Tea consumption culture. Japanese garden. Tea Garden Japan Gardens Tea Garden
A person who loves to embroider all kinds of embroidery. You can see a lot of material on this topic in her lj.
So she has a blog with the kind permission of the author, I reprint it.
In these difficult days for the Japanese people, we would like to support it not by publishing photographs of destruction, but by popularizing Japanese culture.
Old books on park art classify stones according to their form — tall, vertical, low, vertical, curved, arched. There are also examples of groups of two, three, and five well-balanced stones. The choice of stones should correspond to the theme and composition of the garden itself. For example, edges and peaked stones are preferable in high mountains, rather than in softer valleys that use softer shapes. Water is another important element of Japanese nature. In the mountains there are many lakes, waterfalls, streams, and on flat, broad-water rivers.
It is placed in ponds filled with bamboo pipes. Another big part of the garden is waterfalls. Types - one, two-stage, three-stage, smooth, uneven. Each type of waterfall has a different sound and effect in the garden. Dry water - there are several reasons to prefer artificial water. First, philosophically dry river is abstractly idealized in Zen culture, secondly, the real river is more difficult to master, and its use is more expensive. Sand and gravel flows are the equivalent of spaces so important for the creation of a garden, namely the mysterious elements - those that allow thoughts to wander.
San Francisco is a large American city and, like many others, it combines a lot of different contrasts, just the same layers of different cultures, adjacent to each other. Among them are the familiar Chinatown, and Russian Hill, and the famous Pier 39, which is part of a huge embankment, and Alcatraz Island with a famous prison, and the Golden Gate Bridge in the park of the same name, and much more.
Using wooden oars, the Japanese form dry water in different ways, twists, ridges, ripples to indicate the direction of water movement. Due to the fact that the fine gravel and sand are not particularly resistant to natural conditions, it is necessary to take measures to prevent their washing off or leakage due to wind. Depending on the type of movement and the depth of water that it symbolizes, a different color of the material used is chosen. Bridges - give a sense of stability in the garden. They are also used as an accent or an accent in the compositional solution of a park and offer different perspectives.
Just about Golden Gate Park and will be discussed, or rather, about one of its parts, organically fitting into the flavor of this city - Japanese Tea Garden (Japanese tea garden). 
The San Francisco Japanese Tea Garden is the oldest Japanese garden located outside of Japan.
Types - logs, entrance bridge, stone, single or double. Is interesting Tea Garden - with a limited size and a mandatory shed or pavilion for the tea ceremony, a well, a stone pool and a lantern. Ornamental plants used by Japanese builders - conifers, flowering trees - decorative cherries and cherries due to their effect during spring flowering, squid, etc. flowers are used only in gardens.
To do this, use the ancient technique, called a scarf or "landscape of the loan." The goal of all this is a garden - a place for reflection, pleasure, comfort and the attainment of harmony of the soul with those around you. At the beginning of this series of articles on Japanese gardens, a phenomenon called the “Myth of Zen Saunas” by Japanese and Western experts on Japanese aesthetics is worth mentioning. Indeed, by the middle of the century, no Japanese Zen or Zen garden style appeared in any Japanese book. Everything changed until the famine of the West, after all the exotic, reached a climax - and especially of the east.
Its construction began in 1894 and, in fact, continues to this day. Throughout all these years, the garden was supplemented, modified, improved, improved.
This time, dealers were offered an excellent tool in the form of a business philosophy: everything that is marked by Zen is selling well. Against the abuse of a religious name, Japanese monks from Sotto sprang up. Another monk of the same sect said that one who practices women does not build gardens. According to another statement, the monks in the gardens do not care, because they meditate fundamentally against the wall.
However, it is good to remember that the Japanese themselves designate a certain type of gardens by the word kansho or zakkan, which is freely translated means that they are intended for meditation. In any case, the truth is, minimalist dry gardens, which are connected to the Japanese Zen section, did emerge at a time when this trend reached dominant influence in Japan. In any world culture of that time there was no other way for us to have enough information for consideration. For centuries, Japan experienced a period of religious uprising associated with the development of new Buddhist sects, one of which invented Zen.
Japanese tea gardens are a type of garden where tea ceremonies can be held. The task of the tea garden is to create a soothing and relaxed atmosphere even before the ceremony itself.
Such gardens consist of an external and internal garden and are one of the most popular types of gardens. The outer garden has an entrance gate and a stone walkway leading to the inner garden.
In the era of Kamakura, the land was fully occupied by the military nobility. She was disgusted with the softness of the Imperial Court, and she faced a bloated spirit of an inaccessible and complex judicial religion. While various sects of the nembuku direction, which did not emphasize knowledge of the sutra, met the needs of uneducated layers, Zen Buddhism corresponded to the taste of the emerging samurai layer. Another reformist sect from the text of the lotus sutras was founded in the middle of the century. Syntheism has also been subjected to ideological clarification.
Next, guests pass through the second gate, where the water basin is used, used during the ceremony. There is another stone path leading through the inner garden, in which there are no flowering plants, so as not to distract the attention of the guests. This path leads to a small building where a tea ceremony is held.
From India to China, this direction arrived around 520 AD. and in the table. Chinese monks tried to spread it in Japan. The attention of Japanese scholars attracted Zen to the reign of the Chinese Song Dynasty. Rencai's founder, Eisai Myo'an, visited China twice and then founded in Hakata Sufku-ji, the first Zen monastery in Japan. Later, Eisai founded another monastery, Dufuku-ji in Kamakura.
The spread of Zen Buddhism, in addition to the favors of the Shogun, also contributed to the influx of Chinese scientists fleeing from their homeland before the invasion of the Mongols. According to Zen Buddhism, the whole world consists of various manifestations of the Buddha. Once a person in a sudden enlightenment understands the laws of the universe, he will attain knowledge, and then a state called nirvana when he merges with the Buddha. However, enlightenment is not a study of religious texts or the practice of complex rituals, but a long-term observation and perception of natural phenomena.
As in any Japanese garden, special attention is paid to natural elements, stones, rocks, streams, trees.
Each species point on the winding path laid through the garden draws the viewer's attention to these elements.
Only those who, through their own forces and forces, can achieve the perfect balance of body and soul and live in harmony with the world, namely nature. The emphasis on personal discipline in the development of physical and spiritual abilities attracted the attention of military nobility. Favorite body rigidity was, for example, a very useful activity - archery - and various combat techniques were closed. Increasing the chance of an adversary’s peril was a profitable byproduct of the path to bliss.
Religious reform, based on making this cult accessible to the general public, a kind of “deification” of the idea of ideas, inevitably affected art and architecture. The Chinese technique of monochrome coloring of ink is very popular, which almost for some time almost pushed the school of the artist to the jamatovy yard. The subject of painting was no longer a Buddha and a paradise, but significant personalities of Japan at that time. This change led to the emergence and development of Japanese portraiture.
During the walk you get the feeling that you are traveling in space and in time, so seemingly completely different natural areas are located here.
Cinderella paintings served as masterpieces for the gardens. At the turn of the epoch of Kamakura and Muromach, the complexes of the Zen monastery gradually formed a unique garden that has no analogues in the world. The landscape landscape known as “dry gardens” is the most extreme contrast to the magnificent parks of a noble court. They did not go for walks or rides in the boat, there were no celebrations, but, like the ink image, they were meant for observation. Concentration is required to induce trance, which was the target of meditation, sound and movement do not interfere with real water, no visible colored plants in minimalist gardens appear limited.
The greatest contribution to the creation of the garden was made by Hagiwara Makoto, a prominent Japanese landscape designer who lived directly in the garden, invested, built and cared for the site from 1895 until his death in 1925. His son-in-law, daughter and grandchildren continued his business.
Part of the path to enlightenment was not only passive observation of the garden, but also its construction. In a number of monasteries, monks regularly interrupted their gardens, only to recreate them in a different form. This tradition is undoubtedly rooted in the Shinto teaching of transience and resembles the usual deforestation and restoration of the shrines in Ise. To create a harmonious landscape, you need artistic sense, a certain amount of manual skill, knowledge of natural patterns, obtained through insightful observations and long practice.
Each step in creating a garden to think about design after placing the last grain of sand, a person closer to the moment of enlightenment and from this point of view can be the creation of gardens, including subsequent landscapes in meditation, are considered as a way of knowing. Since Zen Buddhism has removed complex rituals and is looking for a way to recognize the activities of everyday life, including garden care, creating an artificial landscape is a type of ceremony.
The five-acre garden contains a rather eclectic collection of mini-gardens, buildings and artifacts, many of which have a rich history.
In 1942, the heirs of Higigar were forced to leave San Francisco due to the mass deportation of the Japanese to the camps. The garden was renamed from "Japanese" to "Eastern." The name was officially restored in 1952.
Although Japan already had to symbolic words, Zen teachings that advised their students to search for the universe in the grain of sand abstraction of Japanese gardens led to ultimate efficiency in terms of a range of expressive elements. Soseki himself called Zen Gardens an ideal place for meditation and seeking answers to serious political questions. A properly designed garden, he says, clears the mind, removes stress and tension, and provides a unique environment for solving complex issues.
In order to actually fulfill the role of a cleaning space, it must be separated from interference by a fence or wall. The essential difference between the gardens that decorated the temples around the time before the arrival of Zen, and then is in focus: the scenery, depicting paradise to go shopping around for life after death, while the garden of Kamakura and Muromachi era focus on the world that man lived in during your life. The world is a mystery whose decoding will bring knowledge to man. Since the world consists of countless different forms of Buddha, his kingdom is not paradise, but nature itself, its image and garden.
In 1953, Nagao Sakurai created a zen garden (symbolizing a miniature mountain scene with a waterfall and an island surrounded by a gravel river)
The most famous examples of minimalist gardens of this era are found in the Kyoto temples of Royanja and Daitoku-ji. Minimalistic and dry gardens are the most exotic among all Asian gardens. There is a glimpse of the difference between how both cultures perceive space and time. Man from the West understands the space to understand the distance between objects. Where there is no topic, empty, nothing. In the Japanese concept, empty space will give meaning to objects, materializes them. Ma, literally gap, is the main building block of the universe.
There are a lot of squirrels in the garden, they are practically not afraid of people and run all over the territory. From the souvenir shop with their feet throw sellers.
Cosmos plays the role of connection, creating relationships between individual subjects. Rogan-ji's garden is the essence of this concept. When someone walks around the main building, he literally hits the sight of an impressive array of fifteen stones rising from the ocean of gravel. Building elements are stones, gravel and space.
In addition to the ideas of Zen Buddhism, Eisai brought another part of the culture to Japan, without which we cannot imagine this country today - tea. According to an old legend, a Chinese Buddhist saint went to sleep during contemplation. To continue his meditation, he tore off his falling eyelids and threw them on the ground. The caps swallowed the roots and grew a teaspoon out of them. The story explains both the antihypnotic effects and the shape of the tea leaves that resemble eyelids.
But living protein is not limited to:
The beginning of December. In San Francisco +12.
Both pagodas: small and five tiers
Traditional five tier pagoda:
Japanese tea palm))
Japanese tea garden - a place where you want to return more.
There is a feeling of complete calm, internally relaxes
This is a set of harmonious contrasts that the caring gardener managed to combine together
In addition to San Francisco, Japanese tea gardens are located in other parts of our planet.
Tea path
Tea brought to the Buddha and drank it during meditations. Starting from the 13th century, the custom of tea drinking penetrates among aristocrats and samurai, while taking on the most hypertrophied forms. By the brilliance of the tea ceremony and by the number of guests they judged the owner himself - her organizer. Ceremonies in this style were called syon-tya, “library” or “palace” style. How luxurious such events were, can be judged by the description of tea parties, arranged, the one that ordered the suicide of the famous master of the tea ceremony, Saint-No Rikyu. The book by Hideyoshi, D. Eliseev, describes one of these ceremonies held in the pavilion in the form of “a large cubic tent ... made of lacquered wooden pillars by Sakai craftsmen and thin walls covered with gilding; gold was and utensils necessary for the tea ceremony; the mats were edged with gold and red brocade - this luxury was invisible, because the floor was completely covered with woolen carpets brought from Europe. ”
In contrast to the lush tea drinking of high-ranking samurai and aristocrats, meetings of ordinary citizens over a cup of tea, called bitches-haw, the style of "hut", were much more modest. They served as the beginning for the development of the principles of the tea ceremony, which was based on harmony, reverence, cleanliness and peace - the ceremony in the style of wabi-ty ("simple style").
In the 17th century, many traditional arts were elevated to the rank of “before”, the Chinese “dao”, that is, they received a theoretical basis as ways leading to enlightenment. This is how “Kado” - the flower's path, he, “kendo” - the path of the sword, “judo” - the path of pliability, “kyudo” - the path of the onion, “tjado” - the path of tea, etc. ) was the canon, designed by the master of the tea ceremony, Saint-No-Riku. During the tea ceremony, thanks to deeply thought-out means, an atmosphere is created that promotes cleansing, detachment from time and from oneself. As A. Watts writes in his study “The Path of Zen”, “The main effect on which tea showIt consisted in acquiring Itidza, literally - “single sitting”, “sitting in unity”, i.e., co-feeling and co-thinking of people, which would make everyone forget about their “I”. When developing the canon, Rikyu tried to follow the idea of simplicity and naturalness. It is said that when he was asked what the secret of the tea ceremony was, he replied: “Receive your guests so that they feel warm in winter and cool in summer. Put charcoal to boil water and make tea to make it tasty. There is no other secret. ” (N. Ye. S. Japanese Gardens). It was he who developed the principles of creating a special tea garden, which helps to gradually immerse into the atmosphere with pull.
In the tea garden
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Ways of dividing the garden can be divided into four very different categories: natural landscape, imitating nature, landscape, the essence of which is solitude, dry landscape, allowing to feel the water where it is not, and the garden is flat - the garden is dying. For a tea garden any category is good, if the main thing in it is wabi. The word roji, which in Japanese is called the tea garden, has the hieroglyph “road”, since the garden was originally given the meaning of the road leading to the tea pavilion. In this case, the rozi should consist of two gardens with different landscapes in nature, called the “inner rodzi” located in front of the pavilion, and the “outer rodzi”, broken up in front of the gate leading to the inner rodzi. If one part of the garden is, say, a dense grove, then it is desirable that the other part spread out like a field, reflecting the beauty of the countryside. True, modern tea gardens are rarely divided into internal and external, with the exception of those cases when a tea garden is arranged in one of the zones of a large park. The gate, located on the border between the inner and outer roji, is a traditional element of the tea garden, as well as a lantern and tsukubai ("squat"), a stone vessel for ritual ablution, mother-ai - a bench on which guests expect a host who arranges tea ceremony. These elements help you immerse yourself in tea samadhi. In addition, passing by them, people unwittingly admire the garden landscape.
In fact, the traction begins already from the moment of entering the roji, therefore, at its device one should pay close attention to the creation of an atmosphere of naturalness in it, which is a necessary sign of wabi. One way or another, it is necessary to do so that with a rather large actual expenditure of labor one does not feel artificial. The main thing is what is generally characteristic of a child - abstaining from luxury, honoring peace and tranquility, and not lush magnificence and competition in originality. It is extremely important that the rodzi separates the tea pavilion from the usual living space, becoming “expensive outside the temporal world.” The entrance to the pavilion is arranged separately from the living rooms, and the guest, walking along the roji, appreciating his charm, shakes off worldly dust, soothes his heart, plunges into a state of tension. Apparently, this is the essence of tea drinking. At present, due to the tightness of land and the high cost of such an enterprise, it has become increasingly difficult to arrange traditional roji with an obligatory tea pavilion and bench. However, when it is created, it is impossible to neglect the old techniques and iconic elements of the garden, such as lanterns, tsukubi, tobisi, which specifically fit unevenly to make the passage of a close garden space unhurried. |
Elements of a traditional tea garden
Hakamatsuke
This is the name of the place where guests who came to the tea party meet, or the place where their toilet is put in order. If the tea pavilion is not built on a spacious plot of land, there is no special need for a hakamatsuke device. This also applies to the case when the pavilion is connected to the main house. In this case, the outer roji is usually not settled, and one of the rooms of the main house is adapted for hakamatsuke. Depending on the top of the pavilion, there can also be a toilet in hakamatsuke.
Matiai
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If the rodzi is not divided into internal and external, then Matiai is a place where guests who enter the garden from hakamatsuke are waiting for an invitation from the host. If the roji is divided, then there are two matiai - the outer bench and the inner one, where guests are waiting for the start of the tea ceremony. Matiai is not just a bench, but a small three-wall construction with a canopy, where round mats lie, a tray with smoking accessories, etc., and sometimes a hanger is made. Matiai gets away from hakamatsuke, and the toilet can either adjoin it, or stand separately. If the territory is small, it is better to use Tea has become widespread in Japan since the 12th century, when it began to be grown at Zen Buddhist monasteries. Restroom
Well Long since water was important for the tea ceremony, therefore a well was dug in a roji. The significance of water can be judged by the fact that often the pavilion was built after searching for a place where you could get high quality water. The "frame" of the well was laid out of flat stones, and a tobisi path was brought to it. Nearby, stones were laid for scooping water and for tubs. The well was covered with a lid woven from bamboo with the help of palm ropes. In our time, of course, it is more convenient to take water from the water supply, but it is better, if possible, to make a well and take water from it. Tsukubai
Internal gate, nakaguguri
Lamp
Tobishi, Nobedan
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