Vіyskovo-industrial complex. Vіyskovo-industrial complex (VPK)
Vіyskovy potential of Russia with a chance to take off as a hostile Velmi. At the same time, far from being a skinny citizen of the Russian Federation, he can clearly understand the structure of the defense sphere of his land. Until then, the information provided is not available. There are all reasons for this, so I have a lot of respect for the structure of the military-industrial complex.
Viskovo-industrial complex of Russia
Torkayuchis tsієї those, from a collection of varto inimportance, that the military-industrial complex can be easily brought to the halusi, as it has been making more and less noticeable inflow to the development of the economy by stretching out the rockets of the Russian Federation.
I would like a day or so an hour ago to understand, like the viskovo-industrial complex of Russia, it’s been booming, in the middle of the two thousandths progress in the whole sphere became obvious. If you talk about the situation, if you are inclined to give it a moment, then you can voice the fact that the military-industrial complex has a few progressive galuzei:
Aviation Promise;
atomic;
Rocket and space;
Release of ammunition and amunits;
Vіyskovo ships buduvannya and ін.
In the capacity of the main gravities, as to merit in respect within the framework of the military-industrial complex, it is possible to start the offensive of the enterprise:
- "Russian Technologies";
- "Rosoboronexport";
VAT "Concern PPO" Almaz-Antey "and ін.
Yak viglyada
Within the framework of the given by those, it will be necessary to read the visibility of the coming information: during the active 90s, the privatization was not bypassed by the enterprise of the Russian industrial complex. shareholder partnership. If you say more specifically, then there are 57% of such ATs in the entire military-industrial complex. At the same time, a part of the state is in 28.2% of the enterprises.
It is possible to return to the last tribute, which was given by the Rakhunkov chamber. As of this information, within the framework of the aviation industry, there are approximately 230 enterprises. If only 7 of them belong to the powers (Mova Yde about the controlling stake).
In addition to one of the key features of Russian enterprises, it is possible to give rise to certainty in different forms to federal organizations. At the moment, the structure of the Viskovo-industrial complex of Russia includes 5 state agencies, which are engaged in defense services and are located in:
RASU. Dіє in the spheres with a connection and radio industry.
- "Rossudostroenie". Vidpovidak for the kuruvannya of the shipwrecking virobnitstva.
CANCER. Controlling processes within the framework of rocket-space and aviation industry.
RAV. I have a lot of questions about the promiscuity of health.
- "Rosboepripasi". Tse agency specializes in robots with the industry of special chemistry and ammunition.
Keys of elements of the military-industrial complex
If you look at the special features of the Russian industrial complex, you cannot bypass the respectable view of the organization, as you enter the warehouse:
Design bureaus, which are assigned to the robot with additional information (prototypes) of the building.
Organizational science and pre-history profile. Їх basic knowledge є theoretical distribution.
Virobnichi enterprises. We have a whole lot of resources to be victorious for the mass release of the zbroi.
Polygons, as well as viprobovalny laboratories. Here є sense talk about the decal of important staff. This is the name of bringing the pre-past images in the minds of real exploitation, as well as viprobuvannya zbroi, as only went from the virobny conveyor.
For this purpose, I will revise the picture of the functioning of the military-industrial complex and mean all the boundaries, such as the military-industrial complex of Russia, it is necessary to give respect to the fact that the enterprises, which are part of the military sector, are involved in the production of products.
Teper varto bolsh respectfully display galuzi VPK
Nuclear-Zbroyovy complex
The development of the vіyskovo-promislovogo vysoko yaviti without a straight line. It includes a number of strategically important spheres of virobnstva.
First for everything, tse and further away from the preparation of the concentrate from the syruvin tsієї. The next important step is the subtype of uranium isotopes (the process of recovery). Tse zavdannya vikonuyut at enterprises, such as roztashovani in such places as Angarsk, Novouralsk, Zelenogorsk and Siversk.
It is fair to say that 45% of all efforts are in Russia itself, such as to reduce the importance of paying respect to those who are about to speed up the process of nuclear defenses and who are described in order to reduce the emphasis.
More than one of the staff of the military-industrial complex, which is a good idea, as well as the vision of Yogo stocks in the Russian Federation, have a lot of rockets.
Enterprises operating within the framework of the nuclear-security complex are also engaged in the preparation of thermal-imaging elements, which are necessary for the robotic nuclear reactors, storage of nuclear weapons and disposal of radioactive assets.
Rocket and space industry
It is rightfully possible to name one of the most scientifically based. Warta one only ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile), for a secondary robot, approximately 300 thousand new systems are needed, attached and parts. And if you talk about the great cosmic complex, then the figure rises to 10 million.
The most important reason in the given galusi is the most senior engineers and designers.
Aviation Promise
Vivchayuchi vіyskovo-industrial complex of Russia, galuzy and direct spheres, avіatsії must come to respect in any kind. Here it is relevant to talk about the great industrial centers, fragments for the folding of the needs of the head of the enterprise. Інші simply does not provide the necessary technical base for organizing the necessary processes by means of a fast and efficient process.
If you are guilty, you will be able to see two keys: the manifestation of the quality services and the good organization of transport. The Russian business-industrial complex and specifically the sphere of aviation are in the stage of continuous development, allowing the Russian Federation to play the role of a great exporter of health and safety, including aviation.
Artillery-shooter zbroy
Tse is also important a galuz. The military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation is unlikely to chi viide uyaviti without the famous Kalashnikov assault rifle. This is the most attractive type of shooting zbroi, which is to be released on a Danish moment in Russia.
Moreover, beyond the borders of the SND, they took 55 powers for the restoration. As far as artillery systems are concerned, the centers are located in such places as Perm, Yekaterinburg and Nizhniy Novgorod.
armored industry
If I respect the center of the Viskovo-industrial complex of Russia, then due to awkward analytics it will be possible to create an obvious change: it is possible to make a significant contribution to certain enterprises, as one of the most disapproving ones.
Tanks without a preference were sent to Omsk and Nizhny Tagil. Plant, roztashovani in Chelyabinsk and St. Petersburg, located at the stage of re-profiling. If there are armored vehicles, then the enterprises in Kurgan and Arzamas are involved in the production.
vіyskove shipbuilding
Without a new viskovo-industrial complex, Russia cannot be respected.
At a great number of great virobnichesky center within the framework of a straight line є St. Petersburg. Up to 40 enterprises have been installed in the border of the tsiy place, which may lead to shipping.
Tinkering with those atomic podvodnyh chavnіv, it is necessary to brutalize the fact that at the present moment їkh you will be away from Severodvіnska.
Shcho varto of the nobility about the conversion of the military-industrial complex
In the given vipadku Ide about the change of vіyskovo ї promislovostі, but if you speak specifically, then about її transition to the huge market. To explain such a strategy is even simpler: vigilant exertion, as it is for a given moment, to produce significantly more products, but not to drink. So, the style is not required by either Russia itself, or by any new and potential customers.
With such perspectives, there is one obvious maneuver: reorienting a part of the industrial enterprises to the release of products that are relevant in the civil sector. In such a rank, take care of the robot's mission, start promoting its stable robot, and the state will take the influx. Povna harmony.
Vikoristannya vіyskovyh so bi-moviti, in peaceful purposes it is promising for the same reason, that on such enterprises the concentration of progressive technologies and fahivtsіv is important.
Vikoristovyuchi such a strategy can be violated to solve the problems of the viskovo-industrial complex of Russia. At the same time, a stable release of the most relevant technology for the army is ensured.
obvious folding
It’s awkward to make changes on the basis of information, but the same conversion is not an easy task. In fact, it is possible to bring to one of the most folding buildings, which stand in front of the military-industrial complex. There are no simple solutions for viznachennyam. Progress in the given sphere of spheres is necessary, it is necessary to report on significant zusil.
Another problem with which to get stuck is the lack of clarity about the financial resources of the military-industrial complex. The Russian-industrial complex of Russia can be considered only for quiet enterprises, which, in part, be a federal program, or can be applied to the number of state-run viral pressures.
If there are some earthly investments, then there are no reasons for them. At the same time, in a particularly important setting, there may be backwaters, as there may be some loose lines, as they have already become old, for example, a wide range of competitive products and vіyskovoі zokrema.
If you try to assess the economical camp of defense enterprises as a whole, then you can create a business that is not uniform. The bottom line is that the backwaters, the products of those who drink. At the same time, there are those enterprises, which are in the camp of a big viral crisis, and, as a matter of fact, there is a stench of the state.
The reason for this is the fact that the unit of the federal government is the standard of the warehouse workers of the military-industrial complex. This confirmed the fact that the Coordination Council of the main direct development and stabilization of the situation has been consolidated.
