Characteristics of animal plant and fungal cells. The structure and activity of mushrooms

Signs of similarity with plants	Signs of animal similarities
1. Immobility.	1. The chlorophyll pigment, which provides photosynthesis, is deprived of are heterotrophs.
2. Constant growth.	2. In the cell membrane, carbohydrate chitin (as in the integuments of insects, crayfish).
3. Strong cell wall.	3. The reserve nutrient is glycogen.
4. Vegetative reproduction.	4. The product of metabolism is urea.
5. Similarity with some plants - reproduction of spores.
6. Nutrient absorption by the body surface.
The hallmark of mushrooms
Yet mushrooms have a distinctive feature - the structure of their vegetative body. This is a mycelium, or mycelium (from the Greek. "Mises" - mushroom), consisting of thin branching tubular filaments - hyphae (from the Greek. "GIF" - cloth, web).

The structure of the mushrooms are very diverse. Their sizes range from microscopically small (unicellular forms - yeast) to large specimens, the body of which reaches half a meter or more in diameter (for example, edible mushrooms - white, boletus, etc.).

The body of the fungus is formed of thin white threads consisting of one row of cells. These threads are called hyphae. Together, the hyphae form the body of the fungus, which is called mycelium, or mycelium. Some fungi do not have septa between the cells, and then the whole mycelium is one giant cell.

Fungal cells have a cell wall constructed from chitin. The most common nutrient is carbohydrate. glycogen (like animals). The mushrooms do not contain chlorophyll, therefore the mushrooms need ready organic compounds (like animals), i.e. according to the way of feeding, they are heterotrophs. The following three types of heterotrophic nutrition are found in fungi:

A close connection is established between the roots of trees and the mycelium of some mushrooms, which is useful both for the fungus and for the plant - it occurs symbiosis. Symbiosis (from the Latin. "Sim" - together, "BIOS" - life) - this is a useful cohabitation of two organisms.

Mycorrhiza (from the Greek. "Mikos" - mushroom, "riza" - root) - is a symbiosis of fungus and wood, when the threads of a mycelium twist the root of a tree and even penetrate it.

Mushrooms (like plants) grow throughout life.

Mushrooms are a very ancient group of living beings. Possible ancestors of fungi are the oldest algae that have lost chlorophyll.

The structure of the fruiting body of the fungus.
1, 3 - different stages of development of the fruit body, 2 - fruit body in the section
(a - volva, b - cap, c - remnants of a common blanket, d - leg, d - ring, e - plates)

Fungi reproduce mainly asexually — either vegetatively (for example, with portions of a mycelium or cell budding, like in yeast), or by spores. Spores develop in the reproductive organs - sporangiaappearing on specialized hyphae - sporangiophores, in cap mushrooms, for example, under a cap.

Examples of mushrooms.

Hat Mushrooms - symbionts of higher plants. Fruit bodies are formed by dense interlacing of hyphae. The lower part of the cap may be formed by plates (russula, chanterelle) or by tubules (boletus, flywheel) in which the spores mature. About 200 species of cap mushrooms are used in food. They contain proteins, vitamins, mineral salts. Some cap mushrooms are poisonous to humans: pale toadstool, amanita, satanic mushroom. Cap mushrooms are a food base for many animals.

Unicellular Mushrooms - Yeastdeveloping on mediums containing sugars, they are converted into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Yeast is used in the food industry: bread baking, winemaking, brewing.

Yeast

TO mold fungirelate penicillium (green mold) and mukor (white mold).

Penicillium It is a green mold that develops on vegetable substrates, including food. Penicillin produces the antibiotic penicillin, the first antibacterial drug discovered in the world, which suppresses the multiplication and growth of bacteria.

Penicillium

Mushroom mukor develops in the soil, on food, organic residues of plant origin, which leads to molding of root crops, fruits, feed, if not properly stored. Initially, the naked eye can see a fluffy patina of white color, which darkens over time. This is due to the formation of a variety of sporangia with spores for asexual reproduction.

Mukor

Ergot horns

Mycology - the science of studying fungi. Mushrooms are a separate kingdom of wildlife, a cat. called Mycetalia (Fungi) - Mushrooms and mushroom protists. The kingdom was singled out in 1973. This kingdom occupies an intermediate position between the plant and Animal kingdoms.

The difference of fungi from plants and their similarity with animals.

1. Absence of chlorophyll in cells, i.e. inability to photosynthesis.

2. Heterotrophic type of food.

3. Education as a reserve product is glycogen, not starch.

4. The presence in the cell membrane of chitin or chitazan, and not cellulose.

5. The product of the metabolism of fungi is urea.

The similarity of fungi with plants and their difference from animals.

1. Well-defined cell wall.

2. Unlimited apical growth.

3. Osmotrofnoy nutrition - the ability to absorb nutrients from solutions of the entire surface of the body.

4. Immobility.

5. Reproduction is carried out by disputes.

6. Ability to synthesize vitamins.

29. Specific signs of fungi. Features and diversity of the structure of mushrooms. The main taxa of fungi. Lower and higher mushrooms.

Specific signs of fungi, characteristic only for them.

1. The special structure of the body, a cat. represented by mycelium - a set of thin branching threads, a cat. are called hyphae. They can be septicated (multicellular, higher fungi) and non-septate (one individual - one cell, lower fungi).

2 A special role in the biocenosis: fungi perform the function of bioreducents. There are several types of mushroom nutrition:

Saprotrophic - consume dead organics.

Symbiotrophic - joint mutually beneficial living of two dissimilar organisms (mycorrhiza of fungi and tree roots).

Predatory.

Polytrophic - mushrooms, cat. have the ability to change food types (oyster mushroom - saprotroph and predator)

3. A particular developmental cycle, in particular, is such phenomena as sexual sporulation and heterocoriosis (multi-core) - in one individual of the nucleus from several other individuals.

4. The diploid stage in fungi is very short.

Features and diversity of the structure of mushrooms.

Mushrooms are a vast group of eukaryotic heterotrophic organisms, numbering more than 100 thousand species, occupying a special position in the system of the organic world. The cell of fungi has a eukaryotic structure. In most cases, covered with a hard shell - the cell wall. In most fungi, the main polysaccharides that make up the cell walls are chitin and chitosan (in Oomycetes, cellulose). In young fungal cells, the shell is thin, structureless, colorless. With age, cells inside form new layers of the shell; it darkens due to melanin pigment. Kernels are small, spherical or oval. The fungus cell contains vacuoles containing spare nutrients - volutin, lipids, glycogen, fatty acids. There are the following types of structure of the body of fungi: 1) the body of fungi can be represented by single budding cells, as, for example, in yeast. If such budding cells do not diverge, a so-called pseudomycelium;

3) in some primitive fungi, unicellular thalli often form branched filamentous outgrowths of a very thin cell wall - this is the so-called. rhizopodial mycelium;

4) the basis of the vegetative body of most fungi is mycelium, which is a system of thin branching filaments, or hyphae, with apical growth and lateral branching.

Distinguish between mycelium neplitsirovanny (non-cellular), devoid of partitions and is like a giant cell with a huge number of nuclei, and septate mycelium, divided by septa (partitions) into separate cells. The absence of septa in the mycelium is a distinguishing feature of the lower fungi from the higher ones. Septa develops centripetally, i.e. from the wall of the hypha to its center. In the center of the septum remains the pore, through which nutrients move, as well as cellular organelles.

Systematics of mushrooms.

In the kingdom of Mycetalia, two sub-kingdoms are distinguished: Myxomycobionta (Mixicomycetes, or Slizeviki) and Eumycobionta (Real mushrooms).

NUCLEAR EUCARYOTA - Eukaryotes, The Kingdom MYCETALIA - Mushrooms and mushroom protists, The kingdom EUMYCOBIONTA - Real mushrooms: 6 classes (3 - lower mushrooms, 3 - higher mushrooms). Lower:class Chytridiomycetes– Chytridiomyceites, class Oomycetes – Oomycetes, class Zygomycetes – Zygomycetes. Higher:class Ascomycetes– Ascomycetes (marsupial), class Basidiomycetes – Badidiomycetes (basidial), class D euteromycetes – Deuteromycetes (imperfect fungi). For lower fungi it is characteristic: a body in the form of amoeboid or rhizomycelia (a cell with a thinnest shell, which is able to stretch out); non-septic mycelium; asexual reproduction carried out using zoospores. Higher fungi differ from lower ones in that they have, as a rule, a multicellular (septic) branching mycelium, features of sexual reproduction (loss of genital organs and gametes), features of the structure of the body, sporulation, etc.

Instruction

Mushrooms, like plants, are still. When a fungus is in adulthood, its mobility is limited.

Cells of fungi, like plants, have a cell wall. It imparts mechanical strength to the cells of fungi and plants, protects their contents from damage and excessive water loss, maintains the shape of the cells and their size. The cell wall in fungi is located on top of the plasma membrane. It is a mosaic of various carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and polyphosphates.

The growth of the fungus occurs apical (apical) part. Plants also grow at the expense of the top. During the life of the mushrooms and plants have unlimited growth. The growth of fungi and plants directly depends on the ambient temperature. So, warm rainy weather contributes to the rapid growth of mushrooms.

Fungi can absorb nutrients from the environment through absorption. By osmosis, nutrients dissolved in water are absorbed by the entire surface of the mycelium or its individual parts. In plants, too, thanks to osmosis, water and nutrients dissolved in it are absorbed from the soil into the root vessels.

Mushrooms provide vegetative reproduction inherent in plants. Vegetative reproduction of plants occurs by root shoots or cuttings of the shoots. Vegetative reproduction in fungi occurs with the help of fragments of mycelium, which give rise to new organisms. In yeast reproduction, budding occurs. Some plants also multiply by spores. Asexual reproduction in fungi is also carried out by various types of spores. In fungi, spores are found in the sporangia or at the ends of specialized hyphae. Over long distances, spores of fungi and plants are transported with the help of wind and, once in favorable conditions, they germinate, forming new mycelium and new plants.

The difference of fungi from plants and their similarity with animals.

1. Absence of chlorophyll in cells, i.e. inability to photosynthesis.

2. Heterotrophic type of food.

3. Education as a reserve product is glycogen, not starch.

4. The presence in the cell membrane of chitin or chitazan, and not cellulose.

5. The product of the metabolism of fungi is urea.

The similarity of fungi with plants and their difference from animals.

1. Well-defined cell wall.

2. Unlimited apical growth.

3. Osmotrofnoy nutrition - the ability to absorb nutrients from solutions of the entire surface of the body.

4. Immobility.

5. Reproduction is carried out by disputes.

6. Ability to synthesize vitamins.

29. Specific signs of fungi. Features and diversity of the structure of mushrooms. The main taxa of fungi. Lower and higher mushrooms.

Specific signs of fungi, characteristic only for them.

2 A special role in the biocenosis: fungi perform the function of bioreducents. There are several types of mushroom nutrition:

Saprotrophic - consume dead organics.

Symbiotrophic - joint mutually beneficial living of two dissimilar organisms (mycorrhiza of fungi and tree roots).

Predatory.

Polytrophic - mushrooms, cat. have the ability to change food types (oyster mushroom - saprotroph and predator)

3. A particular developmental cycle, in particular, is such phenomena as sexual sporulation and heterocoriosis (multi-core) - in one individual of the nucleus from several other individuals.

4. The diploid stage in fungi is very short.

Features and diversity of the structure of mushrooms.

3) in some primitive fungi, unicellular thalli often form branched filamentous outgrowths of a very thin cell wall - this is the so-called. rhizopodial mycelium;

4) the basis of the vegetative body of most fungi is mycelium, which is a system of thin branching filaments, or hyphae, with apical growth and lateral branching.

Systematics of mushrooms.

In the kingdom of Mycetalia, two sub-kingdoms are distinguished: Myxomycobionta (Mixicomycetes, or Slizeviki) and Eumycobionta (Real mushrooms).

If you compare the structure and livelihoods mushroom with other plants there is a great similarity between them and seaweed. Mushrooms, like algae, do not have real tissues similar to those of higher green plants.

Mushrooms, like algae, do not have real tissues similar to those of higher green plants.

Like algae, they represent either single-celledeither multicellular organismsbut unlike the latter they do not contain chlorophyll.

The similarity of fungi and algae suggests that the fungi originated from green algae that lost chlorophyll and eating ready-made organic matter.

Mushroom species

Mushroom species great amount- over 90,000. They are very diverse, (more:), they are divided into two groups:

lower fungi, consisting of one, sometimes very developed cells. In reproduction, lower fungi resemble algae;
higher multicellular fungi, representing the so-called body, not divided into parts (root, stem, leaves and others) and not having vessels along which water and food substances move.

Mushrooms grow wherever there are necessary conditions for this! Most mushrooms in countries with warm and humid climates, as moisture and heat - the main conditions of their life.

Mushrooms grow wherever there is heat and moisture

But here the leaf falls to the ground, and then the mushrooms, imperceptibly existing on the leaves in the summer, begin to flourish. In a short time they turn a leaf into black forest humus.

It is obvious that living, healthy cells of the leaf tissue did not allow the fungi to develop by their own secretions, and only with the death of the leaf cells did the conditions for development arise in the fungi.

Mushrooms originated at the dawn of green plants, and their development is largely associated with the development of these plants.

The most important connection between the green world and chlorophyll-free fungi is manifested in the circulation of substances in nature, (more:). Mushrooms take an active part in the destruction of organic matter, thereby giving food to green plants. The structure and activity of fungi provides them with the role of biological nurses of the forest.