From the 70s of the 15th century to the end of the 30s of the 16th century, Moscow was filled with the creators of architecture, the capital cities of the great land.

Until the residual sharing of the Russian lands before the era of the Moscow Grand Dukes is far away, even the Battle of Kulikovsk (1380), which left the ear of the mercy of Russia from the Tatar yoke. Dmytro Donskiy to turn to Moscow with a hand. In the end of the XIV century, the struggle against the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod and Tver princes will also end with Moscow's corny. Until the ear of the 80s of the XIV century, there was a provocative political role, in the eyes of the contenders Moscow is still a place, which is "surpassed ... all the gradients in Rustem, the earth is honored by weary."

For the battle on the Don, the process of consolidation of the forces of Old-Time Russia will do its best. Uninvolved in the abduction of Khan Tokhtamish to Moscow, the entry of Lithuanian prince Olgerd into the borders of Russia and the support-form of the surrounding princes, the deeds of sharing the Russian lands near Moscow.

Ivan III (1440-1505, since 1462 - the Grand Duke of Moscow) will continue to fight against the feudal fragmentation of the Rus princes, for their integration into the centralized Russian state. For an hour the Great Prince Ivan III and the fall is the period of the beginning of the prominent creations of Moscow architecture.

Two furnishings were added to the folding of the architectural style of the other half of the 15th and the first three ten years of the 16th century and the revival of majesty. In 1453 r under the onslaught of the Turks, Constantinople fell, and the bagatovic call from Vizantin, from the hands of which common words, the Orthodoxy was rejected, the ball was interrupted. Having repaired a new period in the history of the most recent history of Moscow Russia.

The tragic fall of Constantinople shattered Moscow in the eyes of the contemporaries of the Orthodox Church and the prodigious old traditions. Sophia (Zoya) Palaeologus, the tribe of the last Vizantyisky Emperor Kostyantin XI - Sophia (Zoya) Palaeologus, who was victorious in Rome at the court of Pope Sixtus IV, in 1472 he was a retinue of the Grand Duke Ivan III.

Lyudin was recognized, princess Sofia Bula was kindly recognized in the mistress of her hour, and the spring in the Italian architecture of the Quattrocento. And the spirit of the spirit is Cardinal Visarion Nykei-sky, the great Vizant political act and teachings, who wore ties with the engineers and architects of the Political Art. And if there is a need to build up, to bring about the adult power of the Moscow state, then naturally it will go through the princess Sophia to the Italian mayors of the architect Uninvolved on the Tatar yoke and the identity of the cause of Western Europe, the ties between Russia and the foreign powers, without ever getting overwhelmed. This is evidenced by the lifeless penny belongings that appeared on the trade routes, objects of material culture and art that were introduced in Russia, as well as those architectural elements that were present in the sporums of the Russian pre-Mongolian period. Sofia Paleologue played only the role of a middleman in this particular style].

Such a rank, for the first time in Russia, was the Italian Mysteries, which reached a high level of sophistication in the construction of castles and fortresses, and they filled the architecture with new engineers and artists.

Created by them, create a beautiful architecture, the nature of some kind of a significant stage of reconciliation to purely utilitarian features, which were not formed by the Russian Mystetsky traditions formed before the XV century. In a way, they looked at the civilian and especially in the cult architecture, the dear architects brought their respect to the rich national traditions. At the same time, there was the folding of the camp of the Italian architects, as their talent and knowledge of the Moscow state were given away. The Italians with the povagoy were put before they were kicked in Russia. Їх was struck by the self-confidence of old Russian architecture. Preserved yogo traditions, the stench enriched them with progressive for that hour technical methods and new submissions about architectural proportions.

For the literary Russian dzherels and the Italian chronicles it is possible to establish with sufficient accuracy, as the Italian architects were practicing in Russia the rest of the thirty fifteenth century and the first ten years of the XVI century.

First, for the literary testimonies, appear in Moscow in 1469 r Anton Fryazino, later, in 1475 r, - Aristotle Rudolph Fio-Ravanti. In 1487, there is already pratsyuє Marko Fryazino (Marco Ruffo?) - the exact date of his arrival is unavoidable. At 1490 r priizhzhak P'utro Antonio Solar; in 1494 - (?) r. - Petro Francis Fryazino. Approximately at the same hour - ALEV Stary, behind the Italian dzherels - Aloiz and karkati. At 1504 r come Aleviz Noviy (Aloizio Lambert and Montagnana) and also pratsyu Bon Fryazino. In 1517, Fryazino Ivan appears, and on the other side of the name - John-Battista della Volpe, i, nareshti, in 1522 - Petrok Maliy.

In this rank, ten Italian architects came to Russia during the period of three years more than the last century; the same world took on the same fate as the stench in the buduyness of Moscow. The list goes to the victories of Peter-Francis and Ivan Fryazino. About the first one of them was seen only, but in 1508 there were sent messages by the Grand Duke Vasil Ivanovich to Nizhniy Novgorod, having become a fortune-teller for the part of the fortress to be sent through a large fortress, went 150 Another Fryazino two arrived in Pskov - in 1517 and +1538 rr. - for correcting the head wall of the Pskov Kremlin. The writings do not name the robots of architects in Moscow, hocha, it’s crazy, the stench lived in Moscow, so only stars could be directing the great prince’s warriors in this place. With such a rank, in Moscow they praised most of the Italian architects, who were great knowledge and practice in the history of business and life of the zokrem.

Anton Fryazino

About the tse іtalіyskuyu architektorі vіdomo dzhagato nebagato. Deyakі dzherela call this father of the Italian city Bigenets. He came to Moscow in 1469 at the warehouse of the Greek embassy, ​​Yuriya, from Cardinal Visarion, for some reason to talk about the friendship of Ivan III at Princess Sophia Paleologue.

Throughout sixteen years in the literature, there is nothing to say about the awakening activity of Anton Fryazin and only about 1485 I call this first robot - the construction of the Taynitskaya Vezha (for the terminology of the current hour - Moscow's foundation) The archer at the Sheshkovs (cups) vorit, and before her vived the shovel, and robbed Anton Fryazino. "

On such a roar of rock, the visit and the first ugly trick was brutalized by the modern history of history. The process of changing the writer can be explained by the fact that at 1471 r to Moscow in the warehouses of the Venetian embassy Trevisan the diplomat is Anton Fryazino. Nikon's list and dzherela inducing a lot of information about the activity of tsyy Anton Fryazin in the diplomatic field, and then at 1485 by a rapid report about the news of the Taynitskaya vezhi. With the rank of diplomat, like Ivan III, he gave a number of additional orders and the one who won’t get the price from Venice and Moscow, having changed into an architect, it didn’t make any noise. Obviously, the ancient writer united two different people in one person. I still don’t explain the reasons for the author's choice of the architect’s work. If Anton Fryazino arrived at the place of the Taynitskaya Vezha bookmark, please, do not be afraid to visit the embassy of Cardinal Vissarion in Moscow.

Є Only one explanation of the history of inconsistencies: on the side of the literature, you can use the significant facts in the history of the life of Moscow; such a fact was the creation of the new Kremlin vezha; all іnshe pass in respect of the writer.

With the help of the Taynitskaya Vezha - the first robot of the first from the Italian architects who came to Moscow - to repent of being overwhelmed by the decrepitude of the old houses of Dmitry Donskoy, the Moscow Kremlin. Three rockets later, in 1488, Anton Fryazino will be in Kutov Sviblov, in 1686 I was renamed Vodovzvodnaya.

Talk about the Kremlin vezhes of the XV-XVI centuries, after the memory, but the stench was not small for the hipped roofs that were built in the XVII centuries. Some of the stinks were massive cylindrical or straight-handed obsyagi, behind a vignette, the bullets were lifted high above the walls and hung forward behind the line, which gave the possibility of a late attack on the thief, which was going on the assault.

The Taynitskaya Vezha, scho rejected its name by a secret passage, viritom towards the rychka, - proizna, straight and even massive, from the side-by-side Strilnitsya, which is not very high above the walls. Vona did not only play the role of a shooter, but the second bully was a support for the snuggled walls. At 1772 r, at the sound of the palace for the project of V.I. Bazhenov, the vezha was known, and at the same time it was renewed according to the measurement of M.F.

Before the hour of reconstruction and expansion of the Kremlin embankment, in 1953, the Strilnytsya was known, and the Taynitskaya Vezha was filled up with a lot of eyes.

Sviblova (Vodovzvodnaya) vezha was built in another hour with three sets of the basics of the Kremlin trike, which went to Moskva-Rika. Beklemishevskaya (Moskvoretskaya), and more adorned for its proportions. Not high above the block-stone plinth - a round battle of combat. Until the middle of the height, the vykladena vezha is guarded by the belts of a yak in the form of a yak, and it is west of the tseglyano masonry, which is more massive. Let the vuzka smuggle a white stone, the arcature belt spirals onto the yak. The whole motive is not repeated at one of the Kremlin towers. Everything is completed with the miraculous crown of the forebears (mashikuli) and the teeth at the viglyad "Last of the tails" with the projections for the shooting.

Sviblova bashta was rounded in 1812, and later it was renewed by the architect O. I. Beauvais.

І arcature belt, і form of mashikuli, і "Tail last" - is still new, so that for the first time it appears in the old Russian architecture of forte-type equipment, and we can know direct analogs in the architecture of the middle-of-the-world history. Zgadaimo Castle and Town of the Dukes of Scaliger in Verona or Palazzo del Capital in Orvitto. Exactly the same arcature belt, like on the Sviblova Tower of the Kremlin, we know in the form of a sub-cornice frieze of the Cathedral of San Chirnaco in Ancona and on the impossibility of memorials of the proto-Renaissance before the Quattrocento. And the smut of innovation was due to the fact that, starting from the other half of the 15th century in Russia, it would go over to wide storage in the future. The merit of Anton FRYa-zin, who spent the rest of the reconstruction of the Moscow Kremlin, went to the end.

ARISTOTEL Rudolf Firavanti

Aristotle Fioravanti is one of the greatest Italian engineers and architects of the 15th century. About yogh life and creativity seems to be much more, less about yogo alternate. Win was born in the Bologna place in 1415 in a family of descendants of architects, the names of those who can be found in the city chronicles from the middle of the XIV century.

The father of the architect is a bouv, mabut, an inexperienced architect. You may be credited with perebudova from 1425 to 1430 to the fate of the fire of the Palazzo Communale (Palace of the Community), as well as the change of the Aringo over the Palace of the Podesta in Bologna.

Among the traditions of the Quattrocento people, overwhelmed by antiquity, it was adopted by the New People's name of the ancient heroes and misters. The first engineer and the architect were given at the time of the people of Aristotle, while they themselves conveyed the breadth of his knowledge and the vividness of technical thought.

Forwardly, the name of Aristotle Fioravanti is guessed in the chronicle of the native place 1436 r The whole fate is at the same time with the foundry worker Gaspar Nadi was aware of the response and the message of yogo on the occasion of Aringo. Dzvіn tsei rang to 1452 r later, in 1453 r, a new, larger size. Tsei dzvin buv to stay on the watch for additional annexes, invented by Aristotle Fioravanti.

Until the 50s of the 15th century, the most recent version of the mayor's wake-up call was presented. Until the end of an hour, with his uncle Bartholomia Rudolphin Fioravanti, he started to attack a whole series of engineering and alarm robots.

For a short term, from a sickle to the chest, 1455 rubles with an unprecedented mystery, re-sucking in one month at one of the small veges in Bologna. At the new place, the tower stood close to the capital and only in 1825, it was known for its old age. At the same time, the winners made a call to the town of Cento, which may have stood until the middle of the 18th century. The third tower is the campanile at the church of st. Angela in Venetsia - when it was upright, it stood all two, and through the weakness of the ground, it fell unsteadily, crushing at a number of pedestrians. Tsey tragic vipadok zmusiv Fioravanti leave Venice, where didn’t turn around anymore. In general, all robots of this kind are Fioravanti, weather-wise, they will only be able to change the fortress ground and build the foundation.

Right up to 1458 r Aristotle was praying in the native land, de vigor and will be a part of the fortress and for the defense of the defense, clearing great expanses in front of the walls where you forget. At the connection with the cimi robots, you must go to court, and you are called into self-righteousness. In zagaly, if you read the Italian chronicles and archival documents, then step by step a picture of the great difficult life of one of the greatest engineers and architects of the other half of the 15th century appears. Two of them were called at the prepared counterfeit coin, they were called incessantly; In the midst of a glimpse of the temptations of Venice, so I am glad of the republic who wanted to take him to prison through the fall of the eighth century. Fioravante is not a counterfeiter, nor is it suitable for shukach. Win buv is a smart and talented engineer-engineer, and in quiet sporudes, as they came to us, he became an architect, who has thoroughly learned the mastery of architecture.

The Italian Period of Aristotle's Creativity Fioravante is the leading rank of engineering robots. In general, it can be called the successor of Leonardo da Vinci. Smiley construction of outbuildings for the great fortunes of the great height, special winter construction, in the name of the duke of Sforza, - the canal in Cremona and the Parma Canal, which through the quarter of the capital promoted the great, great Mantua - all the tse celebrated the majesty of the feud against the partners. At 1458 r Aristotle came to the service to Francesco Sforza and at once to go to Milan.

Tse of places, like and in the middle of the old places of the Italian, from all of the new places of the republic. In opposition to the trade and industrial Florence, Milan Buv is an important military and political center. Aristotle Fioravanti, aka Leonardo da Vinci, came to the first place for everything as an engineer. Winning his work at the dukes of Sforza over the old stone bridge on the town of Tichino.

Vіdomo, Shho Aristotle in tsei hour protested from Antonio AVER-Lino, nicknamed Filaret (1400-1469), the creator of the bronze doors to the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome, over the construction of the Milanese hospital, which has been going on until our days. In his own treatise about architecture, written in 1464, Filaret was once again informed about Fioravanti with great praise. Filareta will be only a part of the majestic future, until 1465, until 1465, and finally the architect Gvi-niforte Solar, Batko P'utro Solar, piznish pratsyuvav in Moscow.