Prior to that, in Russia, it is actively seeking to unite fundamental and applied scientific research directly within the framework of the activity of Russian enterprises, which means that the MIC's chances for successful development and new functions are being raised. It is also possible to correctly organize the product for the maximum visibility of the product, as it goes from the conveyor of the enterprises to the industrial-industrial complex, to the investments of the Russian and off-the-shelf market.
pidbags
Obviously, in spite of all the difficult situation, there was definitely a chance for the military-industrial complex in the light of the future and progressive of the data unambiguously є. The order is constantly working over time, so that the necessary changes can be carried out, as it is borderingly effective to allow the defense enterprises to work.
І pre-design-engineering installations, such as development and operation of vіyskov technology, ammunition and protection.
Before the collapse of the SRSR VPK, there were 1100 factories with a number of hot-blooded more than 9 million people, over 900 scientific institutes (NDI) and design bureaus (KB), ) vіysk. The military-industrial complex is mav with state-owned cosmodromes, air and sea ports, arsenals, viprobavalny polygons with a system of laboratories, tough communal infrastructure (transport and communications). The main part of the military-industrial complex SRSR was developed on territory of Russia and at the warehouse of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation.
The military-industrial complex in private includes virobnitstva of the largest complexes, for example, in machines part of the defense factories to become at least 60% (Table 19, Fig. 31).
They have their own charcuterie, the defense industry is making civilian products, and at the same time, the conversion of the civilian product is carried out at the defense industry when the defense is rapidly replenished.
Briefly, the basic principle of the geography of the military-industrial complex is overhauled.
1. The basic principle is the safety of the distribution of yogo virobnistv, with a glance at half an hour of missiles and aviatsii from behind the cordon. Zvidsi is the distribution of the most important centers and enterprises of the military-industrial complex in the Glinny districts of the country (Ural, Siberia).
Table 19
The role of inter-galuzev complexes in defense products
| Mizhgaluzeviy complex | defense virobnitstva | Specialized defense complexes |
| Scorching-energetic | Nuclear fireworks | Nuclear-zbroyovy (atomic-zbroyovy) |
| machinery | Ship-, avia-, rocket-, tank-, automobile-buduvannya, virobnitstvo zasobіv zbroі, vognepalnoї zbroї, electronics, electrical engineering and in. | Aviation-space and rocket-space |
| Construction materials: metallurgical Khimiko-lisovy | Fiber production of composites, metal powders and rolled products Vyrobniztvo of chemical reagents, z'udnan, pilomaterials | Khimiko-zbroyovy |
| wake-up | Cementne і ін. Virobnitstva | Vіyskovo-Budіvelny |
| Agropromisloviy | Pererobnі galuzі (virobnіstvo caseinu) | |
| People's goods and services | Technical fabrics and uniforms |
2. The principle of duplication: distribution in the rural areas of the edge of the enterprise-backup. For example, aviatsіynі backwaters, scho vipuskayut the same type of vinischuvachі (type "MiG" or "Su") or bombers "Tu", are distributed in the small parts of the country, repairing from Moscow and Nizhniy Novgorod, Kazan, the Volga region (Komsomolsk-on-Amurі).
3. Concentration of viruses and scientific-virobnik the military-industrial complex in Moscow and near her, de Russia has the right to establish and expand the defense of the defense.
At the Radiansk Union in the warehouses of the military-industrial complex, there were powerless special closed secret places (ZATO - close the administrative-territorial approval), many of them were called: Arzams-16, Chelyabinsk-65 and Chelyabinsk-70 -7.
They concentrated especially important objects of the military-industrial complex. They all at once become promising technopolis, in which new technologies are being developed.
In such a rank, the chief officials of the military-industrial complex distribution: safety and preservation of high potential, both in the peaceful, and in the hour of war, science, high quality of personnel, transport factor.
At the warehouse of the military industrial complex, there are systems and halls (complexes). Among them, we are important є the nuclear complex - a shield, which will make sure that the land is safe. Head to the warehouse є two Russian nuclear centers: in Sarov (Arzamas-16) and Snєzhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70).
The very nuclear energy in the meaning of the world was designated for the victorian on rocket systems. Naturally, the rocket-space industry has become the most important complex of the military-industrial complex. It was especially important to build a scientific and technical base for astronautics and rocketry. The first great scientific and virobnichi centers are located in Pidmoskov. The corporation "Energia", which is located in m Korolev (Kalinigrad), is tough for everything. Here, according to the certification of the home rocket designer S. P. Korolov, since 1946, robots were fought along the shoots of the ballistic missiles, the shoots of the single-unit companions of the Earth, space ships, including the "Skhid" Near Moscow in the Science and Technology Engineering Center IM. MV Khrunichev also launched balistic missiles, orbital stations ("Mir"). On the basis of scientific and design projects, the production of ballistic missiles in the Urals (Os-Kinsky, Zlatoust) and in Siberia (Krasnoyarsk), carrier rockets - in Samara and Omsk. The rocket technology is also flying in St. Petersburg.
The main flight spaceport of Russia, from which all the main flight equipment was launched and every single satellite was launched, is located close to Mirny (station Plesetsk) on the first day of Arkhangelsk. Significantly more space launches were carried out here, but not from Baikonur, however, ships with cosmonauts on board were launched the last time. Having removed one more cosmodrome - Kapustin Yar - in the Astrakhan region, it was rebuilt at the test sites for rocket testing and combat technology. A new Russian cosmodrome - "Vilny" - in the Amur region was opened in Danish hour.
For the management of the Russian space forces, the center in Pidmoskov is Krasnoznamensk (earlier - Golitsyno-2), and for the pilots of space forces - the Center for Polot Control (MCC) near Korolev. Nearby є Cosmonaut Training Center - m Zoryaniy.
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Entry
3. Geography of the military-industrial complex
4.5. vіyskove shipbuilding
Entry
At the entrance of his political card, the President of the United States D. Eisenhauer, having gone to the country with the ambassadors of Chargov, has already become the international term "military-industrial complex" (VPK) for the first time. In the whole term, the President has invested a wide range of ideas and intelligence for him not only in the best way, but in the form of political cola and development, so that the complex can be perceived.
For economical and geographic (men) purposes, the term of the military-industrial complex proposes a complex, as well as a system of enterprises and organizations, such as development, viroblyayut and sell boy technology, healthier and more. Literature like the synonyms of the military-industrial complex often uses the terms "defense industry" and "vіyskа promislovist", but, however, it sounds even more important.
The concretization and designation of the military industrial complex structure is not easy; Not pretending to be rotten, it is possible to pererahuvati such galuzi promislovosty: textile, shkіryano-swollen, khutryana, kharchova, woodworking, chemical, polygraphic meager. You can buy the widest range of machine-and-food galuzei: transport - in the most sensible, adaptable, flexible possession for easy and grub industry. Suddenly, and this is how it was in Russia, purely defense enterprises started producing civilian products: refrigerators, pilots, portable machines, audio and video recorders, television screens, sewing machines and photographic equipment.
The first step of the generalization and generalization to the warehouse of the military-industrial complex can include:
1) pre-scientific organizations, which are engaged in theoretical development and design advances;
2) design bureaus, as well as the production of gray, pre-existing designs;
3) viprobovalny laboratories, bases, aerodromes and polygons, where vyprobovannye early education at all stages
robos, as well as viprobovannya prepared serіynoy technology before the necessary її in vіyska;
4) vyrobnichi enterprises, scho vyroblyayut the serial release of the zbroi;
5) organization, as well as marketing and sales of goods on the new market.
1.Historical rethinks and the formulation of the military-industrial complex in Russia
The military-industrial complex in the SRSR has actually appeared on the cob of industrialization. But it is possible to respect, that industrialization is in front of and vyrishuvala the establishment of the military-industrial complex. To that Stalin, the nicholas were baked through the natural phases of the first pile, and in spite of the economic laws, since the prominence of the lowest surfaces. In addition, prior to the production of the goods, there are certain types of products that are presented, but they are often considered from the production of civilian products. Zbroya is guilty of being high-quality, ergonomic, and the newcomer to him is not a high-quality standard of soldiers. The greatness of the pratsi in the military-industrial complex was always cared for and paid for by a high salary and an imperceptibly high level of social service.
According to the obvious assessments, in the end of the era, the production of defense significance was carried out in the SRCR on a number of two thousand enterprises, on which 5 million people were employed (as many as 1/4 of those employed in the industry nearby), including 1 million of them. As long as the members of the family are vrahuvati, then 12-15 million inhabitants of the land have been mated without the help of the military-industrial complex.
Vitrati on the utterness of the army (which is a sector of the non-viral sphere) and the military-industrial complex kicked on the shoulders of the population of the country, and in the main step they reduced the level of their life. At the same time, it was broken up and it was not carried out in an uncommon manner for the purpose of an unprecedented stagnation in battle. The people came up with the idea to finish their words, to prove the truth. Itself, mabut, znayoma with success tsikh concepts - Vis pacem, para bellum ("If you want the world - go to vіyni") - seemingly as many thousands of rockets, that is. At the same time, it’s impossible to get rid of anything.
A methodical basis for the development of the military-industrial complex and the designation of commitments and types of necessary defense and doctrine. It is a document that can be broken up and used with a skin power, without stripping itself with a neutral one. On the basis of the analysis of the geopolitical and international situation, there can be opponents and allies, the goals and objectives of the defense, as well as the methods and methods of increasing the number of buildings.
The military-industrial complex is the head of the organization of investments for the maximum possible amount of food. At the connection with the SRCP, he was busy with the release and accumulation of armored equipment, tactical aviation, artillery systems: an hour more, below all potential opponents, at once a host. Often the price can be explained by the specifics of the transfer of the theater performances, as well as the reevaluation of the efficiency of quiet views of the environment. So, for example, when the Other Sight War tank got involved with the main and most important tool, the tactical buildings on the land theater of the Victory Day. Ale Arab-Izrailski vіyny and іnshі local conflіcti of the last rockіv have shown with great evidence that it is not so called.
The development of the zbroi is an effective drive for scientific and technical progress. Infected people are actively reprimanding with such thoroughbreds, ships, cars, tractors, and the call of this calculating technology, even now, at some point on every day and not stolen prototypes have turned respect for the failures.
2. The value and Galuzev structure of the military-industrial complex
Now we will try to date the military-industrial complex. MIC - tse sukupnіst of companies i organіzatsіy rіznih Galuzo Gospodarstwa, Perche for all promislovostі, science i tehnіki scho zabezpechuyut zbroynі Sealy Kraina neobhіdnoyu zbroєyu, boєpripasami, obladnannyam i obmundiruvannyam and takozh zaymayutsya sale i eksportom tsogo ozbroєnnya, vіyskovoї tehnіki that іnshoї produktsії. In the wide sense of the military-industrial complex, it also includes a vital force and a part of the state-administrative apparatus and suspension-political forces tied to them.
Prior to the warehouse of the industrial-industrial complex, the following shall be included: scientific-pre-industrial organizations, design bureaus (design bureaus), viproboval laboratories and polygons, NVO (science-and-technology organizations) and marketing organizations, sales organizations
The military-industrial complex is a concentrate of folding products, including civil designation. Ts'omu spriyє is a high technical level of large enterprises of the military-industrial complex. Here you can see the best technology and high quality frames. The military-industrial complex in our country is of great magnitude, the reason for this is the cold war, as our country led the United States from 1949 r, and the race of defiance was bound up with it.
Galuzev structure of the military-industrial complex of Russia є to achieve a foldable and versatile phenomenon. Vaughn beckon to look at the offensive viglyadі.
1. Nuclear-Zbroyovy complex:
View of uranium ore;
Preparation of uranium concentrate;
TVEL_Virobnitstvo (heat-imaging elements);
Wirobnytvo zbraivogo plutonіyu;
Collection of nuclear warheads;
Disposal and burial of nuclear weapons.
2. Aviation Promise:
Vyrobnitsvo litakiv;
Helicopter production;
Vyrobnitsvo avіadvigunіv.
3. Rocket and space industry:
Virobnitsvo ballistic missiles;
Virobnstvo intercontinental missiles;
Virobrytstvo krylate rockets;
Air defense missile systems;
Vyrobnitstvo space apparatuses;
Rocket engine technology;
Probability of possession for space technology.
4. Vyrobnitsvo artillery-shooting zbroi:
Virobnystvo streletskoy zbroї;
Virobnitsvo artillery systems.
5. Armored promiscuity:
Vyrobnitstvo tanks;
Virobnitsvo armored personnel carriers (armored personnel carriers);
Virobnitstvo fighting vehicles for the infantry (BMP) and fighting vehicles for the landing (BMD).
6. Vіyskove shipbuilding:
Wirobnystvo of surface ships;
Production of atomic and diesel sub-water chambers.
7. Radioelectronics and accessories.
3. Geography of the military-industrial complex
Until the moment of the Russian Federation's departure from the warehouse of the Radiansky Union in the territory of the territory, there was practically no new region and a great great place, because there would be no such lankas of the military-industrial complex. But all the same, in the first approach, you can see the main figures of the geography complex.
.Scientific-preliminaries, design-constructors, experimental and upper, in technical supremacy, most folding and rich in what scientifically, how to get high-quality frames in the most concentrated In the first place, Moscow is seen from the best otsochennya, as well as St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk.
This is a specific rice for the Radiansky Union and Russia, as a head decline in the military-industrial complex, є the distribution of these objects in the so-called cryptic places, for a long time they were respected for the numbers, and if they didn’t leave the names of the rockets. In such places, it was easier to secure the necessary secrecy regime, as well as the organization of the vital, not in the middle of the country, the level of social service of the population.
The great influx on the distribution of all lanes of the military-industrial complex gave geographic features of the masses, strategic and rich officials, a set of specific ones for the skin complex. So, for example, the distribution of the shipbuilding and the future of the guides was discussed in the obviousness of the singing aquatoria (St. Petersburg, Nizhniy Novgorod, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Severodvinsk, Taganrog).
Vyrobnytstvo nuclear weapons pushed the yaknaydals into the land of the country (Zelenogorsk, Siversk, Angarsk, Zheleznogorsk). At the same time, the progress of the shipyard in Komsomolsk-on-Amur went approximately the same way, albeit skorigated for an hour, and by the situation - the familiarity of the enterprise with the radio of the Japanese bombardment aviation. The development of shipbuilding in St. Petersburg has traditionally been accompanied by the concentration of significant scientific potential there. And the future of atomic submarine chambers in Severodvinsk will ask them to switch to the most important - pivnichomorskiy - theater of viykovykh projects. The development of virobnitstva, which can be without a mediocrity before the artillery in the Urals, and the fiercely zbroi - in Tula, tied to the traditions and the magnificence accumulated there.
Three now in Russia there is one cosmodrome located in Plesetsk (nini m Mirny in a sparsely populated area of the Arkhangelsk region). Legislation of testing grounds for nuclear warfare on the territory of the practically deserted island Novaya Zemlya of development in great cities from the nearest settlements.
Most of the territorial concentration of the military-industrial complex is promoted in the Central economic region, Moscow de-lidir with the closest local townspeople, Povolzky, Ural and Volga-Vyatsky economic districts.
Behind the step, the development of the military-industrial complex is seen in regions and on a light scale. So, for example, in the mid-80s, the Volga region and the Urals included up to four districts - leaders of the Holy Aerospace Industry (two of them were in the territory of the United States - California and Texas). Beyond the boundaries of the cichs of the economic districts, the scale of the concentration of enterprises of the military-industrial complex is seen in St. Petersburg, Omsk, Verkhny Priobye, Krasnoyarsk with the most suburban towns and the Pribaykalsky district.
4. Characteristics of military-industrial complex okremikh galuzey
Mayzhe, immediately after a cob, it was announced about the need for a conversion, in order to make it clear that a part of the viral software should be transferred to the release of civilian products. It is important not to stay out of the city, some of the economy of the country, to be in a deep and protracted crisis, it is unrealistic to take a large amount of pace and obsyagy virobniztva zbroi. If I want a purely Vyiskian aspect of the solution, it is not without reserve, some of our number of potential opponents will not be able to keep up with the rapid development of the rapid development and speed of the Russian presence around the cordon.
Yak showed past rock, the solution of conversion tasks is such a directive way, which is so important for the order, except for the breakdown of virobnitstva and the loss of high-quality frames, not to bring. Ymovіrno, conversion is a trivial and big way, in which economical officials and important role are played. Tim is more of a conversion rate may not be direct, but rather unsupported and unconventional.
Conversion is also possible on the basis of respect for the most defective species of health, and transition to the release of the so-called high-current species of health. It is necessary to develop and release such health systems, such as drinking a drink on the market. It would be wrong to take the wrong position in the development and virobnity of such types of zbroi, de Russia to become a known leader. According to recent assessments, the light military-industrial complex viroblyaє 31 classes of defenses, the middle of our country is in the lead in five types: chemical and bacteriological missiles, balistic missiles, missiles "earth-to-be" and anti-satellite.
4.1. Aviation Promise
Qia galuz VPK is distributed mainly in large industrial centers, ready to be picked from parts and universities, which are supplied by hundreds of knitted virobniks. Factors in the distribution of enterprises of aviation industry є the speed of transport routes and the manifestation of high-quality work force. The design of all types of flights and helicopters from the design bureaus of Moscow and Pidmoskov. Vinyatok to become deprived of the IM design bureau. Beriev in Taganroz, to deal with the development and production of lithuanian-amphibians (Tu-334).
The largest scientific and versatile center of aviation industry is maddeningly є Moscow. There are different provincial design bureaus of the country: Yak, Il, Tu, Su, Mit, Mi, KA and IN. In front of Moscow, there are universities and units for Lithuanians and helicopters. In the aviation industry for the present moment more than 335 enterprises and organizations function. In addition to breaking up and expanding civil lithuanians and helicopters, opening the cells, a complex of fighting machines - Mig-29, Mig-31, Su-27, Su-37, KA-50, KA-52 and others.
The most important centers of aviation industry є: Moscow (Il-96-300, Il-114, Tu-204, Tu-334, Yak-42M), Smolensk (Yak-42), Voronezh (Il-86, Il-96-300) , Taganrog (Tu-334), Kazan (Il-62), Ulyanovsk (Tu-204, An-124), Samara (Tu-154, An-70), Saratov (Yak-42), Omsk (An-74) , Novosibirsk (An-38). Produce a virobnitstva of Vіyskovy lіtakіv є in Moscow (Mig), Nizhny Novgorod (Mig), Irkutsk (Su), Ulan-Ude (Su), Arsenyev, Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The helicopters are flying in Lyubertsy, Kazan, Kumertau, Ulan-Ude, Rostov-on-Don, Moscow, Arseniev. There are also great aviadviguns in St. Petersburg, Ribinsk, Rostov-on-Don, Perm, Ufa, Omsk, Tyumen and other cities.
4.2. Rocket and space industry
The price of the most scientifically and technically foldable galuz of the industrial-industrial complex. The scientific and pre-existing institutes and design bureaus of this galuzy of the military-industrial complex are mainly in Moscow and Pidmoskov. It is explained by the fact that in this area there is a highly qualified work force, as well as long-standing traditions in the production of precise and scientific products. There are developed intercontinental ballistic missiles (Moscow and Reutov), rocket engines (Khimki and Korolov), krylata rockets (Dubna and Reutov), anti-aircraft missiles (Khimki).
The virobability of the whole range of products has been distributed throughout the whole territory of Russia. In a given hour in the Moscow city of Korolov, the corporation "Energia" is trying hard to specialize on the branch of the ShSZ (one-piece companions of the earth, space ships). In Khimki municipality there is a practice of scientific-virobnichi ob'dnannya "Energomash" і їм. Lavochkina. Khimki and Korolev have rocket engines for larger space systems. Near the small town of Moscow, Reutov, there were launching rockets and piece companions of the Earth. At Moscow, in the scientific and scientific community. Khrunichev, the ballistic missiles were launched and the orbital station "Mir" was launched, and elements of the international space station "Alpha" were launched at once. In Pidmoskov there are also a number of virobnits, such as service rocket and space industry, so that the necessary universities and facilities for the needs of this galley of the military-industrial complex are available.
The rocket-and-space industries of the rocket industry are growing up to the principle of safety and redundancy, so that in all the districts of the state cordons in the regions of the country. Zokrem, the backcountry of the vyrobnitstva balistic missiles in the Urals (Votkinsk, Zlatoust) and in Siberia (Omsk, Krasnoyarsk). Rocket-carriers are flying in Samara, Omsk, Moscow and other places. Votkinsk and Krasnoyarsk specialize in the production of ballistic missiles for submarine crews. There is a great variety of rocket technology є also in St. Petersburg, Primorsk and Kaliningrad.
The main Vyskovy cosmodrome of Russia Plesetsk roztasvaniy in the Arkhangelsk region near m. Mirny. All non-portable space devices, as well as all single-unit companions of the Earth, start. Slid also means that our country will sell the Baikonur cosmodrome from Kazakhstan to launch space rockets with cosmonauts on board. Isnuzh, in addition to the named polygons, and the Kapustin Yar polygon in the Astrakhan region, de-viroblyayut missiles and combat technology. In 1997, in the Amurskiy region, the Vilny cosmodrome was built. For the control of the Russian space forces of the Russian Federation, a center for the control of non-operational fields was established (Krasnoznamensk, earlier Golitsino-2). The Polot Management Center (MCC) is located in Korolov m. Nearby є the cosmonaut training center - the town of Zoryaniy.
4.3. Vyrobnitsvo artillery and shooting zbroi
The most famous and masculine type of shooting is the Kalashnikov assault rifle, which is victorious today in 60 countries of the world, images on the coats of arms and ensigns of some African powers. Virobnitstvo artillery and shooting zbroi historically won in great districts and industrial centers of metallurgy (Tula, Kovrov, Izhevsk and IN.). The building of the building and the main part of it is growing and it is being played in Moscow and a number of places in Pidmoskov'ya (Roshal, Krasnoarmiysk, Krasnozavodsk and in.)
Artillery systems are mainly deployed in the Urals. Yekaterinburg is the largest center of artillery-shooting and combat industry and specialization on military self-propelled weapons, anti-aircraft missile systems, Polish and tank weapons, howitzers, self-powered ones. The Іnshy Uralskiy misto, Perm, vіrobnіtvom samohіdnyh options znaryad, rocket projectiles, salvo fire systems "Smerch", "Uragan". Anti-tank and anti-aircraft missiles are being rolled into Izhevsk. Slid respect, that Izhevsk is more famous for the products of its zbroyovoy industry. The small Udmurt city of Votkinsk is the main center for the development of strategic and tactical missiles. Bashkirian place Sterlitamak is the main center for the production of self-contained howitzers on the road.
Behind the borders of the Urals there is a great virobniztva є in Nizhny Novgorod (a leader for BMP, combat weapons for an air defense missile system, artillery experts for an air defense system), St. Pidmoskovnogo place of Fryazino specializes on virobnitsvі ustatkuvannya for PPO systems.
4.4. armored industry
A handful of tanks of the Tu-54/55, T-62, T-64 models were released in the country. Krim tanks, self-driving vehicles and tractors, and the development of an armored personnel carrier, BMP, BMD, BRMD and other vehicles. The infection of the Russian backwaters from the release of tanks is in a big crisis. Re-profiled and no longer let the tanks of the Chelyabinsk and St. Petersburg backwaters. There are only two tank factories in Russia - in Omsk and Nizhny Tagil. At the same hour, the camp is visibly stable to go to the same plant in the land, roztashovany in Kurgan, which is a vaping boyovy machine for the type of BMP. The price is tied to the export deliveries of a whole kind of products. The plans of the Russian tank factories (Zokrem Omskiy) are to switch to the T-90 version based on the T-72S and T-80U. A great number of armored personnel carriers (APCs) have been fired in Arzamas. The issuance of armored bank vehicles and floating armored vehicles has also been mastered.
Near a number of places of Central Russia and the Ural-Volga region, there is a wide variety of armored vehicles. Murom has vipuskayut engineering development and transport vehicles on the chassis of combat development vehicles for the landing (BRMD). This plant also has armor for passenger cars. Saratov has a self-powered anti-aircraft missile system (SAM) "Strila", and in the Vol'k Saratov region - an anti-tank self-propelled missile system "Shturm". Volgograd specializes in flying combat vehicles to BMD-3 troops. In Yekaterinburzia, the release of the self-contained complex of development of the management "Zoo", self-powered garmat, minomets, howitzer and garmat and іn.
4.5. vіyskove shipbuilding
Vіyskove shipbuilding will provide a stable robot for the wake-up complex, which is linked to the release of all types of ships. A large number of factories have moved to the center of the country, in the minds of the advanced security. The release of submarine ships for the Vyskovo-Sea Fleet (Navy) is practically an issue. Start only the backwaters of the battle ships in St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad. From 5 centers of the nuclear submarine shipbuilding (Kalinigrad, Nizhniy Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Severodvinsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amurі), they are safeguarded only to Severodvinsk. There is a large part of the enterprises of this ship-building located in St. Petersburg (6 factories) and the first front.
Nowadays, the geography of virobnastics is discernible for some types of military courts. The mothers on the pillows are flying in the villages of Nikolsky, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Sosnivtsi; repairs, modernization and utilization of atomic underwater chambers are being carried out in Murmansk, places of Great Stone, Severodvinska; patrol boats are flying in Ribinska, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, St. Petersburg; patrol and missile boats - in Ribinsk, Zelenodolsk, Perm, Vladivostots, St. Petersburg, Kalinigrad; diesel powered water chambers are circulating for the season in Nizhny Novgorod; on virobnistvі of landing ships special enterprises of Kalinіngrad, St. Petersburg, Ribinska, Nizhniy Novgorod are used; vessels on sub-water krill, ship harnesses, nuclear power reactors are circulated only in Nizhny Novgorod; the main efforts for the production of battle ships in Zelenodolsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur and some other centers.
In such a rank, unimportant to the wide geography of the whole shipbuilding, it is concentrated in some of the most important centers of the country. Until such, withers, it is possible to bring St. Petersburg, Nizhniy Novgorod, Severodvinsk, Kaliningrad (for a part of these 4 centers the left part is included in Russia of all courts), Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Ribinskiy, Zelenodolsk.
The Russian military shipbuilding is characterized by a high level of monopolization of virobnity, a large degree of specialization of enterprises and centers on the development of singing products, the region of all the economy of crisis, economic protection. With the success of the military industrial complex, the most economic crisis manifested itself at the enterprises of the most important shipbuilding industry.
4.6. Geography of the atomic-industrial complex of Russia
Nuclear galuz of Russia was fired in 1943. The atomic-industrial complex is stored in 2 groups - atomic energy and nuclear-security complex.
They talked about nuclear energy before. Apparently only, besides virobnichny, є other pre-slidnitsky reactors. Razmіshchenі stench, as a rule, in the great centers of science and cryptic places. Central Moscow and Pidmoskov, Obninsk, Sarov, Chelyabinsk region, Dimitrovgrad, St. Petersburg, Leningradska region, Tomsk, Yekaterinburg, Ufa, Bilgorod, Norilsk.
Seemingly about the introduction of 11 reactors in Moscow and 9 in the Moscow region (2 in Dubna, 5 in Litkarino, 2 in Sergiev Posad). The great pre-Slіdnitsky and scientific center for nuclear power engineering є r Obninsk, de є 4 reactors. Diyut also reactors NDI nuclear physics in m Gatchina. Immediately get the most needed reactor in Europe. 9 reactors for dismantling of batteries in Dimitrovgrad, demounting of NDI nuclear reactors.
Great scientific and pre-ancient atomic centers є such places: Sosnovy Bor, St. Petersburg, Dubna, Protvino, Moscow, Obninsk, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Troitsk, Dimitrovgrad, Nizhniy Novgorod, Gatchina, Norilsk, Podolsk.
A special feature of the military-industrial complex is the distribution of bagatories of their enterprises in cryptic places, as it is impossible to know them on the current geographic map. Smells came out in the 50-60th rr. All in Russia there are 10 closed places. All at once the stink of storing the titles of the Archipelago of Minatom.
Near such places, called atomic ones, live close to 800 thousand. Chol. Close the place of roztashovani in Siberia and the Ural-Volga region. The head of the atomic ministries is the end of the country's nuclear shield and the equipment of the Russian Zbroyny forces. Zakriti the place was opened like an elite settlement. They have a high standard of living and social infrastructure. Tse allowed to concentrate here the beautiful fahivts of the land. Ale, in the Danish hour, the Vyskovs were replaced by a quick quickening. The places of the world began to draw in their own great positions, scientific potential and began to grow poorer. Some of the main types of activity are identified as additional or summaries. So, in Novouralsk, the Vinik Filiya ZILa is an automobile engine plant. At Zheleznogorsk, the production association "Sibvolokno" was awarded, and in Zelenogorsk, there was a wide range of space technology.
With such a rank, the place of Minatom will go from university specialization to high-quality functionality. The leading role among them belongs to the federal atomic centers - Sarov and Snєzhinsk. With nuclear weapons, 3 warehouses of strategic defense units are connected: Missile Vyska (RV), Vyskovo-Naval Fleet (Navy), Vyskovo-Naval Forces (VPS).
Important strategic bombers and missile carriers with krylate nuclear missiles are based in Mozdok and Engels. All in Russia is close to 80. There are close to 6900 nuclear charges in the country. Great part of the roztashovana in Tatishcheva (720), Kostroma (120), Mozdoka (316), DOMBROVSKY (560), Kartalah (460), Aleisky (300), Ribalsky (500), Ukrainians (444), Uzhurі (520), seal (1200), Yagelnaya (704 Yab), Kozelsk (360), Krasnoyarsk (120). Strategic nuclear forces or marine base to enter the warehouse of the Pivnichny and Pacific Fleets.
In the given hour in Russia, the offensive is going to take place: the liquidation of the Russian nuclear weapons, the dismantling of nuclear warheads, the development of new warheads to intercontinental ballistic missiles SS-25. Dismantling of warheads is carried out by 4 enterprises of Russia (Zarichny, Sarov, Trekhgorny, Novouralsk). Nuclear materials will be converted to Novouralsk (high-grade uranium) and Siversk (plutonium and high-grade uranium). In conjunction with the dismantling of warheads, plans are being implemented to deploy in the Urals (PA "Mayak") and in Siberia (at the Tomsk) warehouses for the recovery of 100 tons of gold plutonium.
4.7. Russian Uranium Promise
Before the whole group of galuzei, there is a voucher and uranium recovery, as well as uranium metallurgy. Vidobotok and uranium recovery is carried out at uranium mines and gas-chemical plants. At Russia the Krasnokamensk uranium mine (Chita region). In the same place, the production of Priargunsk and Zabaikalskiy (settlement Pervomaiskiy) is a hot-chemical combination, where uranium concentrate is vyroblyayut.
Earlier, in the 60s. The twentieth century, vidbutok and the extraction of uranium ore were carried out at the Lermontovsky mine and at the Almaz production association. A little more, with a wide range of resources until the resort resources of this territory (and the center of the best resort area of the Caucasian Mineral Waters), all the robots, connected with the viewbook and the storage of uranium.
Vіdkrito takozh velikі very hard uranovoї i torієvoї Rudy nearby mіst Vihorevka Іrkutskoї oblastі (Vihorevsky rodovische) Sludyanka (rodovische containing uranium i rіdkozemelnih elementіv) Lovozero (uranovі i torієvі mіnerali) area Onezkogo lake (uranovі i vanadієvі mіnerali) Vіshnevogorsk, Novogorny (Uranova mineralization).
Uranium metallurgy has been expanded in all three places in Russia: Elektrostal (PO "Machine Building Plant"), Novosibirsk (PO "Plant of Chemical Concentrates"), Glazov (PO "Chepetsky Mechanical Plant").
List of Victory Literature
1. Alexev A. I., Nikolina V. V. Geography: population and statehood of Russia. , 2002.
2. Alisov N. V., khori B. S. Economic and social geography of the world (zal'niy oglyad). M., 2000.
3. Vіyskovy parade. Materials 1990-2002.
4. Nutrition of the economy. Materials 1990-2002.
5. Geography. Shchotizhneve dodatok to the newspaper "Pershe Veresnya". Materials 1994-2002.
6. Geography in schools. Materials 1990-2002.
7. Gladkiy Yu. M., Dobroskok VA, Semenov SP Social-economic geography of Russia. M., 2001.
8. Zirka. Materials 1990-2002.
9. Svitov ekonomika and international vidnosini. Materials 1990-2002.
10. New in Russia. / Materials to the father "Rom V. Ya., Dronov V. P. Geography: population and statehood of Russia. M., 2001 ..
11. Rum V. Ya., Dronov VP Geography: population and statehood of Russia. , 2002.
12. Economic and social geography of Russia / ed. Khrushchova A. T. M., 2001 ..
One of the provincial halls of the military industry bulo armored vehicle.
Seemingly, in the course of destruction, the role of tanks and self-driving artillery installations grew more and more. Їх meaning was especially strong, (if the Radianska Army went over to the offensive on the most strategic strikes, here it was in the battle, the battle orders of the enemy, and they were able to win over the great enemy on the ground. the importance of the staff, as they could have lost their way with the uninterrupted and all-growing unprotected tanks and self-propelled guns.
At the tank industry, yaku ocholyuv the prominent organizer of the military industry V. A. Malishev, work and engineering and technical personnel trained by the designers of armored vehicles Zh.Ya. Kotinim, S. N. Makhonin, A. A. Morozov, L. S. Troyanov, N. L. Dukhovim and they innocently scuffled over the thoroughly important and middle tanks.
In 1943, an important KB tank was upgraded, after which the type of tank was named KV-1, KV-2, and in the fourth quarter of 1943, the release of an important IC tank, also IC-1, IC-2 and IC 3. In the fourth quarter of 1943 udoskonalennya tsei important tank mav bilsh I will push the armor zakist. On the new boule, a 122-mm tank harness was installed for the 1943 rock and modernization of the engine.
Modernization of the buv and the middle tank T-34, as a result of which increased its maneuverability, simplified control, the 76-mm bullet arm was replaced by a larger force - 85-mm.
The Ural became the center of tank industry. Giganti of Radiansky tank building in the Urals - Uralmash-plant (director of the Hero of Socialist Pratsi B. G. Muzrukov), Kirovsky plant in Chelyabinsk (director І. M. Zaltsman) І plant number 183 (director of the Hero of Socialist Pratsi Yu Є. Maksarev) - in 1943, two thirds of all products were released to the People's Commissariat of Tank Industry.
The Urals are the backbone of the defense industry - the systematic distribution of the productive forces of the maw is all necessary for the development of combat technology and recovery and borrowing the key from the economy.
Ural tank boosters were rightly written with a high quality of products, and they were used to produce them. In one of the newcomers, the stench was written: "To praise the front-line soldiers of our tanks. Powerfully good cars, and the smelly stench in the Urals. Ore was given to us by Mount Visoka and Mount Blagodat. Metal for tanks was smelted and rolled by blast furnaces, steelworkers and rolled products. , Pervouralsk, Alapaivka and Kushva. Our children threw their armor unattractive. mine tanks on the large platforms, crashed in Tagilia. Sasipaєmo into the keen locomotives of the vugilla, look like the gorshinsky and theological girniks - and take it off, front, get a new car! "*
The grandiose scale of the large-scale Ural industry has given rise to a massive release of high-class tanks. The Ural tank building was famous throughout the whole world for all its high technical maturity, sophisticated technology and advanced organization. Streamlines played a great role in the increased release of tank products. The bulk of the parts of the fighting machines was transferred to the potik of Bula. At the Kirovsky Zavod in Chelyabinsk, 70% of all possessions for the release of the T-34 tank were switched to production. 50 streaming lines are occupied by the selection of the most important parts for important KB and IC tanks. Before the end of 1943, at the plant No. 183, 64 lines were supplied, at the Uralmash plant - 20 lines. The introduction of current lines allowed for a significant increase in the release of tanks.
Collectives of tank-building factories have broken up and for the first time in modern practice they have used a high-progressive method of extracting great steel parts. The food forms of the boule willow were replaced by metal forms (cocoa), as a result of which the vitrati was rather quicker. Kokіlne littya stagnated і when ready-made for separate details from colour metals.
Increasing the productivity of manufacturing and improving the quality of products, as well as the replacement of literature and stamping of parts. At the Uralmash-plant Bula mastered the stamping of the vezh of the T-34 tank. Until a few days in the Radiansky Union, and beyond the cordon, there is a similar stamping from a sheet of great razmiriv tovshchinoy 45 mm did not cope.
Vinyatkovo important innovations in the virobnic process at tank-loading factories, thermal processing of parts with high-frequency strings has appeared. A whole new method for the first time in the zastosovaniya on the Kirovsky Zavod. It was a majestic change in the fact that the high-frequency electric hardening increased the hardness and wear and tear of the details and at the same time dramatically changed the hour required for their processing. The processing cycle of one of the most important parts, for example, speeding from 30 years to 37 seconds. The stagnation for the surface hart of high-frequency strings only at the Kirovsky Zavod gave 25 million rubles in economy * for RIK.
* (History of the Great Victory Day of the Radiansky Union 1941-1945, v. 3, st. 168.)
A great role in the technology of tank technology was played by the replacement of manual engagement with automatic control, which was carried out by the academic staff of the Academy of Sciences Є. O. Paton. Scientific-Preceding Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of the URSR, ophthalmology Є. O. Paton, at the same time he was working on the territory of the plant No. 183, and he was working on the field with a team of tank drivers. A new method of auto-welding significantly accelerating the preparation of tank hulls and giving a great economy of electricity and pratsi.
Without interruption in the technical processes and the improvement of the organization of the virobnitstva, the tank rangers allowed a number of folding robberies to build, seeking a systematic increase in the productivity of the process and reduction of the fighting machine performance. On the coast, otrimanі due to the decrease in property costs only for two vіyny rocks, it is possible to vigotoviti ponad 14 yew. Tank_v T-34 *.
* (History of the Great Victory Day of the Radiansky Union 1941-1945, v. 3, st. 169.)
In 1943, Radyanska tank industry produced 24 yew. Armored vehicles, of which 16.5 yew. Heavy and medium tanks and 3.5 thousand - light *.
* (History of the Great Victory Day of the Radiansky Union 1941-1945, v. 3, st. 171.)
The successes of the tank industry and all the growing number of Radian tanks on the front wicked a trick in the camp of the gate. Not vipadkovo General іnspektor armored vіysk fashistskoї Nіmechchini Guderіan wrote: "Novі povnovazhennya on rozshirennya prog virobnitstva tankіv, nadanі mіnіstru Speer, svіdchili about all zrostayuchoї trivozі in zv'yazku of decreasing boyovoyu potuzhnіstyu nіmetskih armored vіysk before oblichchyam postіyno zbіlshuvalasya, zavdyaki postіynomu serіynogo virobnitstva the wonderful Russian T-34 tank;
* (N. Guderian. Erinnerungen eines Soldaten, S. 256.)
Vyrobnitstvo pershoklasnykh radianskikh tanks stretching 1944-1945 rr. grew at a fast pace. As soon as the number of important tanks in the fourth quarter of 1943 is taken as 100%, then in the first quarter of 1944 the rock win is 245%, in the other - 515%, in the third - 711% and in the fourth - 735%. In 1945 he was a boon.
Wonderful tanks ІС-1 and ІС-2, filled with a tighter 122-mm harness, in 1943 only 102 units were fired, and in 1944 there were 2250 units. This is a great improvement in the tank industry *.
* (History of the Great Victory Day of the Radiansky Union 1941-1945, v. 4. Military Publishing, 1962, str. 583.)
The average T-34 tanks were carried out 5-6 times more, less important in an hour. Quarterly, there is a medium tank T-34 in the 1943-1945 rr. in the first quarter of 1941 it looked like this: in the first quarter 1943 rubles - 483%, another - 495%, the third - 521%, the fourth - 540%, in 1944r. allegations 479%, 460%, 475%, 470%; in 1945 - 459%, 473%, 403%.
Production of light tanks (T-60 and T-70) with a length of 1942 and 1943 rr. deafeningly lowering. The rest of the party of fighting machines (552 pcs.)
Deyaka tendency to lowering the release of medium tanks in 1944-1945 rr. The production of light tanks in the third quarter of 1943 was driven by the dynamics of the mid-quarter production of all tanks. So, as the mid-quarter level for the release of tanks in 1942, 452% of the level of production in another quarter of 1941, then in 1943, the rate of production of tanks was 366%, in 1944, 312%, and in 1945, for the first quarter. % *.
* (Pidrakhunks were carried out for the materials of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Transport Machinery SRSR, f. VEO, op. 74, d. 53.)
In 1942, the number of tanks in the USSR in the period from 1940 grew by 9 times, in 1943 - 7 times, in 1944, more than 6 times, and in 9 months of 1945 - 5 times. Decrease in the release of tanks in 1943-1945 rr. In 1942, it will be explained that since 1943, the tank industry has shifted part of its vigilante efforts to the robustness of self-propelled artillery installations.
Vysokiy zagalnyy rivn tank virobnitstva in the SRCP allowing all the growing numbers to seize the front with combat vehicles. In 1943, in the tank fleet of active fronts, there were about 8.5 yews. Machines - 6.5 times more, lower in 1942. In addition, there were 400 tanks in the Reserves of the Headquarters, in districts and on non-standard fronts - 4, 3 thousand. *.
* (History of the Great Victory Day of the Radiansky Union 1941-1945, v. 3, st. 214.)
As a result of the successful development of the tank industry, the Radians'ka Army is 15 times as large as tanks, less in the cob period. Change and pitoma of different types of tanks in the out-of-the-box version. About the time to tell the numbers, pointed in table 29.
* (Central Archiv of the Ministry of Transport Machine Building SRSR, f. VEO, op. 74, d. 53; History of the Great Victory Day of the Radiansky Union 1941-1945, v. 2, st. 511, v. 3, st. 171, 214.)
This rank, from the backbone of the number of tanks, vyushenny in the rock vіyny, on a part of the important 10.8%, middle - 70.4%, light - 18.8%.
At the connection with the transition of the Radianskoy Army to a rapid offensive, there was a need for the strenuous tank forces of rifle units when the enemy was defended. At the same time, the sides of the important tank regiments broke through the RVGK. In 1943 Protyag, 18 such regiments were formed.
The miraculous successes of the tank industry allowed the Verkhovna Head of the Command to ensure the new operation of the Radianskih Zbroynyh Forces, and it itself - to set up the tanks and mechanized troops. Tilki in 1943, nine tank and mechanized corps * were opened. Tank armies were built. Until the summer of 1943, there were already five such armies in the warehouse of the Radiansk Zbroynyh Forces. Behind the old structure, in the small tank army there were also soldiers, the new tank army of Mali, as a rule, one - two tank corps and one mechanized corps. "New organizing of the tank armies - write the Head Marshal of Armored Troops P.A.
* (History of the Great Victory Day of the Radiansky Union 1941-1945, v. 3, st. 215.)
** (P.A.Rotmіstrіv. Tank battle before Prokhorivny. Military Publishing, 1960, str. thirty.)
The new tank formations became the hard-hitting, crumbling units of the Radianski Zbroynyh Forces. The stench increased the shock force of ground forces, robbed the mob of the great offensive combat operations.
The successes of the tank industry celebrated a magnificent infusion on the nature of the strategic offensive. Just as in the battles before Moscow, they were deprived of some of the tank brigades and battalions, then in the winter campaign of 1942/43, 3 tank armies and 23 additional tank and mechanized camouflage corps took part in the present and mechanized buildings. As a result, the strategic offensive progressed at a greater pace and was carried out at a great depth, lower in the first period of the Great Victory Day. During the winter (1941/42 campaign), the advance went on the 750-kilometer front with a depth of up to 400 kilometers, and in the winter and summer-autumn campaign of another period, during the period of 2000, there were up to 2000 gallstones in the smuse. In the presence of a large team of radians, the team organized the strategic interaction between fronts and groups of fronts *.
* (History of the Great Victory Day of the Radiansky Union 1941-1945, v. 3, st. 597.)
At the end of the period, the tank industry rocked the tank more, but not the tank industry. For two rockets (1942-1943), 44.6 foxes were released in the Radiansky Union. fighting machines, and in Nimechchin only 18.2 yew. *. Tilki Nizhnyo-Tagil Tank Plant, opened on the cob of destruction on the basis of the evacuated Kharkiv Machine-Building Plant, having released 35 yew for the rocks. Tank_v **. The glorious collective of the Nizhniy Tagil plant in the first quarter of 1945 gave the front the style of tanks, but in the fourth quarter of 1941 it gave the whole tank industry of the Radiansky Union. Chelyabinsk tank plant imeni S.M. Important tanks and self-propelled guns ***.
* (History of the Great Victory Day of the Radiansky Union 1941-1945, v. 3, st. 592.)
Pid Hour of the Great Victory Day The Radiansky Union has removed a number of tanks from the United States and England on a lend-lease basis. However, because of the cordon, the tanks became an insignificant part of the number of tanks, which were reloaded in the Radiansk Army. Until then, earth tanks were more lightweight.
Out of the large number of tanks that were removed from the Allies in 1943, light tanks became 70%, and middle ones - only 25% *. For their combat characteristics, these tanks were far from our average and important tanks, and that Vikorisovyvvuvalysya in battles only in extreme cases and did not play a little-odd role in the combat operations of the Radianskoy Army. It is impossible to prevent anyone from visiting the rich bourgeois veterans of the past. So, the English news historian Leddel Garth meaning, "zastosovuvalisya Russian tanks buli mayzhe tsilkom vlasny virobnitstva" **.
* (History of the Great Victory Day of the Radiansky Union 1941 - 1945, v. 3, st. 214.)
** (V. N. Lid del Hart... The Other Side of the Hill. London, 1948 p. 231.)
In the case of modern warriors, since the combat technology has become superbly foldable, it is possible to navigate a small change in the tactical and technical tributes of some machines in front of those ma of majestic significance.
Radianska Army in the rocky vіyny otrimuvala for the defense of the perfect tanks, nіzh nіmetska. The price can be seen from the correlated combat characteristics of the Radianski Nimetsky tanks.
* (Central Archiv of the Ministry of Transport Machine Building SRSR, f. VEO, vin. 74, dd. 53, 54; History of the Great Victory Day of the Radiansky Union 1941-1945, v. 3, st. 169-170; vol. 4, side. 583.)
The table shows that the middle Radiansky T-34 tank has significantly overturned the German tank of the type (T-IV) by armor, the pressure of the harness and the oversubscription. The Radyansky important tank IC-3 can also be seen visibly from the same type of Nimetsky tank T-VI ("Tiger"). The IC-3 BUV is 10 t lighter than the Nimetsian tank, with more armor and more tighter armor. Until the end of the day, the radians' tanks are small, I am reducing the prowess (less vise) and improving the reliability before the polish repair.
Perevaga Radianskih tanks over the German ones (they called to see the bourgeois military authorities. "The Russians, - wrote General E. Schneider, - having opened a new type of tank far and thoroughly, smashed a great streak forward into the region. Efect. Try to set the tank behind the eye of the Russian tank by the nice designers, it turned out to be unsettled. "
Radianska armored industry vypuskala, as it meant vishche, not only tanks, alley and self-guided artillery installations, as from defenses, armored seals and crumbles were close to the remains of tanks, protests in the middle The self-propelled guns were stuck very importantly for the suprovod of the wilderness.
In 1943 the Uralmash plant gave the front a party of miraculous fighting machines. On a series of vyrobnitsvo boulevler translations of lightweight installations of light installations.
According to the appointment of the State Committee of Defense at the Kirovsky Zavod, a very important machine - SU-152 was opened with a stretch of one month. In the fierce 1943 r won
With the majestic entuziasm of pratsyuvala, the group of designers Uralmashzavod and y Kirovskiy plant S. N. Makhonin, L. S. Troyanovі L. I. Gorlitska, Above the design of a new self-contained artillery installation - SU-85. In the other half of 1943, the construction of the whole machine was completed and the construction was completed. One of the peculiarities of the combat machine in particular with the other types of self-propelled artillery installations is that the bullet is easy to use and the preparation took less than the necessary working hour.
In the end of 1943, at the Ural tank-building factories, Radiansk Designers, in the tightest spirits with students and teams of robots, installed new self-driving artillery installations - ISU-122, ISU-152.
1943 became a truly prominent rock in the field of new types of self-contained artillery installations. Yakshho in 1942 there was a production of only two types of installations - SU-122 and SU-76, then in 1943, the front trimmed chotiri types of installations - SU-152, SU-85, ISU-122, ISU-152. In 1944, another self-propelled artillery mount was installed - the SU-100 on the basis of the T-34 tank.
In such a rank, in the fate of the Great Victory Day on the defense of the Radianskoy Army, all seven types of self-guided-artillery installations, which were grown on light, middle and important, were used. For all the rockets of the out-of-town airborne self-propelled guns, self-powered artillery installations (SU-76) were stored in the middle 56.8%, middle (SU-85, SU-100 and SU-122) - 22.3%, important (ISU- 122, SU-152, ISU-152) - 20.9%.
The same performance among the young types of self-propelled guns in the main was satisfied with the power of the front and informed the vimogam of the Radiansky military master.
The virobnitstva of new types of self-propelled guns gave great value. Even in another period of 1944, the SU-100 was booted with only 500 pieces, then in the first quarters of 1945 the rock was circulated much more. ISU-122 and ISU-152 in 1943 r was boiled only 35, and in 1944 r 2510 *. The development of the SU-76 was developed at a high pace. If the price was taken for 100% in the other quarter of 1943, then in the third quarter it was 192%, in the fourth - 408%; in the first quarter of 1944 p 681%, in another - 741%, in the third - 696%, in the fourth - 687%. Tsey viskiy rіven zberіgavsya і in 1945 r
* (History of the Great Victory Day of the Radiansky Union 1941-1945, v. 4, st. 583.)
Samohidno-artillery installations in the SRSR were launched in 1943, 4 yew., In 1944, 12 yew. *, In 1945 (for nine months) - 9.3 yew. I will play a role in the production of self-contained artillery installations in Uralmashzavod. In 1943, the wine was issued 1.4 yew. The self-propelled guns, which became 35% of the outbound virobnstva in the country.
* (History of the Great Victory Day of the Radiansky Union 1941-1945, v. 3, st. 171; vol. 4, side. 583.)
Radiant self-contained artillery installations played a majestic role in the progress over Nimetsko-fascist zagarbniki.
For the decisions of the State Committee of Defense in 1943, the formation of the first 30 self-contained artillery regiments of the RVGK began to form. Already in the end of 1943, two of the first such regiment were sent to the Volkhov front to be victorious in their capacity as a supervisor of supplies and tanks. More recently, two such regiments were sent to the Western Front. The first boyovy dosvіd showing that the self-contained artillery regiments signifi- cantly moved in the fire of the attacking troops. Chief of Staff of the Artillery of the Radianskoy Army (Major General F.A. Samsonov in 1943 wrote to the State Defense Committee: and at interaction with them in close combat. "
Nadal equipping the Radianskoy Army with self-contained artillery installations was quick. Front otrimav thousand first-class fighting vehicles.
Regiments of self-guided artillery installations from the Reserve of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief were sent to the troops, corps and armies, and also to improve the combat technology, to advance the progress of the accumulated defense lower earlier. For example, if by the middle of them I cut through the defenses before Moscow, having become 100-120 m for a year, then when I broke through the head swamp, the defense of the gate in the battle along the Kursk Radianski vіyska slipped through the defenses 1 km per year, i.e. E. In 9-10 times.
* (The development of the tactics of the Radianskoy Army in the rock of the Great Victory Day (1941-1945). Military Publishing, 1958, str. 233, 239.)
For their combat characteristics, the radio self-contained artillery installations of the boules "were more thorough, not very good. Table 31 should be sure to check it out.
The smaller all the radians' self-propelled guns of the latest types are lighter, the smaller ones are more tightly revitalized and the running reserve is larger in the normal range. Only two new self-contained installations ("Ferdinand" and "Tiger-V") overtook our ACS in our armor. Ale tsya perevaga has little of its own negative side: it was robbing cars that were extremely important, little maneuverable, and even more easily vulnerable.
From what has been said, it is clear that the Radianska armored industry in the course of the Great Victory Day was constantly increasing the pace of combat technology. In 1944, the won yielded 29 yew. Tanks and self-contained artillery installations against 24 yew. In 1943 r All from 1941 r until the spring of 1945 rock in the SRSR was issued 102.5 yew. Tanks and self-propelled guns *.
* (Central Archiv of the Ministry of Transport Machine Building SRSR, f. VEO, op. 74, dd. 53, 54; History of the Great Victory Day of the Radiansky Union 1941-1945, v. 4, st. 583.)
Nimechchina issued 5138 tanks and armored vehicles in 1941, 9287 in 1942, 19 824 in 1943 and 27 340 in 1944, and in total for 4 rockets - 61589 tanks and light armored vehicles. From the left of the numbers it can be seen that the Radianskiy Soyuz viroblya in the armored fighting vehicles is much more significant, lower than Nimechchin. At the same time, one of the greatest changes in the modern promises was made.
The armored industry of the FRN is a developed galuzzi of the military-industrial complex of the country. All types of armored combat vehicles (AFVs): tanks, armored combat vehicles (BMP), armored personnel carriers (APCs), combat development vehicles (BRM) and other technical armored vehicles so і main systems і pіdsystems (revolving, bronovy zakist, running part, moving).
Nimechchina has a hard time with a new technological cycle for the release of current armored combat vehicles. In a given hour, at the virobniztvі of armored vehicles, 60 plants of basic industrial halls, including 30 machines, up to ten automobiles, three metallurgical, two shipbuildings, three electrical and technical ones. The price is surrounded by the peculiarities of the warehouse elements of armored vehicles (vezh, hull, chassis, defensive, dviguni, development vuzli and aggregates).
An important place in the middle of enterprises is to occupy machinery and automobile backwaters, where there is still a residual folding of armored vehicles. Roztashovani, as a rule, in the great industrial centers, because in the immediate vicinity of them, the stench is equipped with a daily verstat and technological possessions. Up to 30 virobnik buildings, up to 90 technical, service, warehouse and administrative buys, maydans for easy collection of finished products, complete and blanks, which are needed from factories. Characteristic for a large number of industrial enterprises is the presence on their territory, as well as in the immediate proximity of the fields for running vip testing of technology and summer field stations.
Until the most important and constantly occupied with the virobniztv of armored technology, the machinery and equipment of the companies "Krauss-Maffe Wegmann" (Munich), "Mac Systems" (M m Kaiserslautern).
The plant of the company "Krauss-Maffe Wegmann" is the head enterprise for the release of tanks "Leopard" with new modifications. On the third territory there are 12 buildings in the main worm shops, as well as 20 worm-worms, laboratory-worms, and technical buddies. In addition, there are maydans for the collection of finished products (some of them can be navigated) and a viprobubal area for conducting running vyprobauvannyh products, as well as technology. At the plant for armored vehicles, a variety of tractors, special vehicles and transport equipment for the Bundeswehr have been installed. Locomotives, automobiles, tractors, buses and other goods for metalworking, shoe-making, chemical, cellulose-paperwork, sklyanoy and gourmet industries are included here.
In a given hour, at the whole enterprise for the replacement of the ground forces of the FRN, robots are carried out from the complex modernization of tanks "Leopard-2A4" to the level of "Leopard-2A6", as well as the modernization of the ZSU "Gepard".
Tank "Leopard-2A4"
Tank "Leopard-2A6"
For the rakhunok of power plants of the company of breakdowns and launches in the series of armored personnel carriers ATF-2 "Dingo" on the basis of tactical car "Unimog". There are some indications for equipping the peacekeeping contingents of the Bundeswehr in Afghanistan. The supplies to the ground forces of the FRN have been carried out since 2000. Likewise, in the innovative order of fragmentation and performances, demonstration of the light armored personnel carrier "Ter'ur".
The Mak Systems plant is another enterprise in the country that specializes in production of Leopard tanks and armored vehicles on their basis. Besides, there is a release of engineering vehicles and artillery defenses (howitzers, torpedo units, 40-mm SPAAG). Locomotives, diesel engines and chavunne littya are used for civilian products. At the territory of the plant there are 17 buildings in the main and ancillary workshops, up to ten technical and laboratory buildings, a display for storage of finished products and a test area.
The plant of the firm "Tissen Henschel Werke" (the oldest enterprise of galuzy) specializes in the production of BMPs, armored personnel carriers and armored personnel carriers. Civil products - diesel-electric locomotives, electric locomotives, diesel engines, parts of new machines and mechanisms. In this day, the plant is undergoing overhaul and modernization of technology. On the basis of heavy duty platforms TN 495, there are demonstrations of infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers. On the territory of the enterprise for the distribution of the 22nd building of the main and auxiliary workshops, up to 20 technical, laboratory and service rooms, warehouse facilities for the storage of finished products and a test area.
The plant of the firm "Tissen Industri-Reinstal" until the mid-90s was engaged in folding armored personnel carriers (the leading rank for the military front-line protection) and armored personnel carriers for export. In addition, there was built a variety of vezh for Leopard tanks, self-propelled guns corps and armored personnel carriers. Infected the plant with translations to the release of hydraulic engineering regulations. A copy of the possession and technical documentation for the armored personnel carrier TM-170 and UR-416 boules was handed over to KUKA Henschel. The civil products here are provided for the possession of mines, reservoirs, barn constructions, chavunne littya, as well as repairs of railway cars are carried out. At the territory of the plant there are 11 buildings in the main and auxiliary workshops, up to 15 technical, laboratory and administrative buildings, a display for storage of finished products and a test area.
In 1999, the Rheinmetall concern added a controlling stake in the KUKA company and formulated a version of the title "Boyovy machines of the ground forces". The company also has a Mac systems company in its warehouse, all the shares since 1992 belong to you. The food was seen about the transfer of the Vizel-2 BRM virobnitstva from Kil to the Rheinmetall De Tek enterprise (Unterlyus m, Nizhnyaya Saxony land).
BRM "Vizel-2"
Firmi "Krauss-Maffe Wegmann" and "Rheinmetall" since 1999 have been developing an armored personnel carrier GTK "Boxer", designated for replacing armored personnel carriers "Fuchs" and М11З. Besides, in the program take the part of Netherlands (the name of the PWV). The first prototype of the new armored personnel carrier was demonstrated in 2002 rock, and before the serial release they started in 2007 without the need to complete the distribution. The first seria will include 200 armored personnel carriers for the skin area.
BTR STK "Boxer"
For financial reasons, the launch of the NGP combat vehicle was added, which was transferred to the vicoristovuvati as a base for the launch of a new main battle tank, BMP and ZSU.
An important role is played by the secured requirements of the FRN ground forces in the engineering technology and amphibious machines of the Eisenwerke Kaiserslautern company. Її products are exported to the USA, UK, Australia, Canada and other countries.
Until the number of factories, which can also be done before the release of armored vehicles, then it will be shown that there will be more information in the future. Price for all enterprises of the Arnold Jung Locomotive Factories (m Kirchen) and Luther Werke (m Braunschweig - front of the leopard-1 tanks), Keller und Knapp (m Augsburg - 70 prototypes) , "Eisenwerke Kaiserslautern" (BRM ARЄ), "Daimler-Benz" (armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles) (r Gaggenau), "Reinsthal, Hannomag baumashinen" (m ) "(M Nuremberg - tanks). Mozhlivostі pererahovanih zavodіv of virobnitstva bronetankovoї tehnіki zabezpechuyutsya takