In the 30s of the 13th century, the lands of old Russia were left to die under the onslaught of hordes of nomads. "Evil Tatars" came to the word'yansk lands on choli with khan Batiyem, having flooded the lands and villages, fields, overgrown with weeds, unprotected gratings of people who fought for their freedom. The princes of the Russian lands provided for the heaps of insecurity, but they were smart to unite their forces and they were smashed one by one.

At this time, the word "Baskak" appears in my Russian language. The meaning of the history of this term is propagated by this article.

Mongolian government

The Mongol Khanate did not practice the absolute occupation of landfilled lands. Natomist stink gave a yarlik to the princely conquered and loyal slovak rulers. Only this letter of decree gave the right to volodinnya and administration of this other territory. For the first hundred years, one from the princes is born - neither majestic, nor great, not having the right to princedom without a yarlik. For the change of the khan, the prince would be embarrassed to feed the yarlik again.

Mustache superechki mizh mystsevymi inhabitants virishuvav court of the road, set by the khan on the Russian land. Daroga is a representative of the numerical khan's power, the upper keruchiy under the root land. At the roads, they immediately blocked the fire - that was the name of the chancellery for the selection of tribute and the management of internal affairs of the indigenous territory. There were punishments and punishments of the khan and all control over vikonannyam yogo decrees. So that the guilds delivered punishments without interruption, the prototypes of the post offices were created, about the pits. Krіm utrimannya horses, yamsk police officers were punished to control the plots of the roads and oversee the crossings of the passers-by.

Warehouse data

Behind the khan's chancellery was founded the settlement of a special financial supporter. Baskak is a person in Ancient Russia, who borrows such a plantation and collects taxes from a singed land of squalid land. The meaning of this term in Russian means "prignichuvach", "pritiskuvach". Baskak is the mitar of Ancient Russia, the tax collector, who was accompanied by impersonal officials, who formed his retinue. The first їх obov'yazkom buv census of u sіkh cholovіkіv, starting from decimal vіku.

After which it was announced that taxes were imposed on the skin legal person. My Tatar tax - tse yasak. The Tatar word chotiri century has entered the lexicon of the Russian population. Baskak is the tax collector of taxes from us rіllіv i lisіv, ribal lakes and stavkіv, digging and gardens. The only zvіlnenim in the form of taxes in the camp were the clergy.

See danini in Russia

Yasak, which is imposed on the Russian lands, great boon, and it was hard to cry. The Crimean tithe tributes, as if they were crying out for all the incomes, won by the state, it was like a faceless little danin, like a heavy loader they lashed out at the Russian people. An additional yasak was imposed on promisel or specialty, it was also necessary for the security of the Khan's gents, as they made a link between the Golden Ordinary ulus and rooted Russia. Danina, who is getting out of trading operations, saw a lot of taxes, which took the name tamga. So zbirannyam also taking up Baskak. This word gave rise to the Russian term "mittnitsa". The solemn name of all taxes is "Tsar's Danina" or "Order's Day".

Instead of the khan's officials, who were constantly gifted with various gifts, they were obov'yazkovim. Baskak is a sign of the loyalty of the indigenous people to the conquerors. As a Khan official їhav from the Russian lands unsatisfied, a terrible punishment was minted on the territory. Organizing a death camp for a raid on the land, after which the places of that village were ruined, and the inhabitants were killed and led to slavery.

How to get yasak?

Danina was chosen either by the observer herself, or by honor. Under the hour of picking up yasak, an important punishment for the Mongolian people was paid. The corrals of the rebellious ordinances accompanied the Basque everywhere, and from the first command, they were ready to shoot, rub and trample on the disobedient and dissatisfied. The electors did not give anyone the desired star, and they constantly slandered them with their overtures, robbing the people to the skin.

Ryatuyuchis in the utiskiv, the people hovavsya in swamps and fox huts. Quiet, whom they knew, they could be locked up for death, select the children of chi squads, and drive themselves into slavery. Baskak himself stitched for the vineyards. Tse showing humiliation is not enough to root out the idea of ​​rebellion and rebellion against the invaders.

Bukhara merchants

Nadali the right to take danina from the squalid lands could be transferred to the special orders of the Khan, Orda merchants and merchants. For the right to take danina, Asian merchants and merchants paid a ransom to the khan, after which they came to Russia from the abandoned pens of their servants, and they took yasak already to their gut. Zvichayno, for the Russians, the tyagars were overwhelmed with a lot.

Transferring the meaning of a word

Russian literature on the cob of the 20th century still got used to the term "Baskak". The purpose is for a rude, zhorstokoy and greedy person. In this hour, the word has practically gone out of circulation and in modern Russian language it is not victorious.

S. A. Maslova

BASKACH ORGANIZATION IN RUSSIA: HOUR OF INSTITUTION AND FUNCTION

At the 13th century the territory of Rus was stooped under the rule of the Mongol conquerors. Russia recognized the fallow land of the Khans of the Golden Ordi and was embarrassed to accept Mongolian officials on their lands. The Baskaks occupied a special place among that number.

The first to try to give an assessment to the Basque Institute N. M. Karamzin. Vcheny naming Baskakiv "tyrants, and then slavish friends of our Vlasniks"; the stench “representing the guise of a khan in Russia, they fought what they wanted” 1 . More streamlined positions to reach S. M. Solovyov:“Through the distance of the Baskaki, the numerals and the darlings of the princes, the princes were called by the Tatar inflow to their internal orders; ale and at the hour of the presence of the Baskaks, we can imagine letting in a great influx of them from the internal administration, more than the least traces of such an influx " 2 . His glance at the settlement of the Baskak, uttering I. M. Berezin: "The Baskaks were sent from the Ordi to the root of the land for the resurrection of the people and the collection of taxes" 3 .

In the historiography of the Radyansk period, A. N. Nasonov gave a warm characterization of the Baskaks, who hung the thesis about the foundation in Russia of the Mongolian and political organization in Russia. Її the appearance of the teachings pov'yazuє z the Tatar census, fixed by the chronicles pіd 1257 r. Tsei census was carried out by numbers. With the exit of numerals in Russia, special corrals for the mass population were formed. The command warehouse of tsikh zagoniv - foremen, centurions, thousanders, temniks - was formed from the Mongols. The moldings were at the order of the Baskakivs. Baskaks, for the appointment of the doslidnik, "Mongolian commanders, as they commanded the corrals recruited from the population of the conquered land" 4 . A direct message about the reasons for such penances of beliefs in vvazh litopisne about Kursk baskaku Akhmat 5 . According to Nasonov, traces of the Baskat pens were saved in the names of Russian villages, similar to the word "Baskak". The number of such names is significant in Central Russia 6 . Yak vvazhav Nasonov, "Baska pens were placed in Murom, Ryazan and Suzdal lands" 7. Behind the literary riddles, the Baskaks tried the Basques of various princedoms, but they told about those, how many of them were bulo, and vkazivki on specific places of that princedom, they sat, they did not save themselves 8. The functions of Baskakiv Nasonov are known as viyskovsky: “Because of their meaning, the Basque corrals replaced, in fact, the Mongolian warriors. You can guess that the main language of the Baskakiv was the internal security service. stink mali “trimati at the subjugation” of the root of the population” nine . Cream of that “The Baskaks are the closest to the collection of taxes. There are no suggestions, however, that their permanent obligations included the selection of taxes " ten . To Nasonov’s thought, let’s admit that the footwear of the Baskakiv was not so in the collection of danini, as in the pickers of the selectors, especially if the military strength was involved 11. Signs of Basque penances evoke an hour of turmoil in the Horde for example XIII century. if “Maybe, the deacons changed in the organization of the operation of the Russian Pivnichny Gathering” 12 . A. N. Nasonov intervenes to state the fact - after the death of Mengu-Timur in 1280-1282. there are no reports about the presence of the Baskaks in the Tver, Moscow and Pereyaslav princedoms. Natomist is a chronicle about the presence on the cob of the XIV century. baskakiv at the Rostov princedom 13 .

A. A. Semenov propagated his interpretation of the confession of the Basque organization: the word "baskak" “Infinitely, may the significance of bury, fence, zahist. Baskaki - Mongolski Opіkuni Emiriv, on the overthrow of the Yaki lay the troubleship for the wrappers of peaceful life that is for the correct function of the functions ... The Mongolian village of Baskak Bulu is a bunch of rags. local population" fourteen . In the same way, the protector of the local population in the wickedness is not only the Mongols, but to instill their own sovereign lords, on the thought of a vcheno, the Baska speaks in Russia: “Amragan, being a great Basque to the Grand Duke of Volodymyrsky ... he was there the most important representative of the Mongol Khan, who followed the actions of the Grand Duke, so that not only did not go to school with the Mongol rule, but we would go to school with God, and before that well, if the khan gave yakіs pіlgi to that other Russian camp, then the Baskaks were guilty of not only following him, so that the Tatars did not destroy them, but yogo vasali, Russian princes", moreover, "the Baskaks took the fate of the call of the princely political princes , pіdtremuyuchi їх sensible ії, scho khilili before the world that advent of new lands " fifteen . Semenov Vyzha, Sho Rosіyska Za region “Baskak” “Naydotsіlnishe Bulo B, transmit to the termin“ Khany Namisnik ”by that of the princes of the general prosecutor, he was inhabited by his gear of his own outbuilding . Collection of danini from the direct bindings of the Baskaki without entering 17 . Navpaki, the stinks were the chiefs of officials, they took danina for the greed of the khan, - “danishchiv” and “mitnikiv” 18.

Have 1937 r. The work of B. D. Grekov and A. Yu. Yakubovsky "Golden Horde" was published. After a significant addition, that addition, 1950 it was another sight - “The Golden Horde and that її fall”, which is made up of three parts. Two of them are dedicated to the history of the Golden Horde and written by A. Yu. Yakubovsky, one - to the history of Russia and to be written by B. D. Grekov. In this part, the problems of the Mongolian rule in Russia are discussed. I repeat Nasonov's theses in my visnovkas to the Greek Basque Institute. The Russian lands, following the orders of B. D. Grekov, did not go straight to the warehouse of the Golden Ordi, and the khans looked like they were politically autonomous, but they still had to pay their tribute to them 19. Censuses were carried out to collect danini. For the first census, about Yaky "We may be deaf vіdomosti", and the collection of danina Baty sent Baskakіv. A new census was carried out in 1257. under khani Berke, what an honor for whom even special numerals 20 . Grekov, under the supervision of Nasonov, having taken into account that the Baskaks were vinified in Russia before the census of 1257. On the right, the census and the selection of danini were taken, and then we began to count the numbers. In the coming literary stories, the stench itself is guessing at the meeting with the collection of tribute 21 . The Baskak Greeks call control over the Russian princes an uninterrupted function: “The planting of stils in the name of the Khan, the princes became at once under the control of the Khan’s power. It was not only the great princes, but the other princes that were worthy. The Baskaks controlled them”22. Asking for a chronicle, Grekov spoke about the presence of Baskaks in various Russian princedoms 23 . Zniknennya baskakіv teachings pov'yazuvav zі zmіnoyu zmіnoyu order zbora danini and vіdnosiv until the first half of the XIV century.., if "The selection of the Tatar tributary relies on the Russian princes for the validity of the Grand Duke" 24 .

A. Yu. Yakubovsky called the Baskaks, the order of darugs, the highest rank of the Golden Horde, meaning: “Maybe, the term “Baskak” was not used by the Golden Horde itself, and the officials from this function were called the Mongolian word “daruga”. In some lands there were insulting terms. So, in the thought of a vchenogo, it was also in Russia, which yelled at the yarliks ​​of the Russian metropolitans. The term "daruga" was used by a significant chief over the mustache to the treasury. In the same date, the gifts stood up to the ruler of the nearby region, the vkazіvok was not saved, "You need to think about what stinks they were under order, if you want, maybe, not in a good way" 25 . Vcheny vvazhє, scho “Obviously, in some lonely years, the functions of the daruga were transferred to the ruler of the region himself, the prote and the rest of the official from the rank of daruga. The term “daruga” was reported as to the great chief of duties, to the yogi assistant. At the same time, Yakubovsky again takes the point of A. N. Nasonov’s dawn about the Baskaks in Russia as military leaders, who were trembling in the subjugation of the root of the population, and make clarifications: “Obviously, the Baskaks were less likely to be military leaders in Russia, and the function of collecting tribute was not included in their footwear” 26 .

A special article by A. A. Zimina was assigned to the Baskatsk organization 27 . The doctrine examines one aspect of the themes - the liquidation of baskats in Pivnichno-Skhidniy Rus. Own vysnovki Zіmin ґruntuєtsya on vіdomosti Volokolamsk patericon, folded on the cob of the XVI century. nephew of Josip Volotsky Dosifei Toporkov. The liquidation of the Basque system in Russia was caused by the popular revolutions of the 20s of the XIV century. against the Tatar-Mongolian yoke. Although the stench was not the main reason for the liquidation of the Basque, but “played its progressive role: in the current turn, as can be judged from the rise of Paphnutius, in Pivnichno-Skhidniy Rus, the Basque was liquidated... Danina was taken and sent to the Horde by the Russian princes themselves”28. Peculiarities of that recognition of the basque system, according to Zimin, "detailed Nasonov" 29 .

With A. N. Nasonov’s visnovki, M. G. Safargaliyev waited: “At the time of the reign of Khan Berke, to lay down, in a first way, a census (1257-1259) of the entire taxable population in Russia and other uluses, in another way, establishing a permanent military-political organization of the Mongols in the skin under the order of the Mongols, the ulus in the name of dozens, hundreds thousand and temniki" thirty . The stench appeared at the support of the Baskaks as an internal sovereign defense in Russia and other uluses, and the Baskaks themselves in Russia appeared earlier - behind Baty 31 .

With criticism of Nasonov's position about the foundation of the military-political Basque organization and tenants, centurions, thousanders and temniks, V. V. Kargalov spoke as a special command warehouse. Vіn specify: “There are no riddles for the fact that the stench came at once from the numeralists and were Tatars, there are no signs that they came into contact with the command warehouse of any kind of military formations” 32 . We can see that the confession of Baskakiv is related to the census. When tsimu vin asks for dzherel vkazіvki at the dark Mongolian hour as a tribute 33 . The criticism and interpretation of Nasonov's rozpovidi about the Kursk of the Baskak Akhmat was given. “Akhmatova slobodi” is presented to U. U. Kargalov not as places of parking of the abandoned Baskat pens, but as trade and craft settlements, where the population of the Baskak defenders gathered. Above those, the creations of "Akhmatova Sloboda" were boules, pevne, violating the highest norms 34 . The toponymy of the Russian settlements, like the word "Baskak" Kargalov, comes from the landowners of the Mongol feudal lords in Russia, and not from the places of roztashuvannya Baskat pens 35 . Zaperechyuyuchi іsnuvannya baskatskih viyskіh corrals, svіdnik zvіdnі vаvu vіdіv іn іn lіtopisnіh rіzpoіdіyah іn russian mista in 1262, 1289, 1320, 1327 r. there are no riddles about Baskatsk corrals, wanting to speak out against the presence in the descriptions about the slaughters 36 . According to Kargalov’s thought, the Baskaks act not as naysayers, who ensure the ordering of the orderly population of the orda government for the help of the power of the guards, but “like the representatives of the khan, they no longer controlled the activities of the Russian princes and reported to the khan about the rebelliousness” 37 .

It is said about those that the system of the panuvannya of the Golden Ordi was based not so much on the presence of a military-political organization, but on the threat of punitive campaigns. The Russian princes were small by age to the khan with autonomy, which included the basis of the Tatar administration in Russia 38 . V. V. Kargalov is in solidarity with B. D. Grekov. For Kargalov, such an environment is especially important: “The Baskaks did not conquer Russia (for whom there was no strong power in their hands), but the princes, crushing them to the point of subjugation” 39. Speaking about the choice of danini, they mean that the Baskaks themselves did not take the danina, the stench was less stench, so that the Russian princes fought in their own time, not leaving to subdue the Khan of Orda 40. In the opinion of V.V. Kargalov, the Basque organization appeared in Russia in the other half of the 13th century. Until this hour in Russia, the danina was taken by the kupniks - "bessermeni" for the support of the Russian princes. At the 60th anniversary of the XIII century. the situation changed: in 1262 p. from Russian places boulo vygnano vіdkupniki, and 1263 p. Grand Duke Oleksandr Yaroslavich died. His protector, Yaroslav Yaroslavich, could not secure the regular care of the Orda tribune without outside help. At the same hour, the Baskaks appeared in Russia, calling out to reward the choice of danini. The famous basque V. V. Kargalov poov'yazuє z antiorda ledges of the 20s of the XIV century. and to the settlements of the Grand Duke's power, building to replace the activity of the Baskaks. On the territory of Pivnichno-Skhidnoy Rus, the Baskaks lived until the first half of the XIV century. Somehow the stench was worn out in the Ryazan lands 41 . "It can be said with confidence, - respect Kargalov, - that the Grand Duke Dmitri Ivanovich Donskoy (1359-1389) had basque music everywhere" 42 .

On the thought of G. A. Fedorov-Davidov, the Baskaks sounded the sound of the military guard. Sometimes the function of management, ministry is added to the function. The Baskaks were th in the kupniks of tributes. In Plano Karpіnі, the role of the Basque in the Russian lands is represented by a kind of role of a visual observer of the vassal Mongols by the local rulers, reminding the Tatars about the disobedience of the local authorities. In Russia, the Baskaks emerged on the cob of the XIV century, although on the outskirts of the Ryazan princedom and in Tula, the Baskaks had little power until the middle of the XIV century. 43

Vіdpovidno to Fedorov-Davidov, the rest of the XIII century. in Russia, the main administration was established by the princely government. Mongols tsikaviv chose danini, the Baskaks led the way. The stinks were representatives of the deep imperial Mongol rule, and not the ulus of Jochi. Vlasne, Hani remains of the 13th century. they shared dominion over Russia with them. From this hour the activities of the Baskaks in Russia are pripinyaetsya and watch for the collection of tribute to go to khaniv 44 .

A. P. Grigor'ev uttered his thought about the Baskaks:“The Darugs, the Baskaks of the Russian chronicles, steadily lived for the sake of this princedom and exercised great control over the selection of the khan’s greed from the new gifts. The head of the Baskaks, as if watching over the diyalnistyu of the Russian grand dukes, lived in the capitals of the grand duchy. The Deyak Baskaks were Muslim merchants-buyers, maybe, Persians for their trips" 45 . A. P. Grigor'ev sees the terms "baskak" and "daruga": "It seems that the Turkic term "baskak" unambiguously matches the Mongolian "daruga"" 46 . The word "Baskak" in Russia was established earlier and dawned the thirteenth hour, lower the word "daruga". Tse did not respect the two terms to designate that very settlement. I needed to finish the trival hour in order for the Mongolian term to become permanently fixed in diplomatic practice 47 .

Yu. V. Krivosheev at work "Russia and the Mongols: Dosledzhennya from the history of Pivnichno-Skhidnoy Russia XII—XIII centuries." looking at two aspects of the Basque system - the functions of the Basques and the period of their transfer to Russia. According to the opinion of the scientist, “the Tatars tried on the spot to get rid of the zhorst regime of fallow land. Prior to the collection of tributes, there was a hundred organizations, before which, as a controlling body, the Institute of Basque was added. Without intermediary, the collection of danini began to be taken up by unarmed kupniks. Prote already on the cob of the 60s. - After the great march of the townspeople at the Pivnichniy Skhodі Rusi - in the total system of purchases, the ordinances were stirred up »48. After Nasonov’s assertion, Krivosheev blocked the foundation of the military-political organization of the Mongols in Russia. On the other hand, “the structure created by the Mongols at the hour of the census was revisited in front of the fiscal, and not the military and political occupational goals” 49 . The Baskaks, behind the Krivosheevs, “were a permanent institution of the khanate—essentially the supreme—power in Russia. The presence of the Khan's namіsniks meant the direct rule of the Mongols over Russia”50. Arguing with Nasonov, Krivosheev, it seems that the Baskaks have “Plant a big plant too soon, sob on the periphery. Їх bulo, maybe, not rich, and sat stench in the places, perhaps, the largest in Pivnichno-Shіdnіy Rus» 51 . The Tatars in Russia were most importantly engaged in the collection of danini. On the basis of this, the activity of the Baskaki and other officials was straightened out. Ordinsk Baskaks and Russian princes, zgіdno z Krivosheєvim, were the greatest administrative persons, who represented the ranks and internal power in a prominent way. Officials of a lower rank told us that they were busy collecting tribute 52 . The liquidation of the institute of basques buv for example XIII - on the cob of the XIV century. 53 Liquidation of the Basque organization, in the opinion of the “It is tied up with the system of Orda fallow land, which was formed in Russia. For quiet reasons, the Mongols could not establish a zhorstka zalezhnist, including permanently rebuffed in Russia by the great officials, as they controlled the activity of the Russian government institutions. The fallow land, zreshtoyu, was called up to viplati danini - it becomes the main element of the Russian-Mongolian waters" 54 . The choice of danini was ordered by the merchants - Muslim merchants. Soon, already from the end of the 13th century, the selection of danini began to take care of the Russian princes themselves.

In this way, for the whole hour of the commemoration of Rus and Ordi in historiography, there was not a single complex statement about the Basque organization on the territory of the Russian princedoms. The latter agree on the thought that the liquidation of the Basque organization was due to the change in the order of collecting tribute in Russia - the transition of the function of collecting tribute from the order from vіdkupnikіv-“besermenіv” to Russian princes. It became until the end of the XIII - the beginning of the XIV century. (the last date is the 20th of the XIV century). From the point of view, if the Basque organization was organized in Russia, there is less clarity. Її appearing to appear in the wake of the Mongol census, but the last ones disagreed in the Duma, scho for the census - 1257 or more early, reliable reports about the yaku were not spared. In the midst of various thoughts about the existence of the Baskat organization in Russia, the dominance of the statement about the Baskaks as the Mongol Khan's monastics. Їkhnіm the main obov'yazkom call bezpechennya collection of danini. The thesis of A. N. Nasonov about the foundation of Mongolian military pens in Russia, on which the Baskaks stood 55, was entrenched in the most important practices.

The first documented record of the Baskak's re-arrangement on the Russian lands was the rozpovid of the Ipatiivsky chronicle for 1255: “When the Tatars came to Bakot and added Mile to them, Danilov and pishov went to war on Lithuania, Novgorodok, a lot of rozkall, the ambassador of the son of Leo to Bakot, the ambassador of Leo the noble in front of him; viїhavshi lisha Miley (i) baskak, and brought Leo Miley Etzyu sі, and buti paki Bakota queen Їtsa yogo " 56 . Bakota - a place near "Ponizzi", on the pivdni of the Galician land. When the Tatars appeared there, they led the Mongol commander Kuremsi on the way to the left bank of the Dnipro, de vin roaming 57 .

1267 dating of yarlik khan Mengu-Timur. Vіn buv visions to the Russian clergy as an immunitetna charter, as an establishment of tax benefits. Tsіlіy perelіk posadovіv osіb Zolotoi Ordi vengeance in the addressee of Mengu-Timur's yarlik: “Cherry God, by the power of the cherry tree, by the will of Mengutemer, the word of a human Basque and prince and colonel prince, to the tributary, to the clerks, and to the amiable messages, and to the sokilniks, and to the dudniks.” Baskaks have also guessed, for example, a yarlik together with other officials: “for priests and for blacks and for danini and nothing else do not want to take in the Baskats, princes of scribes, plows, mittens, and shod on and on greatness, shake and die” 58 .

The original text of the yarlik Mengu-Timur is not known to us. Among the other yarliks, which were saved in the archives of the Russian metropolitans, yoga was translated from Uighur into Russian for example XIV - on the cob of the XV century. At the process, I will translate the yarlik, having recognized the editorial corrections (for example, a detailed decoding of the types of danini, for which the clergy are called) 59 .

In the midst of these transfers from the yarlik of the townsmen, the collection of danini, without a doubt, was taken up by dancers, pilgrims and mittens. Ymovіrno, the dances of the addressee of the yarlik are the most common of the pilgrims and the mitniks of the yogic term. The plows of that mitnica pulled together specific danini, the dancers pulled the danina in flames. It is also possible: danci - individuals, vidpovіdalnі for the selection of the wild danini on the missions, which was used by the daggers of that mitten, the skin category - a different kind of danini. Judging by the text of the yarlik, before the collection of the danini, there were also few words of Baskak and copying: “Vid popіv i vіd chernetsіv nі danini nі іnshо thаt nі don't want nі vzut baskatsi, knyazhі pisci, pluzhniki, mitnitsі" 60 . In this rank, the Baskaks were not "tributors", but they could take the fate of the collection.

A call is coming about the Baskak in Russia - the rozpovid of the Novgorod I chronicle about the name of the Grand Duke of Volodymyr Yaroslav Yaroslavich fighting against the Germans in 1269: “The same year, for the winter, Prince Yaroslav of Novgorod, having thought, sent Svyatoslav regiments to the Nizovsky land. I bought all the princes and the regiment of the beschisla and came to Novgorod and took that Baskak the great Volodimersky, in the name of Amragan and you want to go to Kolivan. 61 . Amragan of the names of the Volodymyr Baskak, which clearly localizes this place of change in Pivnichno-Skhidniy Rus. In addition, the Baskak of appointments is like "the Baskak is great." To this point, the chronicler calls "great" only Russian princes 62 . The appointment of Amragan as a great Basque to speak about the yogo high camp in Russia.

Another Baskak beat the Russian lands of the names Akhmat, rozgornuty on the example of the XIII century. I am active in the work of the Kursk princedom. The history of the Basque Akhmat is based on the Lavrentievsky and Simeonovsky chronicles 63 . Vіdkupivshi " the Tatars "have the right to collect tribute, Akhmat, having chosen the tribute of tribute," and with these dans he created great annoyance with the prince and the black people. In addition, he organized two slobodies at the Volodinny prince of Rilsky and Oleg Vorgolsky. The population of these settlements was devastated by the outskirts of Rilsk and Vorgola. Prince Oleg “for the thought and the word” of his relative Svyatoslav, Prince Lipovichsky, violating to Khan Telebuzі zі skargoyu on the diї Akhmat. The one who saw Olegov put his guards on duty and punished Akhmatova’s freedom to rozignat. Oleg and Svyatoslav did so, under which part of the people were captured, and “they brought their own people to their fatherland”. Akhmat at this hour was with the other Mongol ruler Nogai. Vіn having thought up Oleg's move, saying that "Oleg and Svyatoslav are not princes, but a robber, but you are the king's warrior." Akhmat, having pleased Nogaya, sent the falconers to Oleg to catch swans, and also conveyed the request to Oleg to come to the khan. At times it was said that the prince was pretending to be against Nogai and the Khan's enemy. Oleg, we rule ourselves with respect, “Do not snake to Nogo”, but the axis of Yogo’s relative Svyatoslav rightly attacked one of the settlements at night. І “but about those super girls between Olga and Svyatoslav”. The falconers immediately turned to Nogai and confirmed Akhmat's words about Oleg's divination before the khan. Nogai having punished the prince, and prince yogo "take everything." On September 13, the Tatar army went to Vorgol. Ryatuyuchis, Oleg vtіk to Telebuga, and Svyatoslav hid at the Voronez forests. Half of the Tatar army chased the princes, the other half ravaged their lands. Thirteen boyars were consumed in full. Massacre in 20 days. The settlements of Akhmat were filled with people again, the thinness and other goodness of the plundered Vorgol, Rilsk and Lipovichi lands. After the turn of the Tatar chase, Akhmat saw a crowd of boyars. The boyars were parachuted, their bodies hung on the trees, they cut off their heads and right hands. Tying the heads of the guards to the seats, and clasping their hands in the sleigh, the Tatars destroyed the Vorgol to Turov, wishing us to send their heads and hands "through the lands." The terrible action did not go away, "but sent nowhere for the whole volost to be torn off." Akhmat, not having drunk the prince, went “in the Tatars”, and left two of his brothers in the settlements. After a deaky hour, the brothers broke from one freedom to another. Prince Svyatoslav knew about it, he attacked them on the way. Akhmat's brothers were far away from vryatuvatisya. On the Great Day, it’s daytime for Fomin, the stench was destroyed as far as Kursk, and on Monday “all that freedom was broken, and that’s how it was.” After an hour, Prince Oleg turned to Telebuga. Having learned about Svyatoslav's misfortune, he called the Lipovitsky prince in strife and violated his treaty and urged youma: go "go to the Horde of vidpovidі". Svyatoslav did not listen; among Russian princes becoming a rose. Following the words of the khan, Oleg killed Svyatoslav, and Oleg himself, from his two sons, perished in the hands of his brother Svyatoslav Oleksandr 64 .

The majority of the crypts under the wrought irons are 1283 and 1284 rubles. However, Khan Telebug, who became the ruler of less than 1287/1288, and 1291 p. it was hammered in, then, the real story became a kіlka rokіv pіznіshe. On the thought of V. A. Kuchkin, under the Rilsko-Vorgolsky, Lipovichsky and Kursk princedoms, they were taken from the spring of 1289. until autumn 1290 p. 65

Let's start the chronicle records of the Baskak's resurrection in Russia - the riddle of the Lavrentievsky chronicle about the death of the Baskak Kutlubug in 1305: “The same lita to die Baskak KΥtlΥbΥg”. An admission about the place of rebuking Kutlubug can only be made on the basis of the general characteristics of the literary text. Statti, scho to change the story about the Basque Kutlubug and the advance behind him, to speak about the obvious interest of the chronicler to the Rostov podiums: the recognition of bishops at Rostov, the presence of Tatars at the city, the indignation, the collapse of the bells and the destruction of the Rostov churches 66. You can admit that the residence of Kutlubug buv Rostov.

The rest of the mystery of Russian chronicles about the Basques is brought to pivdenny Rus: “Poїha Vasil Vladik as Metropolitan; as if he had come to Chernigiv, and that prince Fedyr Kiyivsky, who had come to the Devil’s mind, had come to feast with five dozen men, and the people of Novgorod, being careful and standing dospiv against themselves, did little evil among them; but the prince was taken with rubbish and stepped in, but in the face of God the strata did not flow: shaking the horses of the new one. 67 . At 1330 p. Vasil Kalіka was appointed archbishop of Novgorod, and in the coming fate he went to the Volinsky land (for some reason he knew the metropolitan). With prince Fyodor, yogo stumbled on the path 68. The report version of the confirmation is published in the Novgorod Chronicle IV. There, all of them were entered to one - 1331 to the year. At Chervni Vasil Kalika vyihav on vistava to the metropolitan. By the cost of wine and companions, he stumbled in Lithuania, de Gedimin “bringing them to the world” and naming a part of the Novgorod lands for his son Nariman. Volodymyr Volinsky arrived at the sickle Vasyl and was appointed to the archbishopric. At that very hour before Metropolitan Theognostus, the envoys of Prince Oleksandr and the Lithuanian princes appeared, requesting that they appoint Arseniy as Bishop of Pskov. Metropolitan Vіdmoviv, Arseniy went to Kiev. Turning around from Volyn, Vasil rushed ahead of Theognostus, breaking into the Lithuanian corral. Under Chernigov, the archbishop was overtaken by Fedir of Kiev "with the Tatar Baskak." The bloodshed vanished into the distance, and the prince of Kiev, having seized and captivated Protodeacon Theognost Ratslav. After the incident, Vasil arrived safely to Bryansk, then Torzhok and in the chest were already in Novgorod 69 .

For whom the riddles of Russian chronicles about the Baskaks will end. Pіznіshi direct svіdchennya їsnuvannya їkh on the territory of Russia nadaє aktivny material.

An hour close to 1343-1352, a letter from Metropolitan Feognost on Chervleny Yar is dated about the tenure of this region of the Ryazan eparchy. The letter is initiated from the addressee: "Blessing of Theognost, Metropolitan of all Russia, to my children, to the Baskaks and to the centurions, and to the abbesses and priests, and to all the villagers of the Chervleny Yar, and to all the cities, along the Great Crow" 70 . The Baskaks have the first place for each addressee, the crime of the zagalnyuyuchiy savage "to my children." About the territory of the Chervleny Yar there was a super river between the Ryazan and Sarai eparchies. Metropolitan Theognost blaming the barn of Bishop Athanasius of Sarai on the right. From now on, the decrees of Metropolitans Maxim and Peter were spent to the point of vindictiveness of the Ryazan Vladyka and on their support Theognost looked over his decision - Chervleny Yar led to the Ryazan Eparchy. On whom the long-standing super-rechka did not end. For a few years, the metropolitan's charter, also Oleksiy, was needed, confirming belonging to the region of the Ryazan eparchy. In the addressee of Metropolitan Oleksiy’s letter of 1356, the Basques are no longer in the first, but in the third place: “Bless Alexy, Metropolitan of all Russia, to all the villagers who are in the borders of the Chervleny Yar, and Khopor, according to Varti, along the Don, priest i, i to the Basques, and to the centurions, and to the boyars” 71 . "Villagers" - Christians - a common name, won't show the "children" of the first letter.

Introduced by the Mongols, the settlement of the Baskaks is listed among the lowest Russian categories: centurions, igumeni, priests, boyars. In the opinion of A. A. Shennikov, there is nothing marvelous in this: there were a lot of Orthodox Christians among the Golden Horde Tatars, as well as representatives of other religions. This was the result of the tolerance of the first Mongol khans. Even Orthodox Tatars could have confessed to the settlement of the Baskak, and even more so on the periphery 72 . A. A. Shennikov appointed Chervleniy Yar as a district of the Middle Don region between the rivers Voronezh and Khoper 73 .

The presence of the Baskaks was recorded at the upper flow of the Don. Examples of Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy and Ryazan prince Oleg Ivanovich 1381 p. 74 about the designation of the cordon between the Moscow and Ryazan lands, the place of Tula was named as the place of the transfer of the Orda Baskak: “And what about the place of the great (o) Dmitri Ivanovich on the Ryazan side, Tula, how it was at c (a) r (i) c_ at Taїdulі, and if її baskatsi saw, then the kn (i) zyu do not join the great Olga, and kn (i) zyu to the great Dmitry " 7 5 . Taidula was the retinue of one Orda khan, Uzbek, and the mother of another Dzhanibek. There is a small great influx at the Saraisky court. After the death of Uzbek in 1341, the won took an uninterrupted fate from the zmov against his elder son Tenibek and enthroned Dzhanibek (1342-1357)76. Naprikintsi Tula is directly named to the Volodya Tayduli, who were cherished by his proteges - the Baskaks. According to the Rogozky chronicler, Taidula died in 1360 77, later, the Baskaks stayed in Tula, admittedly, until one o'clock. About rebuvannya baskak in the city of post 1360 records were not saved. V. A. Kuchkin marked the hour "like bulo at c (a) p (i) tse at Taїdulі" with an ear of the 40s - the first half of the 50s of the XIV century. 78 At whom, according to the wedding, the dzherel of the Russian campaign will end.

Since then, the first riddle about the Baskaks is known until 1255, the rest - until the last not later than 1360. If we accept the numbers as extreme points, then we can say that the Baskat organization had been founded in Russia for about a hundred years. Like the first, and the last signs to talk about the outskirts of the Russian lands: Bakota, Kursk knyazyuvannya, Chervleny Yar region, and Tula. Most of the lands lay closest to the Golden Ordi, and they were rebuked by the її direct order. Tsim vycherpuyutsya direct geographic ensigns of Russian dzherel. It can be said about two other literary records that they describe the stench of the pivnіchno-shіdnі lands of Russia. Here the Baskaks are fixed with dzherels at 1269 and 1305 r.

The Viysk function of the Basque organization is not cold. The chronicles tell about the Russian rebellion: in 1262 p. the population of Rostov, Volodymyr, Suzdal and Yaroslavl 79 rose, in 1289 and 1320 p. drove the Tatars from Rostov 80, in 1327 p. there was a rebellion near Tver 81 . In all of these reports, there is no good evidence about the activity of the Baskaki, and there are more like vatazhkiv of the escorted pens. “It’s not vipadkovo: as at the great hour the “Baska pens” and were not indicated by the chroniclers, then at the hour of the anti-Tatar protests the pounding of the Baskaks (like the stench they made) could not, obviously, be left out of the way”, — V. V. Kargalov 82 .

At the Kursk princedom, organizing the settlement of Baskak Akhmat. The population of these settlements was devastated near Rilsk and Vorgola 83 . Tse remembrance can be taken for the fact of the Viyskian aggression of the population of the slobids due to the age of the Volodin of the Russian prince. Prote slobodi to celebrate the war as soon as possible of trade and craft settlements, lower viysk camps 84 . About the peaceful nature of the population of the settlements, to the warehouse of which the people of the princes Oleg Rilsky and Vorgolsky and Svyatoslav Lipovichsky entered, testify to the fact that Oleg and Svyatoslav, having broken Akhmatova settlements, zahopil part of the people, and "Your people have found their fatherland" 8 5 .

It is said about the brothers of Akhmat that the stench of the corral from three dozens of “Rus” and two “bessermenivs” crossed from one settlement to another 86. At this pen, killed by Svyatoslav Lipovichsky, it is important to sing the Baska zagin, shouts of Trimat in the subjugation of the Russian population. Zagin, scho of 32 people, the crime of two vatazhkiv, more small in that, to dictate his will to the prince. Vіn navіt not zmіg repair opіr to the Lipovitsky prince i buv znischeny. Zagin of the brothers of Akhmat acted as the guard of the Mongolian officials, moreover, only if their lives were threatened by real trouble. This zagіn is the only one fixed with dzherel like the one that the Tatars undoubtedly belong to.

As a Baska at once from Fedor of Kiev, I take the fate of the attack on Vasyl Kalika. The text of the litopis was guessed at 50 osib. There are no chances of the same day to vvazhat this Zagіn Baskatsky. History conveys the conflict of Russian and Lithuanian interests. Fedir of Kiev, speaking for Lithuania, following the Archbishop of Novgorod. The prince's powers understood, and it is obvious that he himself commanded the corral. I attach respect to the very fact of the participation of the Baskak in the conflict. At the sight of the Kiev prince, the direct interests of his side in history were not destroyed. There are many possible special motives for baskaku.

At the bottom of 1269, on the other hand, there is an even better political context. The Volodymyr Baskak Amragan was present at the gathering of Russian warriors near Novgorod, but the role of the chroniclers is not explained. And here is the logical political interest of a high-ranking Mongol official - watch over the organization of the great campaign against the Grand Duke. The consequences of this campaign could have spilled over into the right camp in Russia.

From what has been said, it is possible to grow visnovok, that the activity of the Baskaks in Russia was tied up with the rampant pens of the Mongols. More dovira spoke about the Baskakiv as officials, vydpovidalnyh for the choice of danini.

On this binding, the yarlik of Mengu-Timur, born in 1267, expressly states that the Baskaks and other townspeople are not guilty of collecting taxes from the clergy: “Vid popіv i vіd chernetsіv nі danini nі іnshо thаt nі don't want nі vzut baskatsi, knyazhі pisci, pluzhniki, mitnitsі" 87 . With the selection of the Orda danini buv poov'azaniya baskak Akhmat: “holding the Basques of the Kursk princedom, buying all sorts of tribute from the Tatars” 88 . It should be noted that the link of the Baskaks with the function of collecting tribute is fixed in other regions, as if they fell under the Mongol rule. So, by collecting danini, I saw the “great Baskak” Argun, who is among Iran and Transcaucasia. Chronicler Stefan Orbelian of Virmenia calls Argun a Baskak and a vizier, “whom the great khan recognized as the head ruler of our land and the chief of state taxes of that great Divan” 89 . Kirakos Gandzaketsi called Argun the main tax collector “in all rooted lands” 90 . In 1254 p. Vіn provіv census in Vіrmenії and Gruzії z metoyyu collection of taxes 91 .

In 1257 p. at the borders of the foreign imperial entrances of the emperor Mengu, a census of the proshovs of the bіl Rusі 92. The clergy at their own kind paid tribute to the tributes. On the onset of the river, the numeralists at the escort of the Russian princes, Oleksandr, Andriy and Boris, broke from Volodymyr to Novgorod 93. The Novgorod chronicle calls numerals ambassadors and makes them appear until 1257 94 After they began to ask for “tithes and tamgas”. Novgorodians “do not care for those”, having gained the upper hand, bought gifts 95 . Obviously, the clerks were pleased, and the stench turned to Volodymyr 96 . In 1259 p. for the active support of Oleksandr Nevsky, Mongolian officials did conduct a census near Novgorod. Under the pressure of the Grand Duke of Novgorod, they were embarrassed to accept the number, calling: “It is easy to create boyars, but evil to the lesser” 97 . As can be seen from the dzherel, the first organization of the selection of the Orda danini was without the participation of the Baskakiv, which was created by the numbers.

Danina was picking up the system of redemptions. In the wake of the evil of the vіdkupnikіv in 1262 r. an uprising broke out near the lower towns of Pivnichno-Skhidnoy Rus. Vidkupnikov drove out, "inshih beats" 9 eight . In this situation, it would be logical to guess the same and Baskakiv as osib, as if they could be impromptu to the collection of tribute, - such great fortunes could hardly have passed them. However, the Basques in rozpovid about the rebellion in Suzdal, Volodymyr, Rostov and Yar are not afraid. Obviously, at this hour at the pivnіchny gathering of Russia there was no more, as there were no їх and, for example, the 50s of the 13th century. The first wedding of the foundation of the Baskakivs of the battle of the pivnіchno-skhіdny princedoms of Russia should lie until the end of the 60s of the XIII century. Could these furnishings have caused the introduction of the Basque system in Russia?

For the Golden Ordi 60 years of the XIII century. became the hour of serious changes in the internal and external politics. Bloody wars are beginning with Iran, military ties with Egypt are being established, military campaigns against Byzantium are beginning. The Golden Horde emerged from the warehouse of the Mongol Empire and became, in fact, an independent power from 1266. [99] It seems that all these subdivisions did not appear on the management system of the root Russian princedoms. Miski rebellion 1262 r. they didn’t bring the system of purchases to the table - more 1289 r. Baskak Akhmat saw Danina in Kursk. Yarlik Mengu-Timur 1267 r. confirming the gifts of the Russian clergy, established the hour of the census of 1257 p. The change in the political course of the Golden Ordi passed over the Russian lands. Nayimovіrnіshe, that the appearance of the Russian princedoms of the Baskakivs was caused by another reason: they blamed it too, if Yaroslav Yaroslavich (1264-1272 r.) became the grand prince in Russia, which changed 1263 r. Oleksandr Nevsky. The new Grand Duke did not spit his champion and, perhaps, could not secure regular deliveries of Mongolian tributary from the territory of the Russian brewery from Novgorod. Then the Basques show up here.

Baskaks worked at Pivnіchno-Skhіdnіy Rusі on the cob of the XIV century. The troubled hours of the history of the Golden Ordi, connected with the days of Nogai, for example, the 13th century, did not add the basis of the Basque system. The Kurskian Baskak Akhmat was Nogai's protégé, and the Khan of Telebug, obviously, did not stop talking about it. Nogay was a representative of the Dzhuchids, but for all his might, he did not claim the throne of the Khan. The main tasks of Nogai were the transformation of his great ulus into a virtually independent state, or else for the sake of the formal savings of the yogi as the right kril of the Golden Ordi. Saraisky Khan respecting the rights of Nogai. After yoga died in 1299. Tokta not having taken control of the territory of the right kril of the Golden Ordi, the shards of Nogai's full-fledged defenders were less than a straight cover. Less than after the death of the elder brothers, Nogai Khan zmіg divided the land between his relatives and allies 100 . The surroundings explain the presence of the Basque Nogay Bil of the Kursk princedom. Come from the land, maybe, go to Nogai and could get yogo baskak on legal bases. With a similar rank, one can explain the statement completed in 1381 on the Tula Baskak as an official Taiduli.

In the first half of the XIV century. the grand ducal power in Russia has grown stronger. Ivan Kalita (r. 1325-1340) zoomed in to save the balance between special interests and the interests of the Golden Ordi. Vіn impeccably victoriously beat the will of the khan, regularly sending danina to Ordi. The need for the Basque vision arose. The territory of the pivnіchny descent of Russia is changing in the form of the opiki of the Baskakiv.

Another situation was on the outskirts of Russian lands. The Basques appeared there earlier, but they appeared later, lower at the pivnichny meeting of Rus. The instability of the situation in these regions necessitated more respect for the Mongolian administration. VL Egorov pov'yazuє іsnuvannya Mongol ї administratsії on the outskirts of Russia with pro-buffer zones. The stench appeared as a result of the Mongol conquest, since the deyak princes left their desolation. Their volodinnya passed to the Zolotoorda administration, zatsіkavlenoy at penny prikhodzhennyah from these lands. Buffer zones did not represent an uninterrupted smog, the stench was less pronounced in the distant border regions. The presence of buffer zones is typical of the 13th century rice, if the Russian princedoms step by step reinvigorated the forces and could not give respect to the devastated border. The situation changed in the 14th century, due to the provocation of the Russian Volodya for the day, as well as the blatant relaxation of the Golden Ordi. Tse took over the formation of buffer zones 101 . You can only admit that the Baskaks appeared near the outskirts of Russia after the Mongol conquest, as it was in Central Asia 102 .

Appearance of the Baskakivs of the Russian princedoms were tied up with political podias in the middle of the Golden Horde. The introduction of the Basque organization is explained by the historical situation in Russia, which developed here until the middle of the XIII century. Having taken dominion over their lands, then they piled on, the Russian princes were embarrassed and bowed down to the Mongol Khan. The main reason for conquering the conquerors was viplata danini. Until 1262, there was no need for the Basques in these lands at the pivnіchny gathering of Rus, the Danina to the Khan of Orda came regularly. In the wake of the mischievous rebellion 1262 p. that weakened princely power after the death of Oleksandr Nevsky, regular deliveries stopped under the threat of sight, and the Mongols put their special officials - Baskaks - in control of the process. It can be boldly said that the Baskaks were named at the pivnіchny gathering of Russia in the other half of the 13th century. To the settlement of princely rule for Ivan Kalita in the first half of the 14th century. the need for the sight of the Baskakiv was clear.

The function of the baskakivs is to look after the collection of tribute - do not go to the Russian princes, stink a little bit of obov'yazok. The Baskaks were blamed once, if the Russian princes could no longer cope with the obov'yazkom, and they arose, if the princes were able to control the payment of danini again. Miski rebellion XIII-XIV cent. did not cause the liquidation of Basque in Russia. Navpaki, demonstrating the immaturity of the Russian princes to preserve order, the praise at the municipal centers of Pivnichno-Skhidnoy Rus served as an additional official for the promotion and further functioning of the Basque organization in this region. In the whole nation, the belar of Russia, the Baskaks appeared only in the other half of the 14th century.

The selection of danini bіla Rusi under the control of the Baskakіv was established by an organized system, having established the Mongolian census. With whom themselves, the Basques did not engage in the selection of danini without intermediary. For this purpose, other categories were used - mittens, scowers and other. The settlement of the Baskaku was over high for him. On the temple of the Baskak camp, they show that there are no intermediaries between the Khan and the Baskak. The Baskaks were mali on the right, without intermediary with the princes, being, in fact, like a visual organ. With this, the Baskaks often worked together with the prince, like Amragan and the Baskak, who was the escort of the Kiev prince Fyodor. On the basis of the deyakoї ієrarkhії among the Baskakiv, I am saying the name of Amragan "the great Baskak". Mabut, Baskak, who is near the capital of the Russian princedoms, having respected the headmen. Judging by the addressee of the metropolitan's letters, the Baskaks on the territory they trusted were constantly changing. “Irregular” categories, as a consequence, the addressees of both letters should not be repaid.

Notes

1. Karamzin N. M. History of the Russian State in 12 volumes. M., 1992. T. 5. S. 207.
2. Solovyov Z. M. Create 18 books. M., 1988. Book. 2. Vol. 3, 4. З. 477.
3. Berezin I. N. Draw the internal structure of the ulus of Dzhuchiev // Pratsi Skh. vіd. I. R. Arch. Pro-va. SPb., 1864. Ch. 8. Z. 452.
4. Nasonov A. N. Mongolia and Russia (history of the Tatar policy in Russia). SPb., 2006. (2nd species, Pershe - 1940) S. 227.
5. Ibid. S. 226.
6. Ibid. pp. 227-228.
7. Ibid. pp. 226-228.
8. Ibid. S. 229.
9. Ibid. S. 230.
10. Ibid. Z. 229-230.

11. Ibid. S. 230.
12. Ibid. S. 276.
13. Ibid.
14. Semenov A. A. Before the nutrition about the Golden Orda term “baskak” // News of the Academy of Sciences of the SRSR. 1947. No. 1. S. 138-140.
15. Ibid. S. 143.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid. Z. 141-142.
18. Ibid. S. 142.
19. Grekov B. D., Yakubovsky A. Yu. The Golden Horde and the Fall. M., 1998. Z. 166.

20. Ibid. S. 167.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid. S. 166.
23. Ibid. Z. 166-167.
24. Ibid. S. 167.
25. Ibid. Z. 100-101.
26. Ibid. S. 101.
27. Zimin A. A. People's revolutions of the 20s. XIV Art. and the liquidation of the basque system in Pivnichno-Skhidnіy Rus // News of the Academy of Sciences of the SRSR. Ser. history and philosophy. 1952. V. 9. No. 1. pp. 61-65.
28. Ibid. S. 64.
29. Ibid. S. 61.

30. Safargaliev M. G. Rozpad Zolotoi Ordi. Saransk, 1960. S. 51.
31. Ibid.
32. Kargalov U.U. M., 1967. Z. 155.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid. S. 156.
35. Ibid. Z. 156-157.
36. Ibid. Z. 157-158.
37. Ibid. S. 159.
38. Ibid. Z. 158-159.
39. Ibid. Z. 160.
40. Kargalov V.V. Baskaki// VI. 1972. No. 5. S. 213.

41. Ibid. pp. 212-215.
42. Ibid. S. 215.
43. Fedorov-Davidov G. A. Zolotoordinsky places of the Volga. M., 1994. S. 30-31.
44. Ibid. Z. 8-10.
45. Grigor'ev A.P. Collection of Khan's yarliks ​​to the Russian metropolitans. SPb., 2004. S. 24.
46. ​​Ibid.
47. Ibid. pp. 157-158, 160-161.
48. Krivosheev Yu. V. Russia and the Mongols: Records from the History of Pivnichno-Skhidnoy Rus XII-XIII Art. SPb., 2003. Z. 224.
49. Ibid. pp. 224-225.

50. Ibid. pp. 226-227.
51. Ibid. S. 227.
52. Ibid. pp. 228-229.
53. Ibid. S. 233.
54. Ibid. pp. 235-236.
55. Div: History of the SRSR. M., 1939. T. 1. S. 4; Draw the history of the SRSR. IX-XIII Art. M., 1953. S. 872; History of the SRSR. M., 1956. T. 1. S. 143; All-world history. M., 1957. T. 3. Z. 599.
56. PSRL. SPb., 1908. T. 2. Stb. 828-829.
57. Nasonov A. N. Mongolia and Russia. pp. 222-223. Note. ten; 232-234.

58. Monuments of Russian law / For red. L. V. Cherepnina. M., 1955. VIP. 3. S. 467-468.
59. Grigor'ev A.P. Collection of Khan's yarliks ​​to the Russian metropolitans. S. 34.
60. Monuments of Russian law. Vip. 3. S. 468.
61. Novgorod Persian Litopis of the Senior and Young Zvodіv / For red. and from the front of A. N. Nasonov (further - NPL). M.; L., 1950. S. 88,319.
62. Div, for example: PSRL. L., 1926-1928. T. 1. Stb. 293, 377, 379.
63. Detailed divas: Kuchkin V. A. Literary stories about the settlements of the Basque Akhmat // Serednyovichna Rus. 1996. VIP. 1. C. 5-57.

64. PSRL. SPb., 1913. T. 18. S. 79-81; PSRL. T. 1. Stb. 481-482.
65. Kuchkin V.A. Z. 32-38.
66. PSRL. T. 1. Stb. 528.
67. NPL. S. 344.

68. Ibid. Z. 343-344.
69. PSRL. Pg., 1915. T. 4. Vip. 1. S. 263-265.
70. ACEI. M., 1964. T. 3. Z. 341.
71. Ibid. S. 343.
72. Shennikov A. A. Chervleniy Yar: a record of the history and geography of the Middle Don in the XIV-XVI centuries. L., 1987. Z. 10.
73. Ibid. Z. 4.
74. Kuchkin, V.A. Zovnіshnyopolіtichnі agreements. M., 2003. S. 245-246.

75. DDG. S. 29.
76. Grigor'ev A.P. Collection of Khan's yarliks ​​to the Russian metropolitans. pp. 45-46.
77. PSRL. Pg., 1922. T. 15. Vip. 1. Stb. 69.
78. Kuchkin, V.A. S. 258.
79. PSRL. T. 1. Stb. 476.
80. Ibid. Stb. 526, 530.
81. PSRL. SPb., 1856. T. 7. S. 199-200.
82. Kargalov U.U. pp. 157-158.
83. PSRL. T. 18. S. 79.
84. Kargalov U.U. S. 156; Kuchkin V.A. Litopisnі rozpovidіdі pro slobodi Baskaku Akhmat. S. 45.
85. PSRL. T. 18. S. 79.

86. PSRL. T. 1. Stb. 481.
87. Monuments of Russian law. Vip. 3. S. 468.
88. PSRL. T. 18. S. 79.
89. Patkanov K. P. History of the Mongols from the Virmenskih dzherel. SPb., 1873. VIP. 1. S. 41.
90. Patkanov K. P. History of the Mongols from the Virmenian dzherel. SPb., 1874. VIP. 2. S. 78.
91. Ibid. Vip. 1. S. 41; Vip. 2. S. 78.
92. PSRL. T. 1. Stb. 474-475.
93. Ibid.

94. NPL. S. 309.
95. Ibid.
96. PSRL. T. 1. Stb. 474-475.
97. NPL. S. 311.
98. PSRL. T. 1. Stb. 476.
99. Miskov Y. P. Political history of the Golden Ordi (1236-1313). Volgograd, 2003. S. 64-111.
100. Ibid. Z. 90-116, 165.

101. Egorov VL Historical geography of the Golden Orda in the XIII-XIV centuries. M., 1985. S. 38-40.
102. Juvaini Ata-Malik. The History of the World Conqueror. Manchester, 1958. V. 1. P. 107; V. 2. P. 482.

Dieslovo bas- May value: 1. emboss; 2. put (druk); 3. disparage, dolat; 4. attack + affix diyovoї individuals -qaq. By I. N. Berezina, and Baskak and Daruga may have one and the same meaning - a vice (for each other). Similar thoughts were reached by P. Pellio: baskak is a tracing paper from Mongolian, meaning "an official who puts a signet on documents." A. A. Semenov, on the basis of Juvayn's report about the Baskaks of Bukhari, having taken into account the meaning of the term - "guardian", "opikun", "Khan's namіsnik", and passing the appearance of the Baskaks to the pre-Mongolian hour.

Basque in Russia

In the Caucasus

The Mongol monk in Iran and the Caucasus, Argun-aka Virmensky chronicler Stepanos Orbelyan, is called “Bask and vizier”.

Write a review about the article "Baskak"

Notes

Literature

• Baskak // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additions). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Vernadsky G.V. Rozdil III. Golden Horde // = The Mongols and Russia/Perz English. Є. P. Berenstein, B. L. Gubman, O. V. Stroganova. - Tver, M.: LEAN, AGRAF, 1997. - 480 p. - 7000 approx. - ISBN 5-85929-004-6.
• Grekov B. D., Yakubovsky A. Yu.. - M., L.: Vidavnitstvo AN SRSR, 1950.
• Nasonov A. N. Mongols and Russia (History of the Tatar policy in Russia) / Vidp. editor Yu. V. Gotye. - M., L: Vidavnitstvo AN SRSR, 1940.
• Fedorov-Davidov G. A. Suspіlny device of the Golden Ordi. - M.: Vydavnitstvo of Moscow University, 1973. - S. 30-31.

History

Tse unfinished article about Serednyovichchya. You can help the project by adding її.

Lesson that characterizes the Baskak

I calmly walked to the crossroads, deeply thinking about it, as if raptly, I appeared sharply chirped from my "dreams" by the wild heather of the rattles and the cries of swaying people.
Directly in front of me, a small passenger car, as if in a rank, managed to knock on a cement slab and, with a big swing, hit the great western car right in the forehead.
Through the lightness of winter, the life of a little boy and a girl “jumped” into the cake of a white car, as if ruined, they looked around, until they were stunned into their own wounds by a strong blow of the physical body ...
- Tse shchos?!. - Zlyakano energized the girl. - Why are you there mi? ... - pointing with a finger at her contorted physical face, she quietly whispered out. - How so ... but here, tsezh mi? ..
It was clear that everything that happened was її shocking, and the most її bazhannya at that moment was going to shove out of nowhere.
- Mamo ti de?! - Raptom screamed small. - Mamo-ah!
It looked like it was chotiri rocky, no more. Thin light pussies, woven into them with majestic erysipelas bows, gum "pretzels" stood on both sides, її resembling a good faun. Widely flattened, the great siri eyes were ruined marveling at such a good knowledge and such an primordial light, which I suddenly became unreasonable, a stranger and cold ... It was even more scary, and I didn’t take it away.
The boy was rocky vіsіm-nine. Vіn buv slender and tenditny, but also round "professor's" eyepieces robbed yogo trochs of the elder ones, and vіn building in them more businesslike and serious. And all at once, all this seriousness simmered in a rapt rush, acquiescing in the mass of absolute destruction.
Some of the cars were already picking up the gurkitly natovp, and through the sprat of hvilin the police showed up to accompany the shvidka to help. Our little place was still not great, so if it were an “emergency” approach, the local services could respond to organized that shvidko.
Helping the doctors of Shvidkoy, having rejoiced about it, they began to carefully take one wound of the body. The body of the lad appeared first, the day of which stood in a stupor instructed by me, unable to speak or think.
Bidolahu was shaking wildly, maybe it was too important for a yogi childish overexcited brain. I was only marveling at the sights of my eyes at those who had been “him” and could not get out of the “right” that had dragged on.
- Mommy, Mommy! - The girl screamed again. - Vidas, Vidas, why don't you hear me?!.
Vernishe, she screamed more than a thought, to that at that moment, unfortunately, she was already physically dead ... just like a little brother.
And її bіdna mаm, physically ії іlo її її chіpko hіpko tremаlos іn іt's tendіtne, ії tаrіє іє іn а new life, ії ії ії саn't feel ії ії ії, oskіlki stinks at that moment were already in different, inaccessible to one world.
The little ones were more and more ruined, and I felt that there were only a few, and the girl would get a right nervous shock (how can you call it that, talking about the incorporeal day?).
- Why are we lying there?! .. Why doesn’t mom tell us?! - The girl was still screaming, kissing her brother by the sleeve.
- It's sing-song, to the one that I'm dead ... - rattling the lad with his teeth chattering.
- And mother? - the little one whispered with a flicker.
- Mom is alive - it’s not like an old brother.
- And what about me? Well, tell them what we are here, what the stench can drink without us! Tell them!!! - The girl still couldn't calm down.
- I can’t, they don’t smell us ... You bachish, they don’t smell us, - trying to explain the girl’s brother.
Aleone was still looking small, so that she could understand that her mother could no longer feel or speak to her. Vaughn couldn’t grasp all that fright and didn’t want to accept it ... With small fists spreading great tears that flowed on her cheeks, she only shook her mother, for some reason she didn’t want to confess and didn’t want to rise.
- Mommy, get up! - Vaughn screamed again. - Well, get up, mom!
The doctors began to transfer the body to the shvidka to help, and here the girl was already ruined.
- Vidas, Vidas, the stench is taking us away! How about me? Why are we here? .. - she didn’t go in.
The lad stood at the quiet right, without saying a word, for a short time forgetting about his little sister.
“What are we supposed to do now?” the little girl panicked at the same time. - Let's go, well, let's go!
- Howdy? - quietly asking the boy. We have nowhere to go now...
I couldn’t bear the blame anymore, and I could talk to the unfortunate, that I was chomping one by one, a sloppy couple of children, like a share of a rapt, not for what, not about, I threw into someone else’s and my unreasonable world. And I could only try to show how scary and wildly everything is a little bit, especially this little cry, as if there was not a small manifestation about those who are such a death ...

Dieslovo bas- May value: 1. emboss; 2. put (druk); 3. disparage, dolat; 4. attack + affix diyovoї individuals -qaq. By I. N. Berezina, and Baskak and Daruga may have one and the same meaning - a vice (for each other). Similar thoughts were reached by P. Pellio: baskak is a tracing paper from Mongolian, meaning "an official who puts a signet on documents." A. A. Semenov, on the basis of Juvayn's report about the Baskaks of Bukhari, having taken into account the meaning of the term - "guardian", "opikun", "Khan's namіsnik", and passing the appearance of the Baskaks to the pre-Mongolian hour.

Basque in Russia

In the Caucasus

The Mongol monk in Iran and the Caucasus, Argun-aka Virmensky chronicler Stepanos Orbelyan, is called “Bask and vizier”.

Write a review about the article "Baskak"

Notes

Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Vernadsky G.V. Rozdil III. Golden Horde // = The Mongols and Russia/Perz English. Є. P. Berenstein, B. L. Gubman, O. V. Stroganova. - Tver, M.: LEAN, AGRAF, 1997. - 480 p. - 7000 approx. - ISBN 5-85929-004-6.
• Grekov B. D., Yakubovsky A. Yu.. - M., L.: Vidavnitstvo AN SRSR, 1950.
• Nasonov A. N. Mongols and Russia (History of the Tatar policy in Russia) / Vidp. editor Yu. V. Gotye. - M., L: Vidavnitstvo AN SRSR, 1940.
• Fedorov-Davidov G. A. Suspіlny device of the Golden Ordi. - M.: Vydavnitstvo of Moscow University, 1973. - S. 30-31.

Lesson that characterizes the Baskak

- Well, I'm not stupid! - Shouting the prince, he sighed and swung open, but at the same time he moved, walked, touched his hands to the hair of the prince and resurrected.
Vіn pіdsunovsya i prodovzhuvav tlumachennya.
- It’s not possible, princess, it’s impossible, - having said wine, if the princess, having taken it and curling up, she’s done her assignments, she was already getting ready to go, - mathematics is great on the right, my lady. And that bula is similar to our bad ladies, I don’t want to. Endure to fall in love. - Vin patted his hand on the cheek. - Fools jump out of your head.
Vaughn wanted to leave, winning with a gesture and removing a new uncut book from the high table.
- It’s still the key of the mystery to you, your Eloiza sends. Religious. And I don’t get involved in any faith ... I glanced over. Take it. Well, go, go!
Vin patted her on the shoulder and closed the door behind her.
Princess Mary turned to her room with a sumptuous, wicked viraz, which rarely left her and timidly negligent, sickly disguised more and more negligent, strength for her writing style, forcing miniature portraits and heaps of books. The princess bula is just as ruthless, like a father is orderly. Vaughn laid down the geometry, and she impatiently worked out the leaves. A sheet of letters from the closest childhood of a friend of the princess; Whose friend was the same Zhuli Karagina, like a bula on the name day near the Rostovs:
Julie wrote:
"Chere et excellente amie, quelle chose terrible et effrayante que l'absence! liens indissolubles; Le mien se revolte contre la destinee, et je ne puis, malgre les plaisirs et les distractions qui m'entourent, vaincre une certaine tristese cachee que ressens au fond du coeur depuis notre separation. dans votre grand cabinet sur le canape bleu, le canape a confidences? je crois voir devant moi, quand je vous ecris.”
[Dear and priceless friend, how terrible is that greedy river of separation! How many do not harden my soul, that half of my reason and my happiness is with you, that, without regard for the sight, as we are separated, our hearts are bound by inextricable bonds, my heart is overwhelmed against the share, and, without regard for the satisfaction of that rose, oh , I can not strangle such a chained embarrassment, which I watch in the depths of my heart at the hour of our separation. Why don’t we all at once, like last summer, at your great office, on the black sofa, on the “knowledge” sofa? Why can’t I, like three months ago, draw new moral strength from your look, lagid, calm, and penetrating, which I loved so much and which I am running in front of me in that quilt, as I am writing to you?]
Having read until the end of the month, Prince Mary sighed and looked around in the dressing-glass, as if standing right-handed in front of her. The mirror portrayed a negligent weak body and a worse appearance. Eyes, keep the bag, now especially hopelessly marveled at themselves in the mirror. “She flatter me,” thought the prince, turned back and went on reading. Julie, however, did not flatter her friend: true, and the eyes of the princes, great, deep and promenist (no change of warm light came out of them in sheaves), there were such garnis that even more often, not caring for the ugliness of the whole appearance, for beauty. Ale knyazivna did not in any way succumb to the kindness of her eyes, that virazu, which stench they took in those khvilin, if she did not think to herself. Like all people, the disguise of її took on a stretched unnatural, viraz viraz, if she looked in the mirror. Vaughn continued to read: 211
“Tout Moscú is not parle que guerre. L'un de mes deux freres est deja al'etranger, l'autre est avec la garde, qui se met en Marieche vers la frontiere. precieuse existence aux chances de la guerre. Du veuille que le monstre corsicain, qui detruit le repos del europe, soit terrasse par lange que le tout ruissant, dans sa misericorde, nous a donnee pour souverain. Sans parler de mes freres, cette guerre m'a privee d'un relation des plus cheres a mon coeur. Je parle du jeune Nicolas Rostoff, qui avec son enthousiasme n'a pu supporter l'inaction et a quitte l'universite pour aller s enroler dans l'armee. jeunesse, son depart pour l'armee a ete un grand chagrin pour moi. Le jeune homme, dont je vous parlais cet ete, a tant de noblesse, de vertaire jeunesse qu'on rencontre si rarement dans le siecle oh vivons parmi nos villards de vingt ans. tellement pur et poetique, que mes relations avec lui, quelque passageres qu'elles fussent, on ete l'une des plus douees jouissences de mon pauvre coeur, qui a deja tant souffert. "est dit en partant. Tout cela est encore trop frais. Ah! chere amie, vous etes heureuse de ne pas connaitre ces jouissances et ces peines si poignantes. Vous etes heureuse, puisque les derienieres sont ordinairement les plus fortes! Je sais fort bien , sho le comte Nicolas est trop jeune pour poumair jamais devenir pour moi quelque chose de plus que "un ami, mai cette douee amitie, ces relations si poetique et si pures ont ete un besoin pour mon coeur. Mais n "en parlons plus. La grande nouvelle du jour qui occupe tout Moscou est la mort du vieux comte Earless et son heritage. Figurez vous que les trois princesses n'on recu que tres peu de chose, le prince Basile rien, est que c'est M. Pierre qui tout herite, et qui par desusus le Marieche a ete reconnu pour fils legitime, par consequent comte dans toute cette histoire et qu'il est reparti tout penaud pour Petersbourg.

BASKAKI

BASKAKI

pid hour mong. the yoke of the Khan's officials who took the Russian danin and guarded for the Rus. princes.

Dictionary of foreign words, which are in the Russian warehouse. - Pavlenkov F., 1907 .

BASKAKI

tax collectors for the Mongol Khan in Old Russia.

The latest dictionary of inshomonic words that have been acquired by Russian language., 1907 .

Wonder what "BASKAKI" is in other dictionaries:

Baskaks, representatives of the great Mongol Khans in the conquered lands. In the Russian princedoms in the other half of the 13 cob 14 tbsp. was in control of the city government. Dzherelo: Encyclopedia of Witchcraft ... Russian History

Baskaks- Mong., Zol. Horde mystic ruler, representative of the khan in the conquered territories. They set up control over the prince's administration, strove for the collection of exits ... A short dictionary of historical and legal terms

BASKAKI- encouragement of representatives of the Mongol khans in the conquered lands. In the Russian princedoms in the other half of the XIII - on the cob of the XIV century. they were engaged in the collection of danini (“exit”) and controlled the mist’s power (bula in the skin princedom). B. were uninterrupted ... Russian statehood in terms. IX - ear of the XX century.

Baskaks. Painting by ZU Ivanov, 1909 Baskak (Turkic) a representative of the Mongol Khan in the conquered lands. With the Turkic term "Baskak" it means "yazan" i, mabut, totozhnі yoma mong ... Wikipedia

Baskak (sounds like a crusher (Turkic), but in truth it means a signet saver, embossing a signet on a signet) is a representative of the Mongol khan in the conquered lands. In Russia, Basque was formed in the 1250s-1260s. Leather ... ... Wikipedia

Tse service list of articles, creations for ... Wikipedia

Danina, the Russian princes of the Tatars paid over 200 years, starting from Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (1241). In 1257 p. Tatar numerals rewritten the entire population of the Russian land and surrounded it with a singing danina (exit), they took it and ... Encyclopedic dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

BUT; m. [tat. baskak]. Іst. At the hour of the Tatar-Mongolian yoke in Russia in the 13th 15th century: Representative of the Khan's power and the choice of danini. * * * Baskak (Turk.), Representative of the Mongol Khan in the conquered lands (in Russia in the other half of the XIII cob ......) Encyclopedic dictionary

Golden Horde (Ulus Jochi) Khanate ca. 1224 1481 ... Wikipedia

Books

• Russian history in paintings. Issue 3. Mіzh Descent and Sunset. XIII XV century. Until the third edition, the paintings dedicated to the epic of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, the military victory of Oleksandr Nevsky over the Swedes and the Lviv cross-bearers, the spiritual exploits of Sergius Radonezkiy, ...
• Spell that secret to the sovereign, Oleksandr Bubennikov. With a stretch of two and a half centuries, the Tatar khans spent much of their strength on those who tried to overcome the Russian recession. The Baskaks took the danina, and the princes pokirno came to the Ordi to take away ...