Fioravanti having tried in Milan until the end of 1464, and at once turned to Bologna. Until the end of the hour, the glory of the greatest engineer has been established for him. Among the leaves of Bologna, the authorities, who have proponated their last service in the world, have been named "wondrous genim, as they don’t think anything good in the world".

A bit about new already crossed the boundaries of the Italian. In 1467, Fioravanti issued requests by the Ugrian king Matush Korvin for the prosperity of the Vyysk ukrainians in conjunction with the mighty Turks. For the sake of the Bolognese authorities, who have saved his money, Aristotle went to the Ugorshchina (for deyakie vіdomosty, at once from Filarete), and for a number of months came up to design a fortress and to build a place across the Danube. King Mathius will give you permission to do so, letting your mother's seal and gifting Aristotle with valuable gifts.

Mabut, the very end of the rocky period of the Italian period of the life of Aristotle, will be the most pleasing. About the price of finding a simple change of robots, there are Fioravants at the end of the hour: 1466 - redirection of the Aringo Miscellaneous in Bologna; in the same place, robots for the change of the Mysky vorit; the straightening of the flow of the little Reno in 1470; The fioravapt will be running water in the place of Chen-to, and then I will reject the request from the cardinals' team to arrive in Rome, so that the project will be transferred to the other place of the famous obelrsk, which at that hour was standing there, the construction of the cathedral was completed. Peter.

The only one who was saved in the Art of Architectural Creations of Fioravanti is the city of the Bolognese Municipality - the Palazzo del Podesta. In 1472, a turn from Rome, Aristo-. the teller of the attack before waking up on waking up.

In front of the bullet, a model of awakening was prepared, yaku Aristotel finished in 1472 r, three times before going to Russia. The Municipality of Bologna did not immediately start before the old people wake up, and if there was a lack of power, then Aristotle didn’t come to Italy. Bologna residents were checked by the turn of their famous architect. In 1479, "sixteen members of the Uryad of the Bologna City wrote to the Grand Duke of All Russia, saying that they allowed the architect Aristotel Fioravanti to turn to Batkivshchyna, who would require this robot and the importance of such Ale Aristotle did not turn around. At 1489 r, according to the model of the Palazzo del Podesta in Bologna, it was finished and in such a way it has gone to our days.

At Chervna 1474, Ivan III sent his ambassador, Semyon Tolbuzin, to Italy for special assignments of architects and engineers for robots in the Moscow state. For some lithuanian views, Aristotle Fioravanti worked with the Russian ambassador at Venice, for those - in Rome. Obviously, tsya zustrich did go to Rome, kudi the architect went in 1473 to renewed negotiations about the project of oversubscription of the obelisk.

Ale is not matched by Aristotle, who bought premises at the vyaznitsa for the rags at the counterfeit coins. It has become a vidomo in Bologna. The Moscow archives saved the decree of the power: "June 3rd day 1473 fate. So, until now it did, the master of engineering robots Aristotle of the accumulations in Rome with the drive of counterfeit coins and, in such a rank, messages to our Uryad itself for the service and vikonannya the endorsement of the Holy Father, then with all the beans (that is, monophonic. - S. 3.) relieved from the day of your Vicritt, you will, for the mind, so that the invader will appear virgin. "

The ringing of the vyvilosya is untrue. At 1474 r Fioravanti was already at will and developed with Semyon Tolbuzin to sign a contract for a robot in Russia.

A protective diplomatic representative of the Grand Duke, suggesting clues about Fioravanti. And here, melodiously, it was not without the recommendation of Cardinal Vissarion, who took the fate of the valley of Aristotle.

Zvinuvachennya re-matched the cup of Aristotle's patience. A sixty-year-old architect bachiv One of the first steps away from overwhelming and overwhelming from the beginning of the history. In the house, at all times the Turkish sultan has asked for a fortune. Ale tse already bula blessed father and all Christian svit. I Aristotle Fioravanti vibrated the Moscow kingdom, there were legends about the yak in Europe.

Yogo vibir buv not vipadkovy. Zustrichi with Vissarion Nikeyskiy and especially during their stay at the Venezia they got a vibe. Fioravanti buv at Venezia through ric or two letters from the fall of Vizantia. They talked about the tragic lot of Constantinople in the world. The value of the Vizantyysk art has grown up in a highly perceptive manner. And in front of Aristotle's eyes stood the many domes of the Cathedral of Mark, reminiscent of the round completion of the head facade (the stench smelled of the churches of Old Rus), frescoes and mosaics of robots and vizantiyskiy maestrіv or create, vicinities for the enemies of mystics. Reasonable and inflated architect, Volodya has a wonderful professional memory, and all these images. To that, the wine so quickly penetrated into the very essence of the old Russian art, and from its roots in the artistic tradition of Byzantium.

Through the letter of signing the contract - in the present 1475 rock - Aristotle together with the blue Andrew and the servant Petrusha in the warehouse of the embassy of Semyon Tolbuzin was sent to a far higher price. It was not easy to get to Moscow in those hours. Mandrіvniki, mozhlivo, took that path, which Sophia Paleologue had thrown from Rome to her new Batkivshchyna three times before: from the Nimetsky place of Lubeck, then through the Livonian lands, Novgorod or Pskov to Moscow.

The finest hour of rock for the podolannya deserted little richok, richechok, pain and dull winter. Khali all sichen, khurtovinniy lutii, birch trees. From the small towns, even more small towns, from the small houses and the majestic, old, uninterrupted sleepy fools. And everywhere there is a tree: bili birch trees, a dull frog, maybe oaks. Walls and bastards from the majestic chives and unsatisfactorily wobbling, adorned with the agile development of boyars' mansions, "lonely courtyards" - embellished gardeners and born roadside horses, de mite.

According to the testimony of the Pershoi Sophia literature, "in summer 6983 (1475), on the Great Day, the ambassador of the Grand Duke Semyon Tolbuzin arrived from Rome, and he grafted from himself the Mayr Murol, which to build churches and chambers, to the names of Aristotle."

"Great day" - sacred pasque - in 1475 r fell on 26 birch trees. Todi i came to Moscow Aristotle Fioravanti. The capital of the creation of the Italian architect with a crimson ringing of church bells and a wondrous, invisible viglyad for a European. On the high bank of the Moskva-Rika, Aristotle pawed picturesquely bought wooden huts, vigilant boyars' chorus, state-owned buzzwords, bilokams like fortech walls. The settlements, villages and Ukrainian monasteries were adjoined to the place. And on the horizon there was a blue line, through which there were stitches and a wide track.

At 1367 r, the Kremlin was first surrounded by a block of walls. Before the arrival of Fioravanti, the Kremlin's walls were frozen, smoky out of the bagatokh, burnt out the teeth. Fortetsya, who seized the place of "Moskov", three centuries before that had ruled over Borovitskoye pagorbi, also took over those obrisis, as in the widely expanded view they had become firmly established in the planned Moscow. I know, maybe it’s just that, on a spring day, in front of the architect’s thought and the grandiose idea of ​​the most powerful in the European citadel!

At the court of Ivan III Aristotle, they did it kindly. Sophia Khomivna knew Aristotle Fioravanti, a chula about his engineer mistress, since Cardinal Vissarion was born. In addition, the report of Ambassador Semyon Tolbuzin also confirmed the high mainstream of Fioravanti. The Venetian diplomat Ambrojo Kontarini, who had seen Moscow in 1476 r, appeared to be in the middle of the world. having passed the order with Pan's booth ", that is, in the Kremlin, close to the palace of the Grand Duke. The first, which was given to the architects, was the construction of the head sacred of Old Rus - the Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin.

The task was magalized to the virіshiti і before Aristotle. Seemingly, there was a small church building on the site of the main cathedral, which fell into decay until the ear of the 70s of the 15th century. During the writing of the literature, the walls were surrounded by the fall and the boules with their decks, and one of the arrivals, which adhered to the churchyard, collapsed. Three fateful before the arrival of Aristotle Fioravanti, for the sound of quiet hours, there was a bidding for the construction of a new cathedral. Nainizhchu price was bared by two maestri - Ivan Kryvtsov and Mishkin. Um i bulo has been given the status of the church. The architect of the boule has set up a singing mind: it is necessary to build a new cathedral behind the eye-catching and similarity of the Assumption Cathedral at Volodymyr, a little more in size at all parts.

Kryvtsov and Mishkin started before picking up the old church, which will be three meters less than the old one, and it will be in the middle. The literature continues, but in the same place a wooden church was built in the same place, in which Ivan III was celebrated with Princess Sophia.

At 1474, the boule vivedeni went to the crypt, ale raptom in the grass collapsed in the grass, in the middle of which we went down to the chori, and part of the ancient. All the needs were ready to be repaired. Buli terminovo wiklikan of pskov maistra for consultations. The stinks praised the "smoothness" of the walls, but they said that they were vapno, they were used to induce, there was not enough "glue", that is, Volodya did not need the necessary viscosity for fixing the stone blocks. From the participation in the buzz of the stench was seen.

Occasionally, the literature is named as the cause of the "cracking of the earth", which was never seen in Moscow in the grass, but if the atom did not give any details of the waking life that is so exciting for Moscow, I should not talk about it. Such is the avarice of the writer's list of summaries in the veracity of the statement. Maybe it’s all that was necessary for it to be true that there was a failure in the building of the Cathedral Church of the Assumption of the Mother of God in the Kremlin.

As a matter of fact, everything is explained in a simpler way. Kryvtsov and Mishkin, like the Pskov Mysteries, will not have such great churches, which will be built in the Kremlin. The Mongolian bulk interrupted the awakening traditions of the Kiev and Volodymyr-Suzdal lands, if the architecture was not overturned. It is necessary to renew the tradition, altogether on the basis of the current waking technology. From the ts'mu buv sense the request of the іtalіytsіv to Russia.

The cathedral stood by a blown out stretch to the rock. And in 1475 r, immediately after arriving in Moscow, Aristotle rose to life. For the literature, you can change the order of the rock after the rock. In the past, there is a supernumerary of only an hour of trips of Fioravanti around the places of Pivnichno-Skhidnoi Rus - Volodymyr, Novgorod, Pskov, kudi vin came to remember the memories of the old Russian architecture of all winter Let us think that it’s going to get more expensive: for the first time, Volodymyr, which is somewhat close to Moscow, later, even more, for the first time.

Fioravanti not respecting the possibility of including in their dispute all parts of the old church, but robots resigned from the ruin of surplus. Robilosya is a wonderful way for Muscovites. So the ranks of "ram" - an important oak log, wrap a log and pivots between three beams, tied with upper knots, spreading back and forth, with a terrible force beat into the wall and ruined. The writer wrote down about the enemy, the crushed tsim would add: "... three rockets were robbed, one day and one less time."

First, proceed to the foundation of the foundation and the treasures of the walls, Fioravante retreating to the cause of the fall of the Assumption Cathedral Church. Winning confirmation of the point of view of the Pskov Mysteries about the unreliability of the potted wine and showing that it is a demand for a gotuvati. As a result, "the motions are thickly mixed, and as if the wound dries up, then it will NOT split with a knife ... as it will dissolve thickly, but the mazasha will be covered with blades."

According to the literature, the foundation of the foundation was laid on the clay ponad two fathoms, moreover, it was laid down not on the ground, but on the oak palms, hammered into the base of the moat. Tse all the boules of innovation, the Muscovites were amazed, ale shvidko showered on them.

The Russian buddies stashed the whole thing before the arrival of Fioravanti, ale vin buv nasty yakosti and yshov the head for filling the bilkam'yanih stin. Aristotle having stayed in the special tsegelny backwaters behind the Andronikov Monastery in Kalitnikov, on the birch of the Moskva Rika. At the time of the old Russian people, the new one is bigger and bigger, and we’re invincibly more firm.

Having finished the preparation of the robots (the ruining of the old church, the development of the ditch for the foundation and the preparation of the tsegli), Fioravanti in the same 1475 started to the work of the stin. Poperedno vіn z'izdiv on the ancient rozrobny white stone in Myachkovo pіd Moscow, viprobuvav stone and thanked the yogo delivery to the awesome maidanchik.

Litopis povidomlyaє, scho in the same period went out from the ground, but put it in a way. To replace the broken stone and stone, which were used for filling, now they put the cellulose between the external and internal blocks of stone, the preparations for the size and the Fioravante recipe. Tse bulo simpler, shvidshe, і smut, scho nauntazhennya at tsyomu kicked mute on the lining, and on the clutch, yak, hair, і bula stіnoy. Todi are ready to put internal stoppages. All of them: chotiri - round, two - square, prikhovani vіvtarnoї membrane. On them twelve cross crypts spiral. Tse tezh bulo new, more the old-fashioned shape of the stoppa is square, with virizan chotirma kuts, which are set in the plan of the rivnokintsev chrest.

In 1476 r Aristotle vivodit st_ni on the height of the arcature-columnar belt. For the fortune wines, it is alive to replace the traditional oak tones of metal, which are fastened with anchors on the last walls. For the purpose of feeding the tsegli and the vapna the vicorists were trained. Litopis lecture notes і on cich innovations.

At 1477 r the cathedral was built at the end. Two more fate went to the inner obrobka, і 15 (26) serpnya 1479 r The Assumption Cathedral was blessed with consecration.

Already the partners were able to appreciate the beauty of the new cathedral. The author of the Resurrection Litopis wrote: "That church has become a great grandeur and mayor and luminosity and dignity and spaciousness; neither did it boom in Russia, defining Volodymyr's church;"

Fioravanti is guilty of buv vrahovuvati in his robotic traditions of the world, like the capitals of the old Russian majstras, who attributed to them his own intelligence of architectural forms. Five-chapters, pet-friendly pokrittya, member of stin plyasters, decor-columnar belt, promising portal - architectural and constructive elements, which start the composition of awakening. Italian architect, whirring on the Mistress of the Renaissance, to bring order to the process, to the subordination of the parts, to accurately miscalculate the details and know the proportions - to match the height and width of the skin to the skin.

Taking the Volodymyr Assumption Cathedral for smallpox, Fioravante svoryu tvir, seemingly to its prototype, with the only architectural and artistic rice attached to it. The stench doesn’t just smell in the proportionality of all the elements, but in the suvor_ symmetry in its growth. Skidny façade, squeezed by two taut buttresses, dismembered by five apses - two from the skin side towards the central, head apse. Win three completions with arcs of zakomar, which set up a vast expanse of painting over the apses. Tsey priyom vіdrіznya tvіr Fioravanti from the Assumption Cathedral near Volodymyr, de apsid and mayzhe reach the height of the smallest pokrittya.

The first and the second façade may be painted according to the chotiri of the rabbis, the last - three. In the middle spindle façade, along the axis of the central apse, there is a gank, decoratively chipped off the subway arch with a hanging weight in the middle. Tsey priyom otrimav zgodu wider expansion in the Russian architecture. Bichni promising portals change up to the third strand and set up crosswise throughout the awakening. The upper skin is cut along the axis of the zakomar pivkrug, and the middle one - along the axis of the arcature-columnar belt. All the surrounding elements are awakened and in proportion to the same harmony.

The writer knows more penetratingly the meaning of that vision, like the wine at the entrance to the cathedral: majesty, lightness and weariness, as it was called “dzvinkist”. Forward in the history of the Russian architecture, the interior of the temple is placed at the viglyad of the majestic and non-segmented, very near and high hall. And in the middle of the cathedral, as it is in the facades, Fioravanti has a rhythm and interconnection of equal-sized elements, in its own capacity to organize space. Two elements became twelve first-class verses, each one of which was overlaid with cross crypts. The architect has seen from the choriv - the unequal belonging of the great princes' cathedrals - and from the domed expanse, equal in diameter to the great middle chapter. But there is a need for the ecclesiastical canon, such as a vimagav, the central dome of the chamber is larger than that of the bichnykh, the memory of the fioravanti of the viclast of the drum is on the wall, which is removed from the entrance to the inner wall, through the doorway of the inner wall With a constructive approach, the architect reconciled the new solution with the traditions of the old Russian temple life.

Even for the life of Fioravanti, in 1481 the main cycles of fresco painting were finished, and until 1515 all the walls, colonies and colonies were added to painting. It took up until the middle of the 17th century, if it was very old, it was renewed for special knowledge of the rules. After stretching out the table, the stinks were renewed several times. First, in 1914, the science of restoration was honored. In the 1920s, the rocks of the boules of the raskriti were honored with the introduction of the reference books of the XV - the ear of the XVI century in the ancient apse and in the ancient pereshkody. In terms of their stylistic character, the numberless fragments descend to the frescoes of Therapontov Monastery, Viconanim in 1500-1502 pp. Dionisієm і th squad of artists.

I will try to show it, like looking at the cathedral at the end of the day. At the place of the dull stage of the iconostasis, built only in the 17th century, the low vivtarna pereshkoda passed through, as the view of the central apse and the bichni vivtari opened up. Chotiri colonies - high and thin - did not get into the middle. The stench was adorned with capitals of the Romano-Vizanty character, the motive for those who, perhaps, served as the capitals of the Cathedral of St. Mark at the Venetsia.

The Assumption Cathedral, which in 1979 was honored with five hundred rockies, which had little appreciation for the name. And the onset of restoration, especially on the ear of the capital and in the 70s, may have more and more renewed this first viglyad. For some reason, for some reason in the 17th century, the bullets were beaten from the white stone of the sculptural capitals of the columns. Ale was protected by its romance form, beautifully tied with the arches of the crypt.

In the 19th century, the cob statues of the boulders were replaced by chavunnims with a relfnim ornament, in conjunction with the pіdlogi pіdnіvya. A vestry was built over the yak bule.

By way of admission, Aristotle Fioravanti has thought out the back of the wall and vezh of the Kremlin. In the middle of 1475 і 1485 rr., If the robots were born because of the replacement of old brick walls and vezh new ones, tseglyanimi, Firavanti in Moscow, however, did not have any competitors. The single Italian architect Anton Fryazino, who, as I have already said, in 1485 and 1488 rr. To build doors and mourners between them from the side of the Kremlin, not to start to work, not to think of all the fortunes. Such a plan is a little date Aristotle Fioravanti is a famous fortifier, who is at his place, in Batkivshchyna Castello Sforcheskoy and fortified castles for the Duke of Milan, the old and the history of Bologna, the defense line.

To navigate at once, unaffected by the nadbudovu vezh in the 17th century with agile hipped roof completions, the architectural and spacious composition of the Kremlin is hostile to the integrity and thoughtfulness of the solution. And in the end of the 15th century, if the Kremlin stood in front of the good fellows with all the tediousness of its stin and vezh, tsіlіsnіst, as it was easy for the thought of soviti, it was more hostile. Such an end of the architecture could only be determined by the will of one genius, having baked the idea behind the building, as it was the beginning of the third part, its shape.

The rationalism of the architecture of the quarter was conceived here in a direct, circular stage and built round vertices of the base and top of the Kremlin, which created the civilization of the space of the composition. In such a rank, both in the Assumption Cathedral, and in the majestic ensemble of forte walls and vezh of the Kremlin, it is possible to work through the tense to geometrism - from the point of view of the Italian architect of the 15th century, a single path for solidification in the architecture of the city.

Є Yet another, though indirectly, testimony to the creator of the master plan of the Kremlin, is Aristotle Fioravanti. In the manuscript view of the library of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in Leningrad there is a manuscript of the 15th century - "Treatise on architecture" by Antonio AVER-Lino Filaret to the request of King Matyush Korvin. Filaret's treatise became a vernacular book of architects of the 15th century and in the lists of extensions in Italy. It’s natural to let go, as a friend and colleague of Filaret - Aristotle Fioravanti had a copy of the book and brought it to Moscow. In this treatise, the author has developed with great praise about Aristotle.

If you go into the lecture of the grandiose monument of architecture and engineering mystery, like the Kremlin, then it is possible in a new style of stylistic particularity of the cultural and historical architecture, of the city of great architecture,

At 1478 r, a day before the end of the Assumption Cathedral, Aristotle Fioravanti, following Ivan III's promises, went to go to Novgorod as the chief of artillery. At the end of the day, in the new world, the knowledge and advice of Aristotle began to develop. If the army of Ivan III went to the Novgorod fortress, then there was a need to build a place through the Volkhov. Fioravanti after staying for a time-honored, non-private memento pontoon mest. The writer said so about the engineering dispute: "Chest of the 6th Great Prince of the Great Place of Chiniti (ie E. Vlashtuvati) on the occasion of Volkhov, his mayor Aristotle Fryazino, from the Gorodische, and this mayor to the judgment of this the great prince, having greeted him, turned to Moscow, and the place stood. "

The biographies of Aristotle Fioravanti will be knitted with each other in the Garmatny Dvor in Moscow. Vіn roztashovuvsya on the town of Garmatnіy street, parallel to the Kuznetsky Most, where the smithies were located. Mabut, tse so i bulo. Livarna on the right, yakim Fioravanti was engaged in his youth, carving coins and artillery - the subject of the last time in conjunction with the state of the art fortified locks. All the same allowed you to take up the organization of the garmat court in Moscow. Livarna on the right in Old Russia bulo rozvinene spokon vikiv. Aleh of its own maystrіv did not begin, especially in the XV century, since the establishment of the establishment of Rusі and the relief from the Tatar yoke led to the conduct of the great Vіysk operations. To this, the Italian architect and engineer, by the richness of his knowledge, is a typical representative of Vidrodzhennya, becoming the most necessary Fakhivite in Moscow.

At 1482 r Aristotle Fioravanti, in the transfer of a march to Kazan, buv messages with an artillery wagon train forward and travels from Nizhny Novgorod to the banks of the Volga.

The Milanese archives had a leaf of Fioravanti, dated 22 fierce 1476 r to the Duke of Milan Galeazzo-Mariya Another from the Sforza dynasty, who ascended the throne in 1466 Nissenny and zhorystoky Duke for a large part of the hour. Obviously, Fioravanti, pratsuyuchi in Milana, staring at him. Finding himself in Russia and remembering the passion of Galeazzo, Firavanti went to the buzz of the gyrfalcon and, judging from the leaf, drove to the White Sea, having spent time on the Solovetsky Islands. Goodbye bilih girders Fioravanti sent the blue Andrew to Milan. Before the speech, Her leaf is one of the earliest testimonies of the Earth about Moscow, which Fioravanti calls "the most glorious, most glorious and commercial place".

Remaining more expensive in Ancient Rus Fioravanti, having broken in 1485 r Ale to the end of his journey, became the same viprobuvanny in the importance of the life of the great architect.

In the middle of the Inozemts, who lived todians in Moscow, the Buv Italian Likar Antonio. Vin took over the ailing Tatar prince Karakuchu, ale that died. First of all, the Italian lykar was sent to the detachment of the prince. Writing hard-core torments according to the well-being of Ivan III Antonio strati. On Aristotle, the feud was terribly right, іn vіn vіn vіvrіv on the mystery in the course. Sproba turned into a boy. Sofiy'ska litopis povidomlyaє, so Aristotle "being afraid of the same, after asking the Grand Duke to his land; Obviously, these are the Fioravante armchairs, the leaves, the schoolchildren and the roadside notes.

Aristotle will have a residence at the vyaznitsa, and, perhaps, at the end of his life. Ale vin buv is necessary. I in 1485, the last time, the list was made by the name of Fioravanti as the chief of artillery in the campaign of Ivan III for the root of the Tver principality. Obviously, a seventy-year engineer and an architect in his own time I sleep on the notarial act known in the Sovereign Archives of Bologna from the 24th serpnya 1487 The children of the architect from the first and the other slut fought about the rozpodil mayna ich batka - "the miraculous topper" (an honorable title that is given to us by a thunderbolt) ] you know how to rest in the earth, which is a gift of your own beautiful tvir.

Aristotle Fioravanti can be zarahuvati until the number of native maystras, which went into the history of the culture of the world only with one cheese.

The Assumption Cathedral has opened a new side in the history of old Russian architecture. In the infusion of this form, it is possible to simulate the lifeless creatures - from the Cathedral of the Novodivichy Monastery in Moscow and to the far Vologda - and on the watch from the 15th century to the end of the 17th century and from the 19th century. Stagnation of a large-scale trough, wedging of walls into a ligation, building of domes into one tseglin, tipping of large-scale ties and anchors to replace additional wells, progressive organization of future harmonious robots, and a head, rose to bring the Italian master into the old Russian wake-up practice.

Fioravanti is a participant of the greatest and early theorists of the Italian Renaissance - Filarete, Leon Battista Albert (1414-1472). The stench shattered the ideas of proportionality in nature and in people, laid down in the philosophical concepts of ancient architects. The whole mind of harmony, prompted by the numerical values ​​of proportions, formed the basis of the composition of the Assumption Cathedral. Even though the details of the architectural arsenal of the Renaissance were not stagnant, as the latter were in charge of the Italian architects, Aristotle opened the tomb, transcending the spirit of the Renaissance and at the same hour very nationally.

Marko Fryazino I P'ЄTRO Antonio Solar

At Moscow stench appeared in the early hour: Marko Fryazino [The historian N. M. Karamzin without a lot of people went to Marko, the name of Ruffo, as I took Russian history. Іtalіysky vchenie Mertsarіo zarakhovuє yogo to the sites of Marko dei Frizon or so Korop. In our drawing we have saved that name, for which wine is known in the Russian literature. - Marko Fryazino] already started in 1484, when P'utro Antonio Solar arrived at 1490 rubles, she shared a robot's bedroom over the Great Gold Chamber, as we have seen Granovita.

Italian dzherela not guess about Marco Fryazin, and about his robots in Moscow is possible, learn only from Russian literature. Antonio Solar and Inshi Dzherela come with a lot of respect.

The first sound about Marko Fryazin in Moscow is brought up to the ear by replacing the old wood palatsovyh kam'yanimi. This is part of the plan of the extensively planned reconstruction of the old Bilokam'yanny Kremlin by Ivan III. 1484 r Marko Fryazino will be a ward for the collection of the grand duke's belongings. The place for business was built around the Church of the Annunciation and the Archangel Cathedrals. Until the awakening of the Treasury Court (the so-called literature of the Budivlya), the special abode of the Grand Duke was taken in two months - before the Church of the Holy Mother of God and the Church of the Great Church of the Mother of God, and the abbess of the Great Princess of the Russian Federation

The first of the sporuda Marko didn’t save himself, but you can describe how the image came to us, the zokrem - a little from the book "Abuse for the Kingdom". The official courtyard, representing an altogether small Tseglyana Budivlya, was formed into two parts: one of them, adjoined to the apse of the Blagovishchensky Cathedral, the bullet was randomly unseen and covered with a double-sided wood covering; іnsha f, zdavalas in the first place with the first to finish with the meaning, culminating in a lofty tent. Absolutely smooth, without any architectural refinement, the walls of the life ended in a wide cornice in the tower-like part. The official courtyard of the building is built with transitions from the steadfast part of the Terem Palace.

At 1487 Marko Fryazino at the entrance to the Blagovishchensky Cathedral will be in the Mala Embankment chamber, as it was also not spared, ale Bula was fixed in the armchair of D. Ukhtomsky before the wake-up call in 1751, the Tse of Bula was rebuilt. Above the top of the temporal basement, and in another version, two chambers were spaced out - the far and Vidpovidna, skin with its own entrance.

The facade of the Embankment of the Chamber, as if to judge for the armchairs of Ukhtomsky, the tsikaviy tim, as to the crumbling of details that were first stuck in the Russian architecture: tricyte sandriks over the windows of the first on top, the arches of the whole other professional, wide, wide, The horizontal rods are raised over the top, the proportions of the windows and their arrangement cover a large area of ​​walls. All in its entirety is a new image of a suspenseful house, in which "italians" sounds stronger, less in the Kremlin's civil spores. As I woke up, as they wore off until the middle of the 18th century, Marko Fryazino was able to convey the character of architecture to the Arsenal in the Kremlin, and maybe even by squeezing into it.

One hour from the Small Embankment Chamber, in 1487 r, "knocking Marko Fryazino down the arrow, on the way down the Moscow Beklemishevskaya". Win putting on the walls of the building on the walls of the fortress 1367 rock and by ourselves, completing the life of the walls of the Kremlin. In the middle of the bosses Marko Fryazino having driven the well-well.

Moskvoretskaya Vezha, as the name of the name of the literature, has survived to our days. In 1680, the tower of Bula was inspired by a large-faceted tent, and in 1707, it was born in the early days of the early Swedish advance.

Vishche was already talking about the Kremlin vezh of the XV-XVI century to present without the tent-roofed completion, which was built even more than two years ago. At the Beklemishevskaya strilnitsa, it is especially easy to draw between the old and the new parts. Trace the mashikuli, as they stand behind the boundaries of all the scraps, the overhanging upper part of the pricks carried teeth at the eyes of the last tails. Then they replaced them with a typical Kremlin parapet with flies. At the porch of Vodovzvodnaya Vezheyu Beklemishevskaya to the middle is laconic. A high and stringy cylinder for placing on the bevels of the block base and for showing it out with a round roller. And no more decor, nothing that could destroy the image of a battle fighter. Vezha is good not only by itself, but the first time, that zbagachu shows the whole part of the world. The walls of the Kremlin and its quiet waters are not far away from each other. Vona can be seen from Zamoskvorichchia, from the Chervona square and adjacent to the streets of Kitay-mista.

Krim Beklemishevskaya Marko Fryazino, for the testimony of the list, "mortgaged two firing houses in Moscow - Mikilska and Frolovskaya". Ale, obviously, only pledges, so as in the common construction of the cich and the other vezh, I will attribute the literature to P'utro Solar.

For the last time, the literature (Nikonivskyi) called the name of Marko Fryazin 1491 r I went to Batkivshchyna because I had finished my days in Russia, unavoidably. Yogo creative the share of the bul is not easy. Beklemishevskaya Vezha was responsible for all of them, and they got it from 1487 r, including the Faceted Chamber, they ended up with the Maystri. Ale in the Moskvoretskaya strilnitsa Marko Fryazino showed himself to be a healthy architect with incredible proportions and a progressive engineer-fortifier, who was a vicarist for that hour.

Dzherela brings an ear of the Granovity Chamber all before that 1487 r Kintseva date - 1491 r Solar arriving to Moscow at 1490 r So, Marko Fryazino three rockets without a new one. In such a rank, the whole architectural and spacious idea of ​​the Palace of the Facets and the first glory is to be found by Marko, and the architectural decoration of the facades and inter'ariv is Mabut, Solar is on the right. If you want to become firmly established in this, then briefly describe the creative path of the famous architect and sculptor in Batkivshchyna. Winning lay down to the homeland of the native Milanese sculptors and architects. Sin and the scholar Guiniforte Solar (1429-1481), P'utro Antonio (close to 1450-1493) took part in the robots in the construction of the Milana Cathedral, Ospedale Maggiore - in the same place and the famous Monastery of Certosa in Pavia. Besides, he worked as a sculptor. In Italy, two robots were spared, dating back to 1484 and +1485 rr.: The tomb of de Capitanu in Oleksandriya and the sculpture of Madonna in the Museum of the Sforza castle in Milana. The offensive stench characterizes Solar as an archaic maister, we will flood the ornamental box of sculptural images. It is especially noteworthy on the façade of the Cathedral of Pavia Chertos (1453-1475), which is essentially inlaid with a simple ornamentation, which is of great importance for our approval of the installation of P'utro Solar to the decorative aeration of the Faceted Chamber. Here, the master will bring his love back to the ornamental area of ​​the area that Orthodoxy has fenced in the church and the Holy One for storing round thematic sculptures.

The granovita chamber is a part of the great palace complex, brutalized with its façade on the Cathedral Square of the Kremlin. In the descriptions of the watch, the boyish ensemble has a distant view of completion. Only through the river the end of the life of the Faceted Chamber, in 1492 r, Ivan III ordered to start picking up the wooden palace and the building of stones. And for the grand ducal residence of the Timothy Grand Duke's residence, there are boules of chopped trees. Ale the laying of a new kam'yan palace went through the seven rockies - I’ll be able to see all the trees in the Kremlin. The 1st Granovita Chamber as a rock stood on the Cathedral Square in the vicinity of the Assumption Cathedral.

Budivlya The faceted chamber with a clear silhouette of a simple rectangular obshygu seen in the middle of the larger, larger ones with the uncommon fixation of the head (skid) façade. Vin of the lining of white vapnyak stones, chiselled on some edges and setting the stage. Rows of faceted stones (the stinks gave the name to the chambers) are repaired from above and below the eaves, covering the swamp of a smooth white stone. Cut the façade with thin twisting columns, the capitals that float above the upper row of rustic stones, and spiral on the cubic form of stones. The cornice of a kilka hangs over the wall and visually as a bi-pidtrim, the temple is steeply gilded.

Vіkna buli less, less at a time. In rectangular boules, two are inscribed on the circular arches, which spiral onto the іmpost. Tse typical іtalіyskі wіkna; Ridly placed on the facades, the stench filled the great vast expanse of the wall, awakened more monumentalism.

At 1682, the granovity chambers were rostered, the completion was felt, and the architect Osip Startsev nada a new viglyad - at the viglyad of a straight sandrik, which spirals onto the wall to stand on the column brackets. Everything is covered with rich designs: a stack of columns, little bottles from the windows from the left images, trim cartouches with crowns, capitals and brackets.

The windows of the 17th century have gone to our days and it is wonderful to enjoy the old facades of the 15th century.

On the lіvny bіchny façade passed the call of the bіlokam'yan go - the miracle Chervone ganok. A straight march from thirty two steps, fenced with stone riveted handrails, pererivavsya two Maidan - lockers, according to old Russian terminology. The lockers were adorned with gilded figurines of heraldic levs, and the steps of the boule were covered with golden slabs.

Chervone ganok, designated for the tsar's clean-cut trips and the reception of the earthly epistles, led to the other on top in the ceremonial spoky Granovity chamber - the Holy Blue and Great Gold chamber.

Holy blue - dovgaste nevisochennya amid crypts from the choirma with large stripping. Above the crypts, there is a hiding place on top of the crypt, half of the grand prince's family could have spoken through the windows of the night through the ceremonial received after and by the court's podiatry, until some of the women were quietly hiding behind the witnesses.

Vinyatkova rozkіsh іnter'єrіv Granovitіy chambers nadayut rich development, gilding and real painting. P'utro Lytoppo Solar gold-plated kam'yans are gilded "with nothing" on the portals of the door and the windows of the Holy Blue and the Great Gold of the Chamber. The majestic doorway is a very foldable composition. Without the front frame of the door opener, it is stored with two blades, covered with an entablature, then there are two available panels with folding bases and large capitals. The pilyastri carries a strongly loosened entablature, on which the pediment of the keeled form spirals, and the lower ends of the frame are bent, called the viglyadi volutes. A sculptural relief of a two-headed eagle is arranged in the bubo pediment - one of the earliest images of the coat of arms of Kiev Rus, rejected by the Grand Duke from Vizantia at once with the cap of Monomakh. Above the eagle - a left mask, and from the sides - heraldic griffins. All the other parts of the portal look different, wonderfully arranged and majestically decorated with an ornament, in a tiny interweaving of types of Russian two-headed eagles. All portals of the Faceted Chamber of the Victory in the same character and are seen only in details.

The walls of the Holy Blue and the Great Gold of the Chamber are covered with paintings, viconious Russian majstras, and at the same time, from the golden ornament of the portals, they store the main decorative interior decoration.

From the Holy Blue to the great expanse

The Great Gold of the Chamber. Practically, it is square with sides 22.1 X 22.4 m. At the center there is a massive stop, on which five of the chrestovyh crypts spiral, which will make you wonderfully smiley, easier to cover, and reach a nine-meter height. The chamber hangs through two rows of vikons, and in the lower row, on three sides, there are two vikons, and in the upper one, all the chotiri.

The Granovita Chamber, the office of Marko Fryazino and finished by P'utro Antonio Solar, is small in Old Russia and its ancestors and lands in its architectural composition. The ancestor of the Moscow Faceted Chamber of Bula Novgorod, zgaduvana shche at 1169 r went to our days, the whole chamber is the result of being overwhelmed in 1433. Vona is a great square enclosure, in the center of a massive stovp, which carries five crosses on its own. The formwork of the crypt is spiraling onto the spherical system of ribs. Unimportant on stylistic particularities (in this particular type of ribs - a typical sign of the Gothic, which will be explained by the way Russian and nimetsky maestri were spiritedly practiced), characteristic here is the ancient one-pillar design. With a butt closest to an hour and a month, you can serve the refectory of the Trinity-Sergius Lavri, built by the architect Vasil Dmitrovich Ermolin in 1469 r

Lands near the Palace of Granovites without lich. Moreover, it should be respected that the ribs of the crypt did not take root. Everything that was prompted by her writing, only by modifying, more and more in the distance. Yak butt can be brought to Bila and Chervona of the Palace of the Patriarch's Court of Rostov the Great.

With such a rank, the architects of the Great Gold of the Chamber did not introduce new rice into the composition, but rather they brought the traditional old form to perfection.

The Granovita Chamber in the history of old Russian civil architecture is also located in the place, like the Assumption Cathedral in the architecture of cult architecture. And there, and here I am bachymo firmness of the national tradition, which made it possible to visit the art of the Italian Renaissance. The Italian Mysteries were only able to distill the old self-made architecture, but not change. Marko Fryazino and P'utro Antonio Solar, with the Faceted Chamber, is to introduce the image of a small booth into the Russian side. It’s not a garden, seen from the street, but the house, where you can go right from the street or the area. The head facade, like nibi transfers to Moscow from the Northern Italian places of Ferrari or Bologna, ends with a four-slope twisting dakh, typical for Russian trees in a choir. Also, the history of the Italian and Russian traditions of the same Bachimo in the interior: the richness of the Italian ornamentation in the common with the keen-like pediment of the portal, rich in the old Russian paintings on the walls. Tsi rice interpenetration of Italian and Russian artistic cultures is especially remembered in the whole palace wake - one good monument of the XV century. Behind the vignette of re-crumbling in the 17th century, the vicious Red Gank and four-slope dakha, as well as those written in the 19th century, everything went back to our days.

Mabut, from all the architects-inozems, who worked in the Kremlin, the most intriguing was P'utro Antonio Solar. U 1490-1493 rr. vin buduv in Borovitskaya, Kostyantino-Yeleninskaya, Frolivska (Spasska) and Mikil'skuyu vezhi, arrow with a shovanka over Neglinnaya and part of the wall. Up to the whole transcription, based on the literature tributes, it is possible to add Kutov Arsenalnu (Sobakin) to the rich and straightforward Senatska. However, it was a memory, and two vezhi - Mikilska and Frolivska - boules were laid by Marko Fryazino. We don’t know if there is a need for intelligence under the laconic literary term “mortgage”: why is it that Marko has surrounded himself only by laying the foundations ever, or since he has found vivoditi and stini? Every time he lays down the robot Solar, which has built the front facade of the Kremlin fortress, he can go to Chervona square. The Kremlin walls are here from the lateral side of the castle Frolivska proizna basht, 1678 r was renamed to Spaska, and from the pivnichny outright - faceted Kutova Arsenalna (Sobakina) vezha. The entire lengthy front of the line of rhythmically distributed distributions on the ryvnia was spread by the Senate (deaf) and Mikilskaya (proizdzhoi) vezh.

On the side of the Chervona Square, the Kremlin will be heavily reinforced. Before constructing the Kitaygorodskoy wall, the Maidan is a great expanse, the devil never got lost.

Already after the death of P'utro Antonio Solar, the side of the Kremlin was dashed by a different style - the bottom of the bullet was attached to the moat, like water.

Three of the Kremlin vezas, prompted by Solar, we paid for two - the Arsenal and Frolovskoy: for the first time - due to the її of architectural dignity, on the other - this has become the main entrance to the Kremlin and its power is enhanced by the arch became a yogo symbol.

Arsenalnaya Vezha, found in the Kremlin, was prompted in 1492. On a flat foundation, in a kind of bulo, there is a dzherelo-well, hanging a sixteen-sided array of vezha. The mighty obsyag and the avaricious, the reading of the lines help to curb the creation of the great monumental mystery. Before the tent was built in the 17th century, the vezah above the mashikuli ended with teeth at the viglyadi of the last of the tails, replacing it with a typical tseglyan parapet with flies. I watch the Arsenal, like Beklemishevskaya, it doesn't matter if I see it in the first viglyad, the Kremlin walls converge high above the kut. Solar's wake up to the Artists' arsenal for hours has not yet disappeared, and the vezha panuval over the district itself, like Beklemishevskaya on the prototype codend, played a significant role.

Naybіlsh tsіlіnuyu - in the sense of independence of two business-hour stages of business - є Frolivska, renamed Spasska. For tradition and due to its topographic design, Spaska was the head of the Kremlin's main gate. Vona was encouraged to visit the Frolovka building of the fortress of St. Petersburg in 1367. For the stench, the stench adorned the vezha, prompted by Solar 1491 r I one of them - spear-bearer Georgiy - became the coat of arms of the Moscow City.

P'utro Antonio Solar, with the construction of the head to the Kremlin, pushing Suvoriy over to see the big shit. To Spas'kiy bashtі vіn prilashtovuє vіdvіdnu Strilnitsya. At the piy there is no battle maidan, and the boyovy hid yde along the straight-line stin on the rivni Merlon. In the direction of the Chervono Square, a small place was thrown across the ditch, in the time of the storm the archway was folded. On the façade, you can open the openings, where the lanterns were passed to lower and lower the bridge, and in the passage you can see grooves at once, behind which the metal grate - gersa - went down.

The diverter arrow has preserved the architectural form of the XV century, up to the laconic one. A straight-line її її stіn fastenings on kutas with strongly protruding shoulder blades and end with a sickly-like line "Last tails", a spike of lively suvory viglyad vezhі.

Only the Spaska Vezha was built as a tower and an internal attachment. Vona razdіna on top and maє boyovu platform for the upper fight. Obviously, immediately after the end of the day, the battleground of the bulwark is covered with a wooden tent, on the top of such a bucket there is an image of an eagle - the coat of arms of the Moscow State. On one of the sides of the wooden quadrangle, there is a dial of the year-old mechanism, which is bi vseredin. The tent often burned, and to that Spasska vezha, by the first, rejected the final completion of the tent.

We can’t please the reader, we can’t please the reader. In the XVII century, when the new pegs were awakened, a new outline was placed on the upper platform and only to replace the teeth, the parapet with the widths was wicked; everything else has become invisible. The Spassky Basht has the entire top of the crushing boom.

At 1625 r, the attachment of the city's year to the main tower of the Kremlin was completed by Christopher Galiv, the mechanics of England, and the architecture of the tent was laid down by the talented Russian architect Bazhenov Ogurtsova.

To covet one of the compositions of the old and new parts of the Spaskoy Vezhi, Vazhlivy Ogurtsov pishov descholy along the first path, not the best architects. Win zberiga merloni boyovoy maidanchiki, ale vikoristovuє їkh yak for nadbudovi; for many wines I finish them with a straight cornice, and on a new one there are circular arches. Kutovі scapulae completed with spiers, so that gothic fіlіy. All tse - і arches, і spiers, і sculptures of levіv - viconano with white stone, and on the smallest chervony tseglyani walls make the miracle of the Kam'yans "unreal". The z ny virost of the offensive tier is a quadruple, on which the dials of the Kremlin years are set. I propose an octagonal composition with circular arches "dzvonu" The vezha is completed with a high, twisting tent. The unity of the composition of the Kremlin's vezhi has been achieved so far that the architect does not just need to create, but to introduce a single decorative motive for all tiers, so that the integrity of all equipment is necessary; The architects know the proportions to create lightness and straightness up the hill.

The historian of the Russian architects, Professor M. V. Krasovsky, writes that the Kremlin "became at the same hour the warriors, who, having called the roads from the cordons of the Batkivshchyna, turned to the city of great importance.

Frolivska (Spasky) gates of Solar finished in 1493 r, about reading the text of the memory of the stone, which is set to the wall: Russia and the Grand Duke of Volodymyr and Moscow and Novgorod and Pskov and Tver and Yugorsky and Vyatsky and Perm and Bulgarian and others in the 30th year of the state of Yogo and robiv Petro Antonii S. Solario from the city of Mediolan.

We have a lot of news about those who caused P'utro Antonio Solar to leave Batkivshchyna because of the unfortunate Moscow. The elder brother of Sophia Paleologue, Andriy, a political adventurer, who came to Russia two times to sell his right to the throne for a similar price, was able to spontaneously reach him. The last time he arrived here in 1490 r, (for the last kind - in 1489) at the same time with the Russian embassy. The embassy was even more crowded, and it brought with it new maystors, including the architect P'utro Antonio Solar. They got rid of the Moskva with a dirty trick. On the vidminu of the names of the people of the land, the list of the men is not "Murol", not "ward right master", but "architect". In one of the leaves for Batkivshchyna, which was found in the Vatican Archive, Solar calls herself "the chief architect of the city."

22 leaf fall 1493 rock, not having lived to 50 rock, P'utro Antonio Solar died. Mozhlivo, he himself, having called before his death the quiet architects, who were asked to come to Moscow, - Aloiz and carcats and Aloizio Lambert and Montagnana.

Aleviz OLD

With the death of P'utro Antonio Solar, the unfinished life of the Kremlin has appeared without an up-to-date reference. Ivan III in the same 1493 r enforced until the Venetsia and Milan of the epistles of Manuil Angelov and Danil Mamirov for the "old and ward majstras". In 1494 r stench was brought, judging from the Italian dzherels, from Milana three maysters: Aloizi and karkati - the centennial master and engineer, Mikhail Parpalone - the kowalsk mayor and Bernardin from Borgamanero - the stonemason. Good news came from them to Batkivshchyna. Aloiz and carkati buv of caresses by Ivan III, who gave them a bag of pennies and a non-abiyak, they hung up at a lot of hopes, so that they stayed at the castle for a visit from the Malanskiy. The leaf, from which the details were drawn, dated 19 leaf fall in 1496, will be found in the Milanskiy municipal archives.

There is nothing to be seen about the share of two other maystors, which one can guess in the Italian dzherels. Aleviz and karkati, vidomy in Russian writings from the names of Aleviz the Old, who lived in the history of the Kremlin. A number of yom were attributed to yom, like ni for an hour, but for architectural forms they could not belong to yom. It was not until the 20s of our capital, since the Radiansky teachings of N. A. Ernst in his book "The Bakhchisarai Khan Palace and the Architect of the Grand Duke Ivan III Fryazino Aloviz Novy", were seen in Simferopolis in 1928. Appear, in Moscow, two Alevises were praying: Alviz Old and Aleviz Novy, who came to Moscow after ten years, 1505 r

About the first Aleviz we do not see anything. Alejs are judging from this part of the Kremlin style (pivnichno-zhidniy), like Aleviz Old zviv, he is a wonderful, smart engineer.

After the death of P'utro Antonio Solar, the unfinished side of the Kremlin walls, the reins of the river Neglinnoi, was left unfinished. At the first half of the 19th century, Neglinnaya was placed in a chimney, and the Oleksandrivskyi Garden was built on a whole site. In the end of the 15th century, the whole river was often changed through the angry waters as a channel and swampy flood, stepped into the steep slopes of the Borovitsky pagorb. First, start before the construction of the walls, it is necessary to build up the rocking soil, lay the foundation, which is possible to showcase the walls and massive vezh. The price was given to Aloviz the Old. However, through a desolate fire in 1493 r until the distance to begin to start only a hinge 1495 r The list is more likely to go down in rock, like Ivan III "lay the wall Gradniy ... belya Neglinna, not old, the place of arrival".

During the digging in 1965, the boules were bare here and there was no way, but Aleviz, the old bridle of the fast bank of the Neglinnaya, threw the arched jumpers, as they improved the irregularities of the ground, and only slightly dimmed the ground. Aleviz the Old Man straightens the wall of the retreat to the facade of the fortress and brings it to the same height, and then spins the spiral to the straight lines. Moreover, in the center of the façade there is a complex of fortech sporuds - Troitska proizdzhayuchi vezha, seen by Strilnitsya, a stone mest on nine arches across Neglinnaya, and yet one vezha is a barbakan, which is called Kuhishari mast іt.

If I spend rice on the plan of the Kremlin from Spas'koy bashti to Troitskoy, then it will appear that the stench is standing one against one on one straight line, which will fix one of the sides of a one-sided tricycle. Here the same rationalism of the architecture of the Quattrocento appeared, which was laid down in the out-of-the-box composition of the Kremlin citadel. The meaning of the Troitsk Vezhy for the Kremlin façade is also the same as for the Spassky one for the Kremlin. The architect himself, nadbudovuvati in the 17th century of offense to vezhi, pushing his tent-roofed finishes mayzhe, however, is decoratively ennobled.

Aloviza The Old Litopist is also attributed to the construction in 1499 of the palace for the Grand Duke Ivan III entrusted with the Church of the Annunciation and the inner chamber of the palace from the palace to Borovitsky Vorits. Mozhlivo, vіn zdіisniv and a number of engineering robots to improve the defense capabilities of the Kremlin on the side of the Chervona area. But here, in the dzherels, a rogue should be repaired, and it is not clear to whom Aleviz should be attributed to the robots. It’s not the work of the engineering majesty Aleviz the Old, behind a vignette of the ancient style of the Kremlin, which did not last until our days.

Aloviza Noviy

The old Russian diplomatic practice of the last quarter of the 15th century has established a tradition: it would not have been done in the western country, it was put in the context of developing the majesty of the new special missions for Moscow. In the falling leaves

1499 r After Ivan III Dmitro Ralevo and Mitrofan Karacharov overtook the cordon of the Venezian Republic. Behind the Italian dzherels you can walk the route: 18 leaves fall of the stink zupinilsya in Bassano and in the end of the month along the road to Padua, the arrival to Venice, de clamored until the end of the fierce one. Having obviously sold the party of the Shkiri, the stench went to Rome. April 12 after they turned to the crown and in the same

1,500 rubles were sent to Batkivshchyna. On a whole lot of stench, there was a place of Ferrara, a brandol, Longino, and at all times the architect and sculptor Aloizio (in the Ukrainian transcript - Aleviz) Lambert and Montagnana. Ralevo and Karacharov, bazhayuchi viconati laid the mission on them, could go to Aloizio and ask him for a robot in Moscow. At the tsіy pіdstavі, as well as painted by the Maystr Tvіr - the sculptural tombstone of Tomazini Graumonte in the church of St. Andriya y Ferrara - s team, wow, Aleviz zrobiv in Moscow, italian vcheni otozhnyuyut Aleviz Novoi s Aloizio Lambert and Montagnan. Axle, vasne, those are not rich, as it is possible to appear in the quality of the robots of Aleviz the New in the Italian period of his life. At any time, in 1500 rotsi wines came to the Russian embassy and went to Moscow.

Three rocks of letters dzherela talk about the share of Aleviz the New and the first fellow. I raptom in chervny 1503 r Krymskiy khan Mengli-Girey in the leaves until Ivan III occasionally: "but thank God, I took in my hands Dmitry LAREV and Mitrofap Fedorov Karacharov; They came to us with squads and children and girls. " Ambassador Zabolotskiy at the Khan's court will specify the date of the arrival of the Russian and Italian people: "two days before Petrov Mikoli and nikoli", ie. At Bakhchisara, the embassy was patched until spring 1504 r There were no special reasons for such a trivial transfer in the Khan's residence. It's just that Mengli-Girey wanted to quickly move to a new Italian architect, to stay in Bakhchisaray, later becoming famous, a palace. Aleviz Noviy having been there for fifteen months. Ale hour without sparing the palace. Until our days, there is only one portal, for which we can judge the wealth and food of all things.

Nareshti pislya of the present vimogs of Ivan III Mengli-Girey from Aleviz the New and the first supporters to Moscow. Moreover, in the supravidnyi literacy and so on, he reads about the art of the Italian: "Aleviz the meister, the good, not like the maystri, the great meister."

23 leaf fall 1504, as the process of reading the literature, through chotiri rocky writing to the news from Italy, Aleviz Novy arrives in Moscow.

The virtue of Aleviz the New in Moscow is great for business. All of them worked up to the new architect zoosered their Zusilla as the head rank in the Kremlin. Aleviz New will be not only there, but also in the township, in the young times of growing up and economically changing place.

Obviously, Aleviz Noviy Volodya great organizers' health. For a short term of wine, having stayed a magnificent palace in Bakhchisara; All of the waking seasons - from 1505 to 1508 - were used to build another for the size of the cathedral in Moscow. At 1508 r, vіn vlashtovuє rates and vykladaє bіlim with a stone ditch with a width of 34 and a glybin of 10 meters. Tsei riv, pomilkovo attributed to Aloviz the Old, isv udovzh Chervonoi squares and locks in the water circle near the Kremlin citadel, which has become even more unapproachable. 1514 to 1519 fate will be in the small parts of the place of eleven churches. Aleviz Noviy is the chief architect of Moscow. The erected churches took the form of the silhouette of the place and the architectural and spacious composition. On the steep uzgir in the Ivanivsky provinces there is a church of Volodymyr "in the Old Gardens" - one of eleven, prompted by Alevi-zom. The miracle of the boul was forgotten in the 16th century, and a church hung over the low wooden booths.

In the 15th and 16th centuries, they still did not know the three-private axial compositions typical for the greater hour - dzvinitsa, refectory and the church itself. For hours Aleviz Kam'yani churches became one straight-edged volume with a portal on the backward and apses on the skid facades. Dzvіnytsі bula dzvіnytsya substitute: as well as in the middle, like in the church of Tryphon in Naprudny, or there is an okremo standing attachment for making calls. The laconicism of the siluetu, the biliy stone, or the chervona tsegla, which is the idea of ​​the Fioravanti to enter into the practice of Russian events, even knows the place in the vastness of the place - all the churches were not capacious in the picturesque landscape of the XVI century.

And yet the most significant work of Aleviz New is the Archangel Cathedral in the Kremlin.

Three cathedrals on the square of the Kremlin have given along with themselves the lining in the court religious beating the Russian tsars: Blagovishchensky, if he had a critical transition from Teremno palats, serving as a house church; Uspensky - the main sanctuary of the Mok state, the de Russian tsars were sent to the kingdom and the patriarchs; Arkhangelsk - right up to the end of the 17th century, serving as the Tsar's empire. In such a rank, the Cathedral of the Dormition manifests the spiritual power, and the Arkhangelsky one - svitsku. The price of the world has infiltrated the architecture.

Through the ric of a message, appear in Moscow Aleviz Noviy attack before the construction of the Archangel Cathedral on the same place where there was a small bilokam'yan church of the Archangel Michael, prompted by Ivan Kaliti. Until the ear of the 16th century, the won fell into disrepair, and in 1505 it had become dilapidated.

We will not describe in detail the Cathedral of the Archangel, which is going to us with great losses and rework. I will try to deprive the country rice to innovate the composition, conceived by Aleviz Novy, and I will respect the rice, as the cathedral from the Uspensky cathedral is brought up.

The Archangel Cathedral is smaller in size and more archaic in interior design. To replace the round stoves (like in the Assumption Cathedral), which does not clog up the inner space, Aleviz zastosovuє square massive stoves, before being taken on the high pedestals and seeing the flat cylinders. There are a number of stoppages to distribute the interior for three different naves in width, and there is a stench of one in one on the wrong side. In addition, the architect needs to see a special place for the female half of the great princely family from him, and, if you don’t shy away from NATO, you can take a quest for church service. For the whole to the main volume of the cathedral Aleviz, attached to the vuzke, see into the great archway-vіknom hall. As a result, the interior and exterior (late) facades are divided into five non-original parts, all the way down to the inner member of the interior.

In such a rank, in the composition of facades and zagalny masses, the Archangel Cathedral appeared close to its pershoderels - Volodymyr-Suzdal temples, below the Cathedral of Aristotle Fioravanti. Obviously, Aleviz Novy having visited Volodymyr and respectfully vivifying the Cathedral of the Assumption, in addition, importantly explain the last brutality before it with a diagram.

Aleviz Novy Zasta Volodymyr Assumption Cathedral was built in 1185-1189 rr. the gallery, which brought the plan closer to a square (without the vintary apses). The main core of the six-storey temple was the gallery and Aleviz, which were built on the ground, and they had a lot of character.

The Cathedral of the Archangel was built with a dakhom right along the crypt, and the domes, through the uneven members of the interior, were not the same in diameter. True, the price is a little pity for the eye, but everything else has ruined the harmony of the whole. Pribudova, before the façade, destroyed all the domes to the wall, and by itself gave an asymmetric design to the temple.

The Cathedral of the Archangel is already at the very tip of the ear of ideas as the empowerment of the great princes and tsars of "all Russia", which is very rich in food, and wasted on display. The Spartan rigor and monumentality of the Kremlin's Assumption Cathedral did not resemble a whole zmist. The vast-spacious composition of the Cathedral of the 12th century at Volodymyr Aleviz is dressed in decorative clothes of the Italian Renaissance of the 16th century. I am also generous. There is a lot of architectural details. The loosened cornice spirals on a strongly protruding panel with capitals of the Corinthian order. Two repetitions, the cornice is like a bi-dividing awakening on two surfaces, so as in the interior of the cathedral: the inner space of the cathedral from the statues and to the crypts, one and not dismembered.

Timpani zakomar Aleviz will be stored with shells from white stone. Behind the tiny stench, we are close to zgaduvanim already marmored shells of Graumonte's tombstone at Ferrara. The walls between the plyasters up to the middle cornice were adorned with archvolts of deaf arches, and at the top of the arch of the skin zakomara stood a pirramidka. And everything is from a white stone on the smallest hearts of chervony.

Aleksei, the Cathedral of the Arkhangelsk from the other church buildings of the Kremlin, was the hallmark of the gallery, which adhered to all the walls, behind the vinyat of the sinister. The gallery of the Arkhangelsk Cathedral went to us only in armchairs 1750 richer by the architect D.V. The armchair that was revealed by the Radians' pre-glors A.V. Vorobjov and V.A. The rhythm of the arches of the gallery is arranged according to the divisions of the facades themselves, so that the wide arches sit with the vuzy ones. Ale the whole character of the arcade (like the columns of the Tuscan warrant), the very idea of ​​painting the cathedral through the open gallery of the Italian art, the inner courtyards of the palazzo. The architect knows that world of malovnichy decorativeness, as it is twisted to the wideness of the Cathedral area, and does not stagnate in the middle of a suvorogo obsyagu.

The Cathedral of the Archangel has survived a lot in an hour. Brought to the zmіtsnyuvati walls with buttresses, zenischit galleries, to change the shape of the middle dome, which in the same way, as in children, add to the arriving, to renovate the painting in the interior, plastering the façade to one of the temples, to one of the decorative temples. And yet, if you are standing in front of the wake of the Arkhangelsk Cathedral, then it should be built like this - it’s big, wobbly because of the light and the lack of details, but it’s plastic.

For its nature, the Cathedral of the Archangel is eclectic: in its zest for the summit of the ancient Volodymyr-Suzdal traditions and the occasional Aloviz of the New element of the Italian architecture of the age of the quaternary. And if the year, in the other half of the 16th century, and especially in the 17th century, the Russian majesty turned to the slump, which was possessed by the Italians, the stench was picked up by those who most beautifully brought out the traditions of our nation. On the other hand, we didn’t get accustomed to the stoppies, put on the pedestal, cleared of the wall on two surfaces, the ale Bula was taken to the restoration of the polychrome facades, so it took away further development in the robots of the Russian majesty of the 17th century. The order in the creativity of Aleviz New Zberig is the visibility of constructive truth (cornice, which spirals into the pile), and in the architecture of the 17th century, it will be removed purely decoratively - it’s winn’t to embellish the palms (awake) a bunch of speakers.

In such a rank, the Cathedral of the Archangel in the history of the development of the Russian architecture is not new, to the progressive ideas of the very essence of the art of architecture, as the power of the genius of Aristotle Fioravant, and the decorative side was given to the new side by the new authorities. The Italian architectural and decorative motifs were refined in a new way, and they knew new sounds and made Russian mystery.

The development of decorative forms in the creativity of Aleviz the New can be quilted, zokrem, on the miraculous portals in the Bakhchisarai palace, in the Arkhangelsk and Blagovishchensky cathedrals of the Kremlin. Zupinimya for the rest of the two.

Chotiri portal of the Arkhangelsk cathedral dates closer to 1508, if the day is over. On the western facade there are three - in accordance with the division of the interior into three naves, on the private facade there is one (obviously, the same portal-bouv і on the prototype boat, albeit with the arrival of arrivals and the buttress). The main entrance to the cathedral is the middle portal of the back facade. Windows of premises in the gliboka loggia, like at once with steps I will set up the church porch. Two doors to the portal є framed by the entrance to the viglyadi arches, which spiral on two piles with Corinthian capitals and ornaments.

The main portal of the Arkhangelsk Cathedral is an offensive stage in the decorative creativity of Aleviz the New, sent to the portal of the Bakhchisarai Palace. Він to establish up to the number of so-called promising portals. The qi form of a msze in the Assumption and Dmitri cathedrals near Volodymyr was transferred by Aristotle Fioravanti to the facade of the Kremlin temple. Aloviza New was supposed to reconcile tsyu traditional old form of its own minds of architecture of the Quattrocento. The third twisted camp is honored. The principle of zalous composition is to be preserved: a wider and more high-profile image gradually changes to a level. The arch-volt of the front arch spirals on the plyastri, then the jgut from the leaves, intertwined with lines and fixing the arch to a friend, also spiral onto the columns, and the distance - beveled walls and the same summary lead right to the entrance. In such a rank, richly arches and napivkoloni, which decorate a promising portal, Aleviz Novy replaced two houses with beveled in the middle of the walls, richly adorned with ornaments, the little ones that appeared in the robot above the entrance to the Bakhchisarai Palace.

The portal to the façade is seen from the backward only in three smaller sizes.

It is important to mother on respect, that from the area of ​​the ornamental composition of the Crimean portal, the architect goes to the spacious and spacious solutions, given the old Russian architects and won further development in the decoration of the sovereign portal. Yogo exact date of the retirement is not zyasovana, every time - writing 1508 r.; There is no sense in the fact that it is stylistic to imitate the creativity of Aleviz the New.

The portal of the Blagovishchensky Cathedral will see through its forerunners in even greater writing of decorative improvement and intricacy of architectural composition. For example, the wide Archivolt of the front arch spirals onto a strongly loosened entablature, which makes it possible to stand up in pairs of columns. All are far away behind the scheme of the portals of the Arkhangelsk Cathedral, a little more with more ornamental patterns. In the first place, it means that the stone outlines of Volodymyr-Suzdal churches and P'utro Antonio Solar's churches in the Palace of Granovites and Aleviz.

New in the Kremlin cathedrals zumіl іvіyaviti miracles yakosti soft vapnyaku in a delicate ornamental design.

And all the same, with all the writing and artistic merit of the alevy portals, the stench did not know to the reader in the other creativity of the Russian maystras. A promising Roman portal in the past with a purely Russian wine passage - a keeled arch - but closer to seeing the tectonics of the wall, the massiveness and the hope, and the less decorative cleverness of the portal of the Italian architects. Ale the ornament is like such a boulevard by Russian workers and, being modified for the sake of their tastes, clearly embellishing the iconostases of the temples, the walls of the buildings and the architectural details.

The Cathedral of the Archangel - the head of the Aloviz of the New - is not a new part of the history of Russian architecture, but rather a great mystery of architectural and ornamental decoration.

Aleviz Noviy didvgo propratsyuvav in Russia. Vіn buduvav shche churches in the Kremlin: st. Lazarus - until 1514 r Ioann Lestvichnik - in 1518 (the church was included in the lower tier of the Ivanivska Dzvynitsa), the Church of the Annunciation - in 1519, perhaps, the lower surface of the Terem Palace and in.

Pіd 1531 the literature is about to go, so it’s about an hour vibuhu at the powder factory "Aleviz Dvir" zletyv at the fortune-teller. The main idea of ​​\ u200b \ u200bthe mystery of the name of Aleviz the New in the Russian literature. Obviously, he’s lost in the catastrophe.

REST Fryazino - Bon Fryazino I Petrok MALIY

From 1505 to 1508 Ivanovska dzvinitsya was built in the Kremlin. Vona will be at the old church in Im'ya Ioanna Lestvichnik, in the early days of ringing, and at the end of the history of the wake-up call - Italian architect Bona Fryazin, a special XV and XVI centuries. Because of what we see, we shouldn’t say anything about the architect’s prowess, about his robots before arriving in Russia at the same time, if he has been living in Moscow.

Until the ear of the 16th century, the Kremlin was already forgotten by cathedrals, churches, monasteries. Mozhlvo, skinny from them mav their dzvinitsi, ale the sound of їkh dzvin not spreading throughout the entire territory of the Kremlin. In addition, the idea of ​​the emergence of Russia into a single centralized state was imaged as an architectural dominance, as it would panuvala over all the Kremlin's forgetfulness.

We know the viglyad "Ivan the Great", having trimmed only after 75 years of writing, in 1600 r. I would go in two stages, and on the part of Bona Fryazin, the first two octaves were made. Kozhen z tiers can see the arcade "for dzvonu". Even today "Ivan the Great" has reached the 60-meter height and is well seen from the distant steps to the place.

The architecture of the dvinitsa is even simpler. The skin edge of the octagon is supported by a spatula, and the lower tier is completed with a sub-cornice arcature and a cornice on croutons. The other tier is smaller than the lane, it is built very tight and also has no open arches for ringing. The walls are sparsely sprinkled with slit-like windows, as they grow thick (the thickness of the walls of the first tier is 5 m, the other - 2.5 m).

Another stage of building a link is carried out until the ear of the 17th century, if the call is taken away from the completion and reach of 81 m.

"Ivan the Great" is a divovizna sporuda. Building b, it will be in two stages, great is the height with an altogether small commendation, the blame will be slowed down, but the strings are not broken: the step of changing the tiers, the miraculous transition from the eight to the round drum write і golden dome.

The last days of "Ivan the Great", who were in the 70s of the 20th century, seem to be awake in the jokes of the partitions, they saw the golden mug, but they reached the whole enemy of lightness.

Ale "Ivan the Great" is amazed not only by the architectural dignity, but by the technology of construction. At the first tiers of the dvіnytsі pledged metal beams, scrіplyuut the walls. The staff of the house during the overdue development in the 17th century did not necessarily require additional constructions. Apparently, the French did not understand that in 1812 pіrvіrvati dzіnitsyu: from the vibuhu in the drum of the chapter there was a trіschina, but dzіrvіtsya stood up.

We do not know of those who are Bona Fryazin in Moscow. Having carried on the long tradition of one hundred-point-like churches, having carried on with the long tradition of one hundred-point temples, she took a further development in the 30s of the 16th century.

If Petrok Maliy 1522 appeared in Moscow, he called himself the architect of Pope Rimsky. I got home about the robot at the Grand Duke’s term for three-chotiri rocky, ale vlashtuvavsya nadovgo, having adopted Orthodoxy and made friends. It’s nothing to say about these robots before arriving in Russia, and Russian literatures and acts don’t give any information about these robots in Moscow in the first ten years of life in the whole world. First, in 1532, it was time to see that after the first call from the "Ivan the Great" side of the house, they decided to add a new ringing bell for the reception of new calls, including the good-sounding ringing bells. The churches of Ioann Gostunsky were transferred to the third tier of the church, prompted by Aleviz Novy in 1516 to the fate of the church. The dzvynytsya was finished in 1543 by the Russian Maystri, also sent to Petrok Maliy. At 1552 r, up to the third tier of the bulwark, the final descent was added, and the crown itself was completed with a massive drum and a dome. I nareshti, in 1624 r Kam'yani the right of the headmaster Vazhlivy Ogurtsov for the patriarch Filaret's work, attaching a new bell tower to the door with a tent-roofed horse, as the yak of Filaretov Pribudov. This is how the folding three-private complex is located, which can be stored at the dvinitsa of Ivan the Great, dvinitsa 1532-1543 rr. і Filaretova arrived 1624 r U 1812 r Dzvіnytsya і pribudova boules zruynovanі vibuchom, and then updated by the architect І. Zhilyardi behind the project І. V. Egotova and L. Ruska. It is very important for him to judge the information about the architecture of the facades of the dvinnitsa. It is possible to allow, for Petrok Maliy, who is Aleviz Novogo's fellow participant and an accomplice in the Kremlin, to introduce into the facade of his own decoration the decor of the archangel Cathedral of the Archangel (shells in the arches of the window frames, members of the windows). We didn’t know about the armchair of the city before the beginning, so it’s hard to say that the architects of the 19th century revived the architectural forms of the 16th century.

The development of the house of Petrok the Small and the onset of the awakening became apparent in the integrity of the architectural composition. It is possible to allow for a cobbled chotiiryear round of renovations to the best of the original and I can complete the scheme of the Renaissance-classic facade. The whole façade can be self-styled, as it is finished in good proportions with beautifully designed details. Arochna nadbudova "for dzvonu" for its character and divisions is not tied to the facade of Petrok the Small. Flat, with the outlines of nascent arches, the nadbudova is disproportionately large and you cannot serve as an attic, which is stuck in the architecture of the Renaissance. I nareshti, everything is completed with a round massive high cylinder, embellished in the lower tiers with folding plastic decorative columns. The cylinder carries a golden chapter with a chrest.

In the whole folding complex only "Ivan the Great" is hostile to the purity of the lines and proportions, the laconicism of the silhouette. Ale in the ensemble of the Kremlin and Dzvinitsa, and Filaretova Pribudova play a hundred architectural and spacious role, in addition to the multi-domed cathedrals and the smallness of the whole ensemble.

By the most significant robot of Petrok Maly Bulo, the construction of fortress walls and vezh of Kitay-mista, Velikiy Posad, which until the 30s of the 16th century grew up until the 30s of the 16th century, was no longer possible for the population to cling to the walls of the Kremlin in the face of the enemy's attack.

Posad widened on skid and dyyshov until the ninish Chinese proizdu. Back in 1394, for the seizure of dives along the route of the Great Cherkasy provinces and the path of Vladimirov, moreover, they ripped "mіzh dvіr", then, the courtyards stood on the verge of the ditch. Mozhlivo, at the very same hour, the name of Kitai-Mista appeared from the old Russian word "kiti", which, apparently, means earthlings fortified with zasosuvannyam ooze.

Establishment of the Kitaygorodskaya wall was built in 1534 - during the regency of the mother of the young Tsar Ivan IV - Deer Glinskoy and Rik because of the creation of a new earthen rampart and ditch.

16 (27) May 1535 "Metropolitan Danilo walked close to the church with a cross and this prayer was consecrated and consecrated by prayer. Garmatny Dvor, that third gate of All-Svyadskiy on Varvarskoy Street, that fourth gate of Kozma Domianskiye on Velikiy Street ", - see" Piskarevskiy Litopist ".

The wall is 2567 m long and up to 6 m wide, with 14 poles, including 5 old ones, the end was 1538 r. Mayzhe correct straight line of the wall resting on the knots in the vezha Beklemishevskaya from the side of the Moskva-Rika and Sobakin (Arsenalnu) from the side of Neglinnaya and becoming one with the Kremlin.

China-place occupied the territory of 58 hectares and being an even stronger fortune, prompted by the last word of modern fortification technology. Kitaigorodskaya wall was lower than the Kremlin, ale the width of the upper boyovy maidanchikas - 6 meters - gave great freedom to the owners and gave the opportunity to have greater effort. Merlon stiles boules are straight, moreover, in the skin boule there are three lateral slits: middle large and two bichni - for squeaks. Enlightenment with teeth also served for shooting. In addition, in the very walls and in the towers, hanging beyond the walls, the bullets were pulled out for the middle and lower battle and the machine for the forward battle.

The wall was victorious from a large-sized tsegli with no new brands, so we can talk about the growth of wyrobnitsti tsegli, which became the main educational material in the 16th century. Zalishki Kitaygorodskoy stini on the Sverdlov square with a round tower behind the Metropol hotel, dove spun the bridle of the Chinese proezd, unaffected by the cultural sphere, celebrating the hostile power and inaccessibility. The bevels of the plinth are made out of the walls by a block-stone roller. The same roller led to the brink of war and to the front of the teeth. The out-of-the-box character of important straight-flowing and round-headed relations, the straight line of teeth is sharply edged, the shape of the bijnits - all the elements that shine through the genoese fortresses, not the pawnshop locks in front of Petrok the Maliy.

At 1539 r Petrok Maliy buv messages to the city of Sebezh, before the city of the city. Yogo suprovodzhuvav re-shifts Grigoriy Mistrabonov. Petrok Maliy, having tasted three tendencies in a whole hour, finished his fortune at the end of the day. Then I went to the Pskov-Pechersk Monastery, I was guilty of the Buv Viyhati in Pskov, then to Moscow. Aleksandr Laptyov and Vasil Zemets, who were in the middle of the boyars' children, took his place behind the cordon - in Livonian Novogrudok (Neuhaus). Then Petrok Maliy said that it wouldn’t be good to go back to Russia, but it’s all right. Utikach was spiteful and sent to Yur'ev (Derit) for the trial of the bishop; Inadvertently, which ended on the right. However, in the Russian dzherels Petrok Maliy wrote in 1539, rock cannot be missed.

Petrok Maliy Buv was the last Italian architect in Russia of the first half of the 16th century. "Fryazino", as the Russian people called them in the name of "nimets" - all the other Inozems, they made their right. New hours have come. Immediately, from the detachments of Russia near Moscow, the relief from the Tatar yoke and the roots of a centralized strong state, the growth and national self-awareness of the Russian people. From the middle of the world, such was the experience of the Russian architects, like Fedir Saveliyovich Kin, who embellished "Ivan the Great" with a golden head, as if he had stayed in Moscow and Smolensk fortune; Barma and Postnik, who created a masterpiece of Holy architecture - the Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed at the walls of the Kremlin, and a lot of them. The smells have completed the formulation of the center of Moscow, and they have never ceased to swear.

The Moscow Kremlin is the center of Russia and the citadel of power. For more than 5 centuries, it is hoped to win over the powers that be and take over their heads. The Kremlin is shown on the Russian and light channels only for the day. It’s middle-aged, but it’s not like a fortress, but it has already become a symbol of Russia for a long time.

Only the axis of the frame will be given to us in the main one. The Kremlin is strictly guarded by the seat of the president of our country. It’s not safe to use, because all the Kremlin’s zyomki are so strictly regulated. Before speaking, do not forget to take the excursion to the Kremlin.

Try to hit the Kremlin without any indications, try to wrap it up wide, but not sound like a part, and at once hit the call of the Moscow Kremlin - I will try to sit down, mid-season, European.

Such was the time they spent in the 15th century at the old brick-and-mortar Kremlin of Italian - P'utro Fryazino, Anton Fryazino and Aloiz Fryazino. All the stench was taken away by one excuse, if the relatives did not bully. "Fryazino" means an old-school foreigner.

The stench prompted a fortune at the vidpovidnosty due to the efforts of the fortified and vital science of that hour. Uzdovzh teeth of the stin pass the fighting platform with a width of 2 to 4.5 meters.

At the dermal teeth, the strilnitsa, by the way to which, can only be inserted into the neck. Kind of zvidsi obmezheniya. The height of the dermal teeth is 2-2.5 meters, they were shielded with wood shields for an hour in battle. All on the walls of the Moscow Kremlin +1145 teeth.

The Moscow Kremlin is a great fortress, which has been growing in Moscow-Riki, in the heart of Russia - in Moscow. The citadel is equipped with 20 vezha, the skin has a unique look and 5 generic doors. The Kremlin is full of light, carried through the rich history of the formation of Russia.

Tsі old days є testimonials of all quiet numerical podіy, wіdbuvali with the power, fixing at the moment of creation. Fortetsya started her journey in 1331, when the word "Kremlin" was lost and earlier.

Moscow Kremlin, infographics. Dzherelo: www.culture.rf. For a detailed look, open the picture in the new browser tab.

The Moscow Kremlin under the new rulers

Moscow Kremlin for Ivana Kaliti

U 1339-1340 rr. Prince of Moscow Ivan Danilovich on prisvisko Kalita ("a penny bear") vibuduvv on Borovitsky pagorbi means a citadel from an oak tree, from 2 to 6 m, and the winners are not lower than 7 m. three ten years and spent an hour of scary burning 1365 r

Moscow Kremlin under Dmitry Donskoy

The head of the defense of Moscow insistently imaged the branch of the great fortune: the Moscow principality was surrounded by security from the side of the Golden Horde, Lithuania and the Russian princes - Tver and Ryazan. Prince todi 16-ry onuk Ivana Kaliti Dmytro (vin Dmytro Donskiy) has shown a fortress with a stone - the Kremlin.

The fortress of Kamyan was celebrated in 1367, and the stone was added not far away, in the village of Myachkovo. Completed the business in the style of the term - all in one rik. Dmytro Donskiy has broken the Kremlin with a fortune-teller, and more than once they have been storming the enemies, but they couldn’t have been able to.

Шо means the word "Kremlin"

One of the earliest mysteries of the word "Kremlin" appears in the Resurrection literature in the information about I will be 1331 r For the history of the history, it could have been recognized from the old Russian word "flint", so they called the fortress, prompted from the oak. From a point of view, the word “chrome” or “chrome”, which means cordon, boundary, is in the basis of it.

Persha peremoga of the Moscow Kremlin

Mayzhe, as soon as the building of the Moscow Kremlin was built, Moscow fell into the shadows of the Lithuanian prince Olgerd in 1368, and at the same time in 1370 Lithuanians stood for three days and three nights at the walls of the castle, but the change turned out to be harmless. Tse inspired the young Moscow ruler and allowed him to throw a wiklik to the mighty Golden Horde Khan Mamai.

In 1380 r, seeing behind their backs of hope, Russian vіysko led by prince Dmitri's kerіvnіstvom got into the mess of the operation. We went from a native place far away for the afternoon, at the top of the Don, the stench was created from the Vijsky Mamai and thrashed it on the Kulikovo field.

So for the first time it became a stronghold not only of the Moscow principality, but of all Russia. And Dmytro otrimav prіzvisko Donskoy. Throughout 100 years of the Kulikovo battle of Bilokam'yan, the citadel unified the Russian lands, flocking to the head center of Russia.

Moscow Kremlin under Ivan 3

Ninishniy dark-chervoniy viglyad of the Moscow Kremlin goiters to his people to Prince Ivan III Vasilovich. I will share it with him in 1485-1495 rr. the grandiose prosperity was not easy to reconstruct the old defense fortification by Dmitry Donskoy. A fortress from a chervonoi tsegli will come to replace the fortune-teller.

Name vezhi visunuti in order to lead the way in the fire of bridle stin. A system of secret underground walkways has been installed for the quick movement of the boulders. Completing the system of impregnable defense, the Kremlin was smashed into an island. Three two sides are already in the nature of the pereshkodi - the rivers of Moscow and Neglinnaya.

We drilled ditch from the third side, there, at a time, Chervona area, approximately 30-35 meters in width and 12 m in depth. Participants called the Moscow Kremlin a vidatny vіyskovo-engineering style. Moreover, the Kremlin is one of the European fortresses, as they never could have been taken by storm.

The role of the Moscow Kremlin as a new grand-prince's residence and as the head fortress of the state is especially important, and the character of its engineering-technical viglyad is special. Of the zvezdnaya zvezda tsegli, vіn zberіg zberіg planuvannya old Russian child, and in his outlines - already formed the shape of an irregular tricycle.

At the same time, it was made of it to be borderline functional and even similar to the rich fortune of Europe. Those who were invented by Muscovites in the 17th century transformed the Kremlin into a unique monument of architecture. All the Russian people didn’t want to think about, they transformed the fortress into an easy one, straightened up to the sky with a structure, the same kind of light in the light, and the kutovs always came up with such a view, none of our people were forerunners in space.

Architects of the Moscow Kremlin

Curators of the Budivnytsia Buli Italian Architects. Memorial plaques, erected on the Spassky basht of the Moscow Kremlin, are celebrated when prince Ivan Vasilovich won in the "30th year". Established by the newest parade of vezhi, meaning the Grand Duke is the jubilee of his sovereign power. Zokrem, Spaska and Borovitskaya designed by P'utro Solar.

In 1485, the Taynitskaya Vezha was prompted by Antonio Dzhilardi's certificate. In 1487, the first Italian architect, Marko Ruffo, started the construction of Beklemishevskaya, and later, Sviblova (Vodovzvodnaya) appeared on the prototype boat. The three set the rhythm for the whole life.

The Іtalіyske prokhodzhennya of the chief architects of the Moscow Kremlin is not vipadkovo. At that hour, Italy itself entered the first place in the theory and practice of fortifying life. The constructive features are indicative of the knowledge of their creators with the engineering ideas of such prominent representatives of the Italian Renaissance, such as Leonardo da Vinci, Leon Batista Alberti, Philipo Brunelleschi. In addition, the very Italian architectural school "donated" the Stalinsky visotki in Moscow.

Until the ear of the 1490s, there were a few deaf bashti (Blagovishchenska, 1st and 2nd Bezimenni and Petrovska). All the stench, as a rule, repeated the line of the old fortech reinforcement. The robots were carried out step by step, with such a rosary, so that the fortress didn’t lose any of the critical delays, through the thieves' misfortunes.

In the 1490s, the curator of the week became Italian P'utro Solar (also known as Petro Fryazino), and Antonio Dzhilardi (also known as Anton Fryazino) and Aloiz and Fryazi (Aloviza), who worked as a curator. 1490-1495 pp. The Moscow Kremlin has received the following vezhi: Kostyantino-Yeleninskaya, Spaska, Mikilska, Senatska, Kutova Arsenalna and Nabatna.

Sweat walk in the Moscow Kremlin

If the owner of the Kremlin is not safe, they have the ability to quickly move along the secret underground passages. In addition, in the walls of the boules, you pass through the inner passages, so that all the bastards were brought together. The Kremlin's hunters could, with such a rank, zoserezhuvatisya once consumed on the not without security frontline, or to enter in times of overwhelming enemy forces.

The bully also scatters the underground tunnels, the workers who can be spostering behind the gate in the time of the clouds, as well as the unsupported attacks on the gate. A number of underground tunnels went beyond the boundaries of the Kremlin.

Deyakі vezhі mali will not only have the function. For example, Taynitskaya prikhovuvala sweaty journey from the fort to Moskvia-rika. Near Beklemishevskaya, Vodovzvodnaya and Arsenalniy boulevards of broken wells, for the help of which it is possible to deliver water, if there is a place in the mill. Kolodyaz in the Arsenal has survived to our days.

With a stretch of two rocky fortresses, the line was followed by Kolimazhnaya (Commandantska) and Granovana (Serednya Arsenalna), and in 1495 the Troitskoy building was reopened. Budivnistvom Keruv Aloviz Fryazino.

Chronology of podiy

rock	podiya
1156	On Borovitskiy pagorbi, a citadel was built from a tree
1238	Vіyska khan Batiya walked across Moscow, as a result, a great part of the bustle was burned. The Mongol-Tatar vіyska Dyudenya was thrown at 1293 rotsi again
1339-1340	Ivan Kalita sounds near the Kremlin may be from oak. From 2 to 6 m in height and up to 7 m at the height
1367-1368	Dmytro Donskiy vibuduvav bіlokam'yanoi fortress. The Bіlokamyaniy Kremlin in more than 100 years. In quiet hours and began to nazivat Moscow "bilokam'yanoi"
1485-1495	Ivan III The Great Link of the Citadel from the Chervona Tsegli. The Moscow Kremlin is equipped with 17 towers, the height of the walls is 5-19 m, and the tower is 3.5-6.5 m
1534-1538	Inspired by a new circle of fortress defensive walls, it was named Kitai-Mista. From the beginning of the day, the walls of Kitay-place were attached to the walls of the Kremlin at the Beklemishevskaya Vezha, from the beginning of the day - to the Kutovy Arsenalniy
1586-1587	Boris Godunov, having wiped out Moscow in two rows of big walls, called them Tsar-Gorod, and for the most part - Bilya Mist. The stench hunted the territory between the central areas and the Boulevard Kiltsi
1591	Near Moscow, another 14 versts of reinforcement has been created, and the territory has been surrounded by Boulevard and Gardens. The buoy was buzzed with a stretch of one rock. Nova Fortress renamed itself Skorodoma. So Moscow Bula was taken to the chotiri kiltsya stin, yak mali in total 120 vezh

All vezhi of the Moscow Kremlin

532 rocky to that Italian architect Anton Fryazino knocking down one of the Kremlin vezas

Taynitskaya Vezha
Ludvig14 / Wikimedia Commons

Why Ivan III imprisoned the Italian ambassador in Kolomiya, like the boards vryatuvav in the vibuha of the Kremlin vezhi and why the NKVSivtsi were not allowed into the old Russian cache, the heading "History of Science" was published.

Old-time manuscript, 19 linnya 1485 Rooku Venetian architect Anton Fryazino zaklav on the Moskvі-rіchtsі pershu from twenty vezh new Moscow Kremlin - Taynitska. Tsia Vezha did not only become the first in the Kremlin's re-awakening, ale and the founders of her creators celebrated the revolution in a great wake-up call: Fryazin is the first to be victorious. Behind its butt, all the Kremlin's vezhi were stored in the same place, and then all of a similar type were stored in Russia according to the Fryaz recipe.

Vidomosty about the maister himself is not big. It seems that Antonio Dzhilardi, and Fryazino, which became a Russian prince, because the word "franc" was changed, which in old Russia was called a failure in the French and italiytsiv.

Vidomo is also a native of Fryazino Buv from the place of Vicenti, which entered the warehouse of the Venezian Republic. Being not only an architect, but a diplomat, he first arrived in Moscow in 1469 at the warehouse of the post of Ambassador Cardinal Vissarion. The ambassador arrived to proponuvati Ivan III shlyub with the royal at the exile Sophia Paleologue. Then, with his retinue, he turned to the house, protest in 1471 he arrived at the Vatican again and for the first time having established diplomatic leaders between the two powers.

"Ambassador Ivan Fryazino handing over to Ivan III the portrait of his name Sophia Paleologue"
Victor Muzheil / Wikimedia Commons

At the same time, Fryazin was smitten in the fact that he helped his uncle Ivan Fryazino (Giovanna Battista della Volpe) to send the Horde of the Venetian ambassador Giovanna Battista Trevisan through Moscow to Gold. I would like the embassy to the Tatars are not a little aware of the safety of the Russian state, Ivan Fryazino, having taken from the tsar for the reason of his mission. If everything has opened up, Ivan III has been rooted out (before staying on the Ugri River, he lost less than ten rockets, so there’s a lot of stress from the Horde in Russia), and the ambassador of unreasonable incarceration in Kolomiya, leave it all unclear. Anton Fryazino buv directives to the Venice home from her official vibachen in front of Russia.

At the end, Anton Fryazin's diplomatic saga will end, and through rock, if Ivan III is virulent to re-awaken the Kremlin, and for this purpose, having called to himself the whole galaxy of European majestyrs, he will be repaired by the great architect of the Kremlin architect. From the base of the bule, it is not only the Taynitskaya Vezha that is folded, but it is also not less important for its features, and is larger in terms of architecture. True, a number of histories have come to light, but for the best of all history there have been two Anton Fryazin: a diplomat and an architect.

Vodovzvodnaya Vezha of the Moscow Kremlin, view from the Great Kam'yaniy Bridge
Yuliya Minєєva / Wikimedia Commons

The Taynitskaya Vezha Bula was erected on the so-called Cheshkova Vorit (in the 15th century there was a cheshka yard not far from the building), and there is also a famous boulevard and Tim's gate, and in the old hours there was an ancient well-hiding place. Something in memory about the wells, then according to the fortification of the world from the Taynitskaya vengeance, which is the most important for the defense of the place of the Kremlin walls, from the ... Behind some views, through the new one to the Kremlin, water can be supplied to the top of the mountain, behind them, from the Taynitskaya Vezhi, the local underground walk along the river, are used for rapt vilazok.

Todi u vezhi buv zovsim іnshy viglyad. When there is a bullet strelnitsa (wood vezha without a hint), go to the winding stone bridge, go through the gates from the lower bridge, navigate the bully massive year from the boom. Godinnikar is alive right there, having erected two hewn huts over the weighed two hewn huts, which in an hour quickly fell ill and became unbarred. Godinniki stayed until 1674 to rock.

continued material

About the tse іtalіyskuyu architektorі vіdomo dzhagato nebagato. Deyakі dzherela call this father of the Italian city Bigenets. He came to Moscow in 1469 at the warehouse of the Greek embassy, ​​Yuriya, from Cardinal Visarion, for some reason to talk about the friendship of Ivan III at Princess Sophia Paleologue.

Throughout sixteen years in the literature, there is nothing to say about the awakening activity of Anton Fryazin and only about 1485 I call this first robot - the construction of the Taynitskaya Vezha (for the terminology of the current hour - Moscow's foundation) The archer at the Sheshkovs (cups) vorit, and before her vived the shovel, and robbed Anton Fryazino. "

On such a roar of rock, the visit and the first ugly trick was brutalized by the modern history of history. The process of changing the writer can be explained by the fact that at 1471 r to Moscow in the warehouses of the Venetian embassy Trevisan the diplomat is Anton Fryazino. Nikon's list and dzherela inducing a lot of information about the activity of tsyy Anton Fryazin in the diplomatic field, and then at 1485 by a rapid report about the news of the Taynitskaya vezhi. With the rank of diplomat, like Ivan III, he gave a number of additional orders and the one who won’t get the price from Venice and Moscow, having changed into an architect, it didn’t make any noise. Obviously, the ancient writer united two different people in one person. I still don’t explain the reasons for the author's choice of the architect’s work. If Anton Fryazino arrived at the place of the Taynitskaya Vezha bookmark, please, do not be afraid to visit the embassy of Cardinal Vissarion in Moscow.

Є Only one explanation of the history of inconsistencies: on the side of the literature, you can use the significant facts in the history of the life of Moscow; such a fact was the creation of the new Kremlin vezha; all іnshe pass in respect of the writer.

With the help of the Taynitskaya Vezha - the first robot of the first from the Italian architects who came to Moscow - to repent of being overwhelmed by the decrepitude of the old houses of Dmitry Donskoy, the Moscow Kremlin. Three rockets later, in 1488, Anton Fryazino will be in Kutov Sviblov, in 1686 I was renamed Vodovzvodnaya.

Talk about the Kremlin vezhes of the XV-XVI centuries, after the memory, but the stench was not small for the hipped roofs that were built in the XVII centuries. Some of the stinks were massive cylindrical or straight-handed obsyagi, behind a vignette, the bullets were lifted high above the walls and hung forward behind the line, which gave the possibility of a late attack on the thief, which was going on the assault.

The Taynitskaya Vezha, scho rejected its name by a secret passage, viritom towards the rychka, - proizna, straight and even massive, from the side-by-side Strilnitsya, which is not very high above the walls. Vona did not only play the role of a shooter, but the second bully was a support for the snuggled walls. At 1772 r, at the sound of the palace for the project of V.I. Bazhenov, the vezha was known, and at the same time it was renewed according to the measurement of M.F.

Before the hour of reconstruction and expansion of the Kremlin embankment, in 1953, the Strilnytsya was known, and the Taynitskaya Vezha was filled up with a lot of eyes.

Sviblova (Vodovzvodnaya) vezha was built in another hour with three sets of the basics of the Kremlin trike, which went to Moskva-Rika. Beklemishevskaya (Moskvoretskaya), and more adorned for its proportions. Not high above the block-stone plinth - a round battle of combat. Until the middle of the height, the vykladena vezha is guarded by the belts of a yak in the form of a yak, and it is west of the tseglyano masonry, which is more massive. Let the vuzka smuggle a white stone, the arcature belt spirals onto the yak. The whole motive is not repeated at one of the Kremlin towers. Everything is completed with the miraculous crown of the forebears (mashikuli) and the teeth at the viglyad "Last of the tails" with the projections for the shooting.

Sviblova bashta was rounded in 1812, and later it was renewed by the architect O. I. Beauvais.

І arcature belt, і form of mashikuli, і "Tail last" - is still new, so that for the first time it appears in the old Russian architecture of forte-type equipment, and we can know direct analogs in the architecture of the middle-of-the-world history. Zgadaimo Castle and Town of the Dukes of Scaliger in Verona or Palazzo del Capital in Orvitto. Exactly the same arcature belt, like on the Sviblova Tower of the Kremlin, we know in the form of a sub-cornice frieze of the Cathedral of San Chirnaco in Ancona and on the impossibility of memorials of the proto-Renaissance before the Quattrocento. And the smut of innovation was due to the fact that, starting from the other half of the 15th century in Russia, it would go over to wide storage in the future. The merit of Anton FRYa-zin, who spent the rest of the reconstruction of the Moscow Kremlin, went to the end.

I am in the middle of them in front of varto zgadati Marco Ruffo (Mark Fryazin) і P'utro Antonio Solar (Petra Antonova Fryazina) For projects such as boules prompted 7 vezh of the Moscow Kremlin (and not only).

Architects P'utro Antonio Solar and Marko Ruffo
(Miniature from the Special Literary Zvod 1568 - 1576 pp.):

The White Kremlin, prompting for Dmitry Donskoy in the 60s of the XIV century, until the other half of the XV century, was strongly reluctant and did not follow Ivan III's ideas about Moscow is the center of the whole Orthodox world ... In the 80s of the 15th century, a large-scale revival of the Kremlin is conceived, more precisely, the future of a new fortress, which is guilty of the growth of a new Orthodox empire - the Third Rome.

The Grand Duke of Moscow and the Sovereign of All Russia in 1485 I’ll ask the Italian architect Marko Ruffo to go to Moscow (he worked in Moscow until 1495), and in 1490 I’ll ask P'utro Antonio Solar (in Moscow until 1493).

Tsimi іtalіytsyami - "Fryazino" in Moscow bouli prompted:

Granovita Chamber (1487 - 1491 rr., Ruffo i Solar):

Beklemishevskaya Vezha,
won the Moskvoretskaya (1487 - 1488 rr., Ruffo):

Borovitskaya Vezha (1490-r Solar):

Spaska Vezha (1491 r. Ruffo i Solar):

Kostyantino-Eleninskaya Vezha (1490-r Solar):

Mikilska Vezha (1491 r. Ruffo and Solar):

Senatska Vezha (1491 r Solar):

Kutova Arsenalna bashta,
won by Sobakina (1492 r Solar):

In the 80s of the XV century over the buildings of the vezh of the Moscow Kremlin, there is still one Italian architect - Antonio Gilardi z Vicenci (Anton Fryazino) yakim bouli prompted dvі vezhі:

Taynitskaya tower, yaka became the first in the new Kremlin (1485):

і Vodovzvodnaya (Sviblova) Vezha (1488):

The walls of the Moscow Kremlin, as well as the defense ditch at the Tsikh walls, also were prompted by the Italian Aloiz and Karezano, we see yak Aleviz Milanets or Aloviza Fryazino Old ... You should be able to insist on the authorship of the Kremlin vezh - Troitskoy (Epiphany, Rizopolozhensky, Znam'yanskoy abo Kuretnaya), yaka Bula was encouraged to 1495 - 1499 rock :

The offender of Ivan III, yogo sin from Sofia Paleologue, Vasil III Ivanovich continuing the tradition of requesting architects from Italy. Rocky yogo rule (1505 - 1533) in Moscow pratsyuvali Aloiz Lambert and Montignana (?) Abo Aloviza Fryazino Noviy , Nicknames so Muscovites, oskіlki arriving to Moscow for 10 years past Aleviz mіlantsіv (Old), хтос Bon Fryazino (Yogo reference i'm so і has become unavailable) і P'utro Francesco Anibalom , Bilsh vidomy yak Petrok Maliy .

Aloviza Fryazino Noviy vidomy the most awesome Arkhangelsk Cathedral Moscow Kremlin ( 1505 - 1508 rub. ), Yakiy became, by the decree of Vasil III, the empire of the Moscow sovereigns (already in 1508, when the cathedral was consecrated, the remains of Ivan Kaliti and his lands were transferred to the new boulevard; Onuk of Peter I, who died in Moscow, Emperor Peter II.

Aleviz Fryazin New is far from being the only one in Aleviz Fryazin Cathedral. The whole bulo is prompted in Russia 17 buduly, 11 in Moscow, as well as the complex of the Grand Palace and churches in the Oleksandrivska Sloboda.

Church of the Usiknovennya of the Head of St. John the Forerunner by Borom,
prompted by Aleviz Novy close to 1514 rock in Zamoskvorichchia
(A happy viglyad for numerical overdrafts):

The most famous Bony Fryazina and even if it is credible to be credited with the authorship - dzvinitsya Ivan the Great , Which was the most awesome awakening of Moscow right up to the 19th century:

Bon Fryazino in 1505 - 1508 rocking after two lower octahedral tiers of the ring and a part of the third 1600 roku after getting the "sovereign meister" Fedir Saveliyovich Kin )
Ivan the Great stood in 1812 when Napoleon's soldiers entered Moscow: at the base of the first tier, a special metal architect built a special metal architecture

P'utro Francesco Anibalom (Petrok Maliy) Also, having made inquiries to Russia by Vasil III. Nayvіdomіshim yogo sporupoyu, from went to our hour, є shatrova Church of the Ascension of the Lord in Kolomenskoe , Prompted in 1528 - 1532 rocks:

The axis is those that have become obsolete from the Kitaygorodskaya fort in the Danish hour:

In the other half of the 16th century, the tradition requested in Russia by the Italian architects for a day will be overridden by them in the future period of the architectural tendencies of the obvious and generally

Ale on the cob of the 18th century, for which Peter the Great founded a new capital - St. Petersburg, the Italian architects have once again appeared in demand. However, it’s all the same history, I’ll write about yak in the offensive part of our "Architectural Liknepu".

So scho, far away ...

Dyakuyu for respect.
Sergiy Vorobyov.