya 1696 - 5 Zhovtnya 1763 - King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 30 chervnya 1734 (hollowing 5 Zhovtnya 1733), Elector of Saxon from 11 cruel 1733 Yak Fridrikh August II

Great significance for Russia, on Bestuzhev's thought, mav and union from Saxony, oskilki Saxon Elector from the end of the 17th century. the former Polish king. Bestuzhev-Ryumin rosum, so polish with an unstable internal encampment and the continuous struggle of gentry groups for pouring into the king of Chargov could possibly become an object for anti-Russian intrigues.

Oleksiy Petrovich, a dear ally for Russia, respecting Austria, the Austrian Habsburgs were old opponents of the French Bourbons, and the latter were blamed on the balance of power in Central France and the Schedule did not embrace them. The main acknowledgment of the Russian-Austrian Union Bestuzhev-Ryumin bachiv at the prototype of the Ottoman Empire, which at that hour had already become an insecure new supporter of Russia and Austria. For the help of the union, the winners are rozrakhovuv when they correct the trips to the Chorne More and protect the safety of the new cordons of the Russian Empire.

Oleksiy Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin

Opponents of Russia on the international arena Bestuzhev-Rumin saw France and Sweden for a variety of sound reasons. Protest Bestuzhev-Rumin vvvvvvshis, that went to the great powers of the good diplomatic relations.

I especially respect the international camp of Russia, Bestuzhev came to see people from Prussia. The Chancellor, having respected, is not possible to read the agreement signed from Prussia. Protest Bestuzhev-Rumin, not having lost sight of the potency and need to be brought up to Russia and Prussian diplomatic communication.

« The most famous political program of Chancellor Bestuzhev-Rumin, - Vvazhaє Russian History of Diplomacy A.M. Shapkina. - The main ones among them are the overwhelming evidence of the systems of the three unions (sea powers, Austria, Saxony) and the reassessment of the spirituality of the interests of Russia with all the countries. Ale Bestuzhev-Rumin is a distant politician who knows a lot of subtleties of European diplomatic relations. Winning a lot of clarity on the basis of the main employees who stood before the Russian diplomacy in that period, naming those obvious opponents, direct and potential allies. The modern political concept of Bestuzhev-Rumina was not very dynamic, but it’s just a few hours away from the nasty one, the victorious campaign of versatile methods was passed on in order to achieve the goals of confrontation and the confrontation of diplomacy On the other hand, it means that the Chancellor’s program has dominated anti-Prussianism. ”

Bestuzhev-Ryumin rozpochav vikonannya his programs.

22 grass 1746 rub. Bulo signed the union agreement with the term for 25 years between Russia and Austria. Having agreed to transfer the necessary assistance to each other from the side, as an ally to the attack from the side of the third power. For the sake of Austria, on this stage, it has shown the interests of Russia, and it has allowed it to effectively defend the expansion of the Prussian aggression in Europe.

As a follow-up to the signing of the Russian-Austrian union treaty in St. Petersburg, the Russian-English negotiation about the arrangement of a subsidized convention - a special kind of union treaty, was thought to be done by both sides. This is the rank of the Russian empire of rozrahovuval to get England to fight against the Prussian aggression. 3 worms to zhovtnya 1747 r. three conventions have been signed.

Kadri in the film Midshipmen - III, in the role of Bestuzhev Єvgen Єvstignєєv

Through the signing of the union treaty with Austria and three subsidized conventions with England, the position of Russia was firmly established and the role of the suppressed Prussian aggression at the end of the war for the Austrian recession played a significant role.

Bestuzhev-Ryumin from the trivial sposter, as the health of Alizaveti will die. One of the chancellors of the chancellor knows at the front of Peter III's retinue, Grand Duchess Katerina Oleksiyivnya. The plan is guilty to him to bring the Tsar Katerini to the fall of Peter III for the provincial role in the management of Bestuzhev-Ryumin himself. The protector of the snake bullet is shvidko rozkrit. Oleksiya Petrovich, the bulo is overhauled.

Portrait of Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich and Grand Duchess Katerina Oleksiyivnya. Portrait of a Robot G. H. Groot

Aresht Bestuzheva, the lucky survivor of the historian O.V. Anisimov will describe it as follows: “Vrantsi 25 fierce 1758 p. before the chancellor, Count Oleksiy Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin, arrived at the kur'er and after passing the usny decree of the Empress Alizaveti Petrivnya, the term was given to the palace. The Chancellor said he was sick ... We knew that he was the first dignitary of Russia. Vrantsi win terribly suffering from a hangover.

Kur'єr came to a new day. Bestuzhiv, pushed, sow at his carriage and virus up to the Winter Palace. If you come close to the palace, you will be happy, if the guardian wart did not give him honor, but wiped off the carriage. The Major of the Guards secured the Chancellor and sent him to the guard. Well, I’m happy to greet Bestuzhev, if I’m bumped into my house, occupied by the guards, “the wicked bill of the doors of my office, the squad that family in kaidans, on the paperwork of their signet”! Vіm, the count of philosophers, having taken the king’s disfavor, has been checking for a long time. The chuiny scent of the old courtier pidkazuvav, instructed an hour to think about the bag, and about the v'yaznitsa ... That about the tse nikoli not forgetting - he is alive at the troublesome, restless hours and at all, having rushed to the power, I love the power, ... .. ".

Portrait of Empress Alizaveti Petrivnya (1709-1762).

For Virok Bestuzhev, the bulo was folded in a way: “I am a great sovereign, an autocrat, I am strong in my rises, I punish the collegiate Chancellor Bestuzhev, and I am insanely witnessing my fault before the state. Axis and all alert! ". Bestuzhev Bouv of registrations, additions of ranks, titles, orders and in 1758 p. messages from svіy pіdmoskovnyy maєtok.

Protected from 1762 r. to the throne, Catherine II wicked іf the disgraced diplomat was sent, she was killed by the field marshal-general і "First Imperatorsky Radnik". If, on the ear of her rule, Katerina demanded the joy of a wise diplomat, then she knew the young companions. Bestuzhev did not become a favorite of Katerini Velikoi. 10 April 1768 rub. Oleksiy Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin died.

Also for the life of A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin repeatedly honored with unacceptable assessments from the side of the participants. So, the Prussian general H.G. Manstein wrote in his memoirs: “Bestuzhev, Russian for the people of the people, to be like a good and ancient prince; nad_yyshovshi to the service, vіn bv viznachenie kamer-junker to the Duchess of Courland ...; a few rockies by the fact that they were sent as a resident to Hamburg, on the spot, when they took their father; after serving at the invited minister at the small courtyards and, nareshty, at Copenhagen. They were overwhelmed by the duchess, winning a great friendship with Biron, for which he added about his happiness. On the day of the fall of the Volynskyi Winn of the Cabinet Ministers ... the Empress Alisaveta, having ascended the throne, gave the Vice-Chancellor to the Vice-Chancellor on the face of Count Golovkin, and after the death of the Prince of Cherkasy, the Chancellor's bell rang the Chancellor in. In the new one there is no shortage of things in mind; But at the same hour of pikhatiy, korislyviy, avaricious, growth, to the point of being unrepentant brehlivy, cruel and not forgiving, if you would give yourself up, if you had done wrong in front of him in the hospital ”.

Katerina II, in Bestuzhev's character, meant that it was coming: “Vin instilling more fear in himself, less attachment, becoming overwhelmingly penetrating and suspicious, firm and unprepossessing in his thoughts, without overshadowing. , Leave the stench yourself, do not zrazhuvali youmu; in the least unlivable and in the bagatokh in the form of droopy ... but in his character he imperceptibly rewinds the diplomats of the royal front, as well as “it’s very important to drive for nіs”.

One of the most recent glimpses in such a way presents us with the image of Oleksiy Petrovich: “Bestuzhev ... being a typical child of his own capital - a renowned mayor of the backcountry intrigues, an outspoken and cunning courtier. Yakbi vin buv іnshim, it is unlikely that he was zumіv bi utrimatisya at the lizavetin court, for that I didn’t see before the coup of 25 leaves of 1741 r. Shapkina A.N. Shapkina is the forerunner in the sphere of history of the new policy of the Ukraine of Russia. also give an ambiguous assessment to the Chancellor: “Bestuzhev-Ryumin will be able to finish posting at the political life of Russia. The era of favoritism was gaining strength. The leaders of the empresses gave a significant, one initial infusion to the decisions of their most important patrons. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, they made a great infusion on Єlizaveta, they were famous for those good-natured people (there are very few of them), and the enemies (that there were more than enough), none of them became a favorite. Great courtesy, penetrating rosum, blinking diplomatic goodness, in the face of conquest, they allowed them to become a paramount in the most common and low-income struggle with the "French party" and hitchhikers. However, it is not a sign of ideology to the vice-chancellor: in the middle of the day. Vazhayuchi, scho the goal is true, Bestuzhev-Ryumin is often used by far from honest methods, by the powerful courtiers of the intrigans of all European powers, the middle of the bullets and the translation of the correspondence of the adversary, and the speech of the adversary's correspondence.

The rule of Alizaveti became an hour, since the Russian empire consolidated its international authority, consolidated its zoning into Europe, clearly showed its interest and the power of great powers and economy, I drew on itself. In the general sense of the policy of the daughter of Peter the Great, she prodded the policy to the order of Hanny Ioanivny, who wants to see them. The majority of Tsar Alizaveti Petrivna in Russia panuvav svit. In 1743 Russian-Swedish wine ended. For the Swedes, the won was not far away, and a peace treaty Abo confirmed the victory of Peter the Great. Mind the world, laid in 1721 in Nishtadt, bully pidtverdzheni. The main respect for Russian diplomacy is for the international situation in Europe.

On the ear of the 1740s, a change of basic articles on the European political scene has been seen. In 1740, three monarchs died: the Russian Emperor Anna Ioanivna, the Austrian Emperor Charles VI and the Prussian King Fridrikh I Vilhelm. In Russia, Hanna Leopoldivna came to power, and through the river in 1741 - Elizaveta Petrivna, Austria - Marya-Tereziya, and Prussia - Fridrikh II. Between the two were left behind and the conflict was dropped. On the right, the deceased Emperor Charles VI is at the end of the blue, and the transfer of the throne to the empire of life has not been practiced before. Charles VI doklav the majestic Zusils, and most of the countries have written the so-called "Pragmatic sanction", which guaranteed the transfer of the Emperor's throne to the Emperor's daughter Mary-Tereza. Protest Karl was forced to flatten his eyes, as his eyes fell. Fridrikh II became the guardian of European calm.

Count A.P. Bestuzhev-Rumin

Dіyuchі lycea

Chancellor A.P. Bestuzhev-Rumin

Oleksiy Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin, who was born in 1693 rock, lying down to the young "birds of Petrov's nests", to be quiet young people, which the great sovereign sent to the cordon. Bestuzhev navchavsya miraculously, especially well knowing Movi that "roundabout European". Win became a messenger from Dania, and on tsiy posadi, the yogo's car was braked. Until the mid-1730s, Bestuzhev was able to get to Biron and was worthy of him. Until the summer of 1740 wines, from the will of the all-powerful Biron, becoming a cabinet-ministry to replace the wretched Volinsky. Ale is not needed. On the death of Annie in 1740 Biron fell down, at the same time he flew from Olimpu and Bestuzhev. At the end of the meal, he gave a testimony against his patron, but at a full-time meeting, Biron was seen witnessing. In 1741, Elizaveta Petrivna and Bestuzhev Viyshov came to power in 1741. It’s secretly vіn spritically "prikapivshis" before the new volodarka, yak riba-sticking to the shark. Win became Vice-Chancellor to replace the sent Osterman, and in 1744 he became Count and Chancellor of Russia. At the most important state post Bestuzhev having tried 14 years, in fact, independently, he started the course of the current policy of Ukraine Russia. In spite of all the tsі rocky wіn so і didn’t get close to іlizabeth and її with a gurt, they wanted to do it to the favorites of the Empress. Count Bestuzhev, having been wondrously among people, is not at all hostile. Elizaveta Petrivna did not like her chancellor. I’ll always be busy with balls and performances, I’d stumbled over the obstinacy, tedious mova, dragging himself over to the neohyad old man, who’s shamkaє in a hard time. The sovereign sniffed the air with a glance - why didn't the chancellor know? Hearing Bestuzhev, she wondered about all the scandalous things about his scandalous family, about his petty tyranny and wild vicissitudes. Alena didn’t see Bestuzheva in her mind, so I’m sure to say the right and knowing everything in advance, to become the king of Russian diplomacy. Bestuzhev shone on the spotlight, boos of additional information, miraculously climbed into the European politics, buv patriot, abo, as they said, "the true blue of Vichizni."

That yak courtier is not afraid of pardons, having become loyal to the sovereign, not trusting anyone, not loving anyone, thoroughly with his mastery of intrigue. On the bagatokh dignitaries and foreign diplomats in the terry, they took the doss, kudi having folded notes about the crimes, the collection of the overloaded sheets. Nicholas before, among the courtiers of the war, they did not so widely vikorystvuyutsya spyguny and perlustration of diplomatic correspondence. Bestuzhev Buv as a mayor of the center of labor. Before decrypting the lists of diplomats, connect to the Academy of Sciences. Tsimi papyrtsy, who were immediately given to the sovereign, and they called out a terrible grudge, Bestuzhev called out a few of his most insecure enemies. The Chancellor so pushed himself through his phenomenal health to intrigue, but because of the miraculous knowledge of the sovereign. Win thoroughly touched the blow, relish, likening the vices of the Elizaveta. One of the fellows wrote that Bestuzhev rocked the Empress as a science. So i bulo. Zgodom vіn became a prominent "Alizaventoznavtsom". The Chancellor has definitely made an appointment, if it is necessary to go to the Empress for additional information, but if it is more beautiful to go. Knowing how to secure respect for the light-hearted Alizaveti, how the details of the tsikavi, how it is inconceivable to put an idea on the head, and then to develop it, so the state woman respected her own thought powerfully. All at once astonishingly, for the inviting, ostentatious, lightheartedness of Alizaveti, as she was deceiving the bagatokh, the specialness of adolescence, distrustful, frankly glorious, ale and proud of all the glory of that great honor, what a lot of luck, dear daughter Only so you can know the way to your heart and reach your own.

Our accomplices said that Bestuzhev was brave from the foreign diplomats of the Khabari - on the right, that was the best. Ale at Bestuzhev, he has a simple secret - not brave the habary of the warriors (the French and the Prussians), but having lost the friends of Russia (the Austrian and the English), thanks to the French against the Anglican Union. Why can't the minds of the tsikh і not profit for the rakhunok allies? Do you think that it’s close to Russia because it’s just about “gifts”, because it’s right to give Bestuzhev, and not because of the patriotism and bazhanni of the daughter of Peter the Great in the world of greatness to Russia?

However, yak often buvaє, shahrai is early enough to trample on its own twists. Got caught and Bestuzhev - not on swag, but on turbots about maybut! On the right, in that, until the end of the 1750s, Empress Yulizaveta Petrivna was sick all the time. On the throne of the mav to enter її spadkoєmets, Grand Duke Petro Fedorovich. Win a shanuvalnik of Fridrikh II, and again - the fierce enemy of Bestuzhev, a kind of rich rock in a clearly anti-Prussian policy. As for my chancellor, I think about those who will continue to live their rule by not allowing Peter III to come to the Russian throne. Winning was intrigued by Peter's squad, Katerina Oleksiyivnya, about the death of Alizaveti to bring Katerina to power, and by himself with the first minister. Ale the old intrigan prorahuvsya! Zmov was criticized, and Bestuzhev was harassed.

Bestuzhev buv want and old, but all the foxes. I saw some need for a long time ago and readily appreciated the leaves that were not safe for themselves. And without the porches, as I see it, I can do the right "sewing", but even more importantly. One of those present at the right of the Chancellor wrote to a friend: "Bestuzhov have resisted, but now they have made a mistake, they have resisted for that." The results of cases have been overwhelmed with facts that are not supported by the facts. Nevertheless, Bestuzhev was condemned to the point of death, and he was substituted for the posilannyas near a distant village. When Katerini II came to power in 1762, Bestuzhev was turned over to all ranks, orders, given a pension, was named "the first imperial radnik", and the Empress gave him the rank of field marshal. Yak, having written one foreign diplomat, one of the courtiers received a bachiv, like the old Bestuzhev “for the wine” he did not admit to the Empress, but he was persistently speaking, he wanted to say and say ... Shana the great, new people are running on the right, a new generation has come, and Katerina is hearing, and not the old fox ...

The king will be overbearing, superbly human. Perfectly illuminated, intelligent, frustrated that gostry for mov, vin buv vidomy yak a subtle sign of literature and philosophy. Fridrikh comrade with Voltaire and throughout Europe became known as an atheist, "a philosopher of Sanssouci" (the so-called Zamysky palace near Potsdam near Berlin). Gliboka love to philosophy, patience with Fridrikh otnuvalas true Prussian soldiering, love to drill, military adventure. Vin Buv was a general commander, a keen strategist and tactician. The managers of the non-standard design, the building of the keruvats, the knowledge of the subtleties of the times, Fridrikh had a lot of good fortune on the battlefields. At the same time, about those Fridrikh II, became famous as an absolutely unprincipled politician who is ready, for the sake of his interests, to destroy the word of the written agreements. Yogo hypocrisy, surrender, obscenity and cynicism bully see everything. Win, please ask the sovereign to do it yourself, if you need help, and lead the way, but the lawyers are good at justifying the aggression. So it was the fault and the infliction of the breast in 1740, if it invaded and recouped the provinces of Austria Silesia. Respect Silezka vіyna, then they laid the world away, as Fridrikh mayzhe once destroyed and once again attacked Austria.

Alizaveta, from the trivial one, sped on the steps of Nimechchin. The empowerment of Prussia befitting St. Petersburg - for Russia, Nimechchin doesn’t need a strong supernick, claiming to be the supremacy of the middle German powers. Moreover, Fridrikh II himself will not be added to Alizaveta Petrovna as a specialty. Vona fenced off to navit zgaduvati in the presence of the im 'nahab and atheist. To that, all the children of the Prussian king looked like a sorcerer. The anti-Prussian attitudes of the empress were adopted by Chancellor A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, the head of the political administration.

The Prussian king Fridrikh II was led by Russia with great protection. Winning fear of the power of the Russian army, and failing to fend for the power of the Russian courtyard. To protect the establishment of the Russian-Austrian union in 1746, the rock, tim shonaimshe, the Prussian did not take part to participate. Tsey Union of Buvs of straightening against Prussia. Continued and closer relations with Russia with the first adversary of Prussia and France - England. In 1748 the Russian corps of Prince V.A. So it was trivial until 1756 to rock, since it was unsuitable for bagatykh to see the change of political decorations. Great fate of England, as it fought against France in America, laid down a treaty against Prussia. Tim himself came to the Russian-English friends of the hundred-sessons who had come to the end - in the same block with Fridrikh, Alizaveta did not want to rebuild. At the end of the hour, Austria, fighting with the power of Prussia, went to close with her old friend, France. Smells signed the Versailles Treaty. Marya-Terezia asked Alizaveta to come to the new rule of the offensive alliance in Austria. Russia was tense. On the right, in the fact that Russia and Austria were united in principle, it was important for her to be of great interest in Poland and at the time - against Turechchina, and she didn’t want them to be risky. The Russian side asked all the help to help the Austrians in the fight against their adversary. Hto їm buv - good luck bulo doesn’t matter. Fridrikh respectfully spared the diplomatic negotiations of the Russian and Austrian people and didn’t take the risk of taking on an adventure - to defeat Austria, the docks of the Allies didn’t look up to help. At the serpentine in 1756, he attacked the ally of Austria and Russia, Saxony. Austria, and then and on the 1st spring of 1756 Russia, made Prussians bare. The thirteen peaceful period of the Russian history has ended, Russia has entered before the Cherkovo era.

The XVIII century in Russia went three quarters "zhynochim". The chotiri empresses ruled the land for small hours, but they have forgotten the last slid of history. Behind the women’s backs, political righteousness was carried out by the men, who did not seem to mind, but they didn’t know how to set the course of the state in a straightforward manner.

Oleksiy Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Chancellor of the Russian Empire under the Empress Alizaveti Petrivny With a hand of a dozen rockies in the political life of Russia, I was in a head-spinning persona, as well as letting in the necessary people and changing the way of the opponents. On the vidminu of the bagatokh іnh people, passed on to the owner of the Olimp imperii, and then the collapse, Bestuzhev-Ryumin ended his days not in prison, not on the square, but in pohany.

Maybutny Chancellor was born on 22 May (1 worm) 1693 to the fate of Moscow's family of dignitaries Petra Bestuzheva... The ancient birth of the Bestuzhovs was reigned by the reign of the Russian sovereigns. In 1701, Peter the Great gave his will to those who Petro Bestuzhev and every one of them wore the nickname Bestuzhev-Ryumini.

Batko Oleksiya Bestuzheva became a voivod in Simbirsk, having traveled with diplomatic missions to Europe, and in 1712 he was appointed chief of staff to the Duchess of Courland. Hannі Іoannіvnі for the control and management of the right.

In 1708 rotsi 15-born Oleksiy Bestuzhev-Rumin and 20-born brother Mikhailo on the orders Peter I the middle of the young Russian noblemen were sent to navchannya beyond the cordon, to Copenhagen, and then to Berlin. Mikhailo Bestuzhev-Rumin has always had his life in diplomatic work, presenting the interests of Russia as an ambassador at Berlin, Warsaw, and Visiting Paris.

Kar'orni turn the family Bestuzhovykh

Oleksiy Bestuzhev-Rumin after the end of the day with the permission of Peter I joining the service Elector Georg of Hanover, how to start yogo to the camera-junkers. For this, he was the Elector of Hanover to the English throne under the name of George I, Bestuzhev was sent to him as a special messenger to Russia. Itself in that period, Oleksiy Bestuzhev made a lot of connections with England, which were then integrated into the current political course of Russia.

Three years later, Bestuzhev was called from the English service in Russia, having made the appointment of the chief-camera-junker to the Courland Annie Ioanivnya, who was the widow of the duchess, and then a diplomat in the Russian embassy in Dania.

Kar'ara Bestuzheva, stretching out a few rocky stupid houses, unaware of those who, in 1730, became the Russian Empress Hanna Ioanivna, who got to serve and Oleksiy Bestuzhev, and his god.

In addition, Bestuzhev Sr.'s day with the Empress Bully is not easy. Hanna Ioanivna at one o'clock skarzhilis to St. Petersburg on those signs of the keruvats on the right, Petro Bestuzhev is busy with the stolen goods. Zvinuvachennya tsi brought boules, ale sieges, how to call yourself, having lost. Z tsaruvannya Hanni Ioanivni Peter Bestuzhev having taken away the post of governor of Nizhny Novgorod, as having taken over for himself a low one. The dissatisfaction of Bestuzhev went to the empress, and in the direction of the dispatch to the village.

Coup - v'yaznitsya - coup

Oleksiy Bestuzhev at the mid-1730s rocky zoom to seek the subtlety of the favorite Anni Ioanivny Birona... In 1740, the 47-year-old Oleksiy Bestuzhev, after the fourth century of diplomatic robots, will deny the title of the operative local police officer behind the cordon with a mandate to return to St. Petersburg to be present in the cabinet of ministries.

Byron, after the death of Annie Ioanivny, having become regent under the small emperor Ioannie Antonovich, rozrakhovuvav Vikoristovuvati Bestuzhev from fighting with his political opponents, he did not stand up. The regent was knocked down before the coup d'etat by Field Marshal Minikh, it was arrested and given to the court. Having suffered and Bestuzhev, he got involved in the Shlisselburzka fortress.

It was good, kar'ara, but mozhlvo, and life is over. If Oleksiy Petrovich Bestuzhev was aware of it, then it’s worth keeping the spirit in the most simple situation. Many proofs of their guilt could not be known, the people themselves could not repent of anything. And then a new coup d'état gave instructions, which sent to the throne daughter of Peter the Great, Yulizaveta Petrivna... Bestuzhev, as a victim of the kolishny regime, having rehabilitated that turned to the state's service.

On the heights of power

At the onset of fate, Bestuzhev compensated for all the foregone downfall, becoming a member of the vice chancellor and count of the Russian Empire, and then a senator and, nareshti, 1744 took over the fate of the great chancellor.

Oleksiy Petrovich Bestuzhev became a superstitiously difficult person. Vin, having led his knowledge of the bagatma, ale ni with kim not being friendly in a fair way. Yogo privity to quiet people explained by the political assistant of the flowing moment. The allies of the courtiers were struggling because of the lightness of the defense. The Chancellor was mindful of picking up incriminating evidence on the opponents, overlooking the list and imperatively rejecting the view at the moment.

Bestuzhev thoroughly vivifies the relish, similitude, cries and psychological specialties of the empress. I am not aware of the additional information, if it is possible to fix the necessary solution. Bestuzhev mav tsіliy arsenal received, letting the brutal respect for Alizaveti for food, which the Chancellor needs, and for leaving in tіnі іnshi.

The head weakness of Bestuzhev had an addiction to alcohol, a little bit mintly vipyvshi in advance, vіn buv vrance to іmperatritsa s additional in a normal camp. The unique praise of the Chancellor was recognized by his haters.

The majestic admission of the diplomat, allowing Bestuzhev to take care of the callous policy of Russia, was based on the allies' communication with Austria and England. At the same time, the Chancellor was able to furnish the right so that the Austrian and English diplomats paid him a great sum of pennies;

A snake on Katerini's corish

Semirichna vіyna, which vibrated in Europe, thwarted all the great political deals in Europe, transformed England into the camp of opponents in Russia, and France - into the camp of the ally, the protest of Bestuv in the whole period of the problems of internal problems.

The empress was healthy, and in 1757 a little bit of ailment nadovgo beckoned to lizaveta until her feet. Slump to the throne Petro Fedorovich, a hot shanuvalnik of the Prussian king Friedrich fiercely hated Bestuzhev, and the chancellor paid him with this coin. Whilst, on the right, there was not only an especial dislike - Bestuzhev was filled with enthusiasm, but Pyotr Fedorovich's addictions would lead to a change in the political course, as it would be disastrous for Russia.

Bestuzhev having conceived a coup d'etat with the mark of Peter's usunion against the reproach of yogo sin Paul and friends Katerini... I’ve written a leaf to Field Marshal General Stepan Apraksin to turn the Russian army against the Prussians. On tsі vіyska Bestuzhev mav namir creep into his thoughts.

Alena Raptovo Empress Yulizaveta went to the correction. About Bestuzhev's thoughts it became clear, and in the fierce 1758 years there were issues.

The Chancellor stood up to the majority of the compromising papiers, they did not hide the protest.

It was not only the blame for the imprisonment, the count's honors, the ranks and the sign, but the convictions before the stratum. In the result, of course, the deaths were substituted for the best. For the whole sense, it was spared more, not for Field Marshal Apraksin, who died in the Chancellery of the Raptovo.

Honorable pensioner

After the death of Alizaveti Petrivna in 1761 and the accession of Peter III, Bestuzhev's predictions about the change of Russian politics were true. The Colossal Chancellor, who is alive at his own wrist, Goretovo on the Mozhaisk, has never been in the middle. Worse than that, be it a new emperor would guess about an old foe and make rakhunks with him.

Ale Bestuzhev was spared. For a coup d'etat in chervnya 1762 to the throne went down Empress Katerina, scho was seen to Bestuzhev well. She was disgraced, moreover, the special decree was given to the special decree about Bestuzhev's innocence, the rank and order were turned, more, the name of the field marshal general was brought to the chief chancellor.

The axis is just a kolishniy political injection to Bestuzhev without turning. At Katerini's, the chancellor's vyachnoy for the attendance, as soon as I nodded, there were some friends and radniks.

Zoosuyvshi tse, win pishov at the delivery. In 1763 Bestuzhev published the book "Vtіkha of the Christian in the wretchedness, for Vіrshi, obranі from the Holy Letter", which later was also seen in French, German, and Swedish.

Empress Elizaveta Petrivna. Її enemies and favorites Sorotokina Nina Matviyivna

Bestuzhev and Katerina

Bestuzhev and Katerina

As a move earlier, Bestuzhev nominated the named princess Marianna of Saxony, Petr Fedorovich. From a political look, the tse buv is more visible for Russia, shlyub, ale Elizaveta shattered her vibir. Pislya appeared at the Russian court of the Duchess of Anhalt-Zerbst with her daughter Bestuzhev repeatedly showing up her dissatisfaction. Father named after being in service with Fridrikh II, mother of the same Fridrikh “on the sidelines”. And why should you check out your daughters, if you are old enough?

On Katerina Bestuzhev having honored the same filthy enemy. In the "Notes", you write: "The Russian courtyard will be divided into two large parties. On the first day, she resigned from the beginning of her fall, the former Chancellor Bestuzhev, Count Bestuzhev-Ryumin; They were impertinently more afraid of him, less loved; tse buv overpowering passivit, adolescent, firm and fearless, after his overconditions to reach the same possessions, an implacable thief, altogether a friend of his friends, who have been deprived of them, if the stinks have turned their backs on their own, often unpleasant.

The wedding of Petr Fedorovich and Katerini was seen at the serpentine in 1745 to the rock. Bestuzhev herself realized that the mother of the Grand Duchess, the Duchess Johann Bula, was vislana from Russia, and the young Grand Duke's friend was given a "sposter". For the first time, on May 10, 1746, the "Instructions" were put together, showing the behavior of the young court. Postage to the folding of instructions, serving as a vipadok, which is called, oversized. Petro Fedorovich ruled the theater of marionettes near his room and asked for the same guests. One of the doors of the room, which closed the room with the emperor’s rooms, was hammered in. Get ready for the day, the Grand Duke feel the voices and smiles as they moonlit in the room of Alizaveti. “With an easy life”, he picked up Teslyar's instrument, scrolled the little girls at the clogged doors, and kicked the little bitch Yulizaveta easily, in a home-like way, having a supper with the favorite Razumovskiy, who was wearing a dressing gown. The Grand Duke's eyes fell asleep, and he asked his guests to share their food with a tsikavim species. Rozumna Kateryna was looking into the little darlings, and all the bully's were in captivity. Surely, the history has gone to the top of the empress. Vona was in the tale and guessed an overgrown decline, so that the reign of Peter the Great was broken from the restless blue of the reigns of Peter I. The Grand Duke and thus rejected the masu narikan. Winning the occasion "without a dignity", taking up the childishness, so that from the grave drowning from the soldiers, making friends with people of low rank, the igers and the Holstein soldiers. At the show, Bestuzhev, having stood over the Grand Duke as an opiku, everything was written out point by point. The axis of the showcase is from the text: їhnya visibility is not guilty of "showing nothing funny, caught and dead in words and mines." And in the church of Petro, he himself, "showing", pererazhnyuchi is not deprived of the old kulgavi and the іnshi parafіyan, ale the priest himself. Robivin the wall of the wall is meysterno, but it is impossible to get it into the smith.

Ale the main addressee of "Instructions" is Bestuzhev Bula, you know, Katerina. The Empress marveled at Pyotr Fedorovich, yak at an incompetent, bad boy, to get better and better, and the Grand Duchess was so good at her mind, she’s clever not for her rock, but she’s called nasty - she didn’t look at her head, she didn’t cause a fall. tsy drive of the attachment.

Bestuzhev, presenting lizaveta with instructions for the "noble lady", I can put it to the Grand Duchess, but sponuchay I will remain respectful to my friendships, taking in the growth of the great-princely friend. “The Grand Duchess will try to be stubbornly stagnant, not before, with the tastes of the cholovik, who will serve as a service, receive, consummate, stick with a stick at the time of consumption, live, nareshti, all of your own, as many as you can. ". Pani Chaglakov, niece of the Empress, was appointed to the settlement of the "noble lady"; Piznish in the role of guessing becoming a member of the family.

Another point, "Instructions", is not less educated for Katerini - the fault of morality. Behind her, there was a trace of innocent quilts and a backing of the priest to court cavaliers, pageants and lackeys. The third point of the instruction for the fence in Kateryna is to get involved with the "local government and Holstein rule of law." They hardened the leaves from the mother. Vona Bula was honed by Bestuzhev's spiguns. The people who are educated and mindful have nominated Katerini's sister to Chancellor Bestuzhov.

May 20, 1754 to fate, Katerina gave birth to a downgraded decline - Paul. At that hour, Pyotr Fedorovich and Katerini were gone. Kozhen mav his life. The Grand Duke, having started a kokhanok, “one for the worst,” as Katerina used to say. The podvir'ya judged that the great prince would be the father of Pavel, and the kokhaniy Katerini Sergiy Saltikov. The Empress took the child back to herself - she belonged to the state. Mother could bachiti Paul without the permission of the sovereign.

Popri ochikuvannya Alizaveti, the Grand Duke did not "correct". The character of him does not change, the characters are the same. Moreover, it’s not enough for a rosum, then it’s a glass to marvel at. For the people and vikhovannya vіn Buv Holstein, Duke of the Krikhіt principality. Russia, majestic and immodest, not loving wine, and girko narikav, who was imposed on you by becoming a ruler. Alet tse retired food is not residual virіshene. Katerina knew that we were going to make Russia the one whom the Empress herself would designate. And from the people of Paul, who to rob. And what about the death of the Empress and the Mistse, Katerini? Vona rozumila, scho can make calls at the courtyard. In that hour, the Chancellor and the Grand Duchess, with all their crocs, straightened out one to one.

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Bestuzhev-Ryumin Oleksiy Petrovich (22 May (1 worm) 1693, Moscow - 10 (21 April) 1766) - Russian sovereign person and diplomat, count (1742), Field Marshal (1762); Cabinet-Ministr (1740-1741), Chancellor (1744-1758), first at the Senate (from 1762); brother of M.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumina. Oleksiy Bestuzhev-Ryumin was born in the family of a noble nobleman Pyotr Mikhailovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (1664-1742) and Evdokii Ivanovni Taltsinoi, daughter of the Petrovsky admiral. Winning inspiration behind the cordon, at Copenhagen and Berlin (1708-1712), taking part in the preparation of the Utrecht world (1713).

With the permission of Peter I the Great, Bestuzhev-Rumin nadiyeshov to serve up to the Hanoverian Elector, who in 1714 became the British King George I. In 1717, Bestuzhev-Rumin was called to the Russian service of the Dwellers to the Heroes of the Kingdom Annie. Piznish, Oleksiy Petrovich, seated the diplomatic representative of Russia at Dania (1720-1730), at Gamburza (1731-1734), the Russian ambassador at Dania (1734-1740). In 1740, they were responsible for the special development of E. Biron, who was known in Courland, and he took the rank of the dyysnogo village radnik and posad of the cabinet minister (1740). The song of death of Hanny Ivan Bestuzhev-Rumin took the voices of Biron as regent. The song of Oleksiy Petrovich's "minor coup" was sounded by the suspension with Biron, planted in the Shlisselburzka fortress, condemned to death

Bestuzhev-Ryumin led the convergence to the throne of the Empress Alizaveti Petrivna and the patron saint of his friend Lestok, having been appointed vice chancellor, senator, chief director of the post; awarded with the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. In 1744 he became chancellor. Until 1758 Bestuzhev-Rumin, having begun the call of the policy of Russia, praised the union with Great Britain, the Netherlands and Austria against Prussia, France and Turechchini. In 1742, there were 1742 wines in the union of Russia with Great Britain, and in 1746 there were agreements with the Viennese courtyard. Bestuzhev-Ryumin has a vicorist koshty, won from the English district as a "pension". For the help of his brother, the Chancellor went into a successful podolati low іntrig, at the same time sacrificing friendship with Lestok.

Pislya Viyni for the Austrian recession, the political situation in Europe has changed: Great Britain defeated the union from Prussia, and France began to swindle Russia until closer to nearer, which superseded Bestuzhev-Ryumin's addictions. In 1756, a conference was established at the best courtyard, a member of which has become a member of Bestuzhev-Rumin Bula. At the birch tree in 1756 Russia entered before the Semirichnoy War. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, having helped the recessionary Pyotr Fedorovich to be sick to Fridrikh II the Great, sklav the project, as a decline to the throne, voted Pavlo Petrovich when he saw his mother Katerina Oleksiyivnya. In 1757, the Empress Yulizaveta was seriously ill, and Bestuzhev-Ryumin was instructed by the head commander of the Russian army S.F. Apraksin will turn to Russia, which will be the stolen chamberlain of Pyotr Fedorovich and the performances of the Empress Pislya and Ouzhannya.

In the fierce 1758 Bestuzhev-Ryumin, he had been resisted and condemned by a comic to death, Yaku lizaveta was replaced by the authorities in the Moscow suburb Gorstovo. Pislya descent to the throne of Katerini II the Great Bestuzhev-Rumin buv vypravdaniy, yomu boules turned ranks, orders, nominated the rank of field marshal general (1763). Vin entered before the number of the closest radniks of Katerini, but not actively gravitated. Lyudina talanovita is friendly and funny, she is well-educated, Bestuzhev-Ryumin has been wishing for natural sciences, zokrema, sklav likarskiy for “bestuzhevski krapli”, which is the name of Alizaveta Petrivna. Being one of the first Russian chemists, Bestuzhev-Rumin was the first to spur light-yellow reactions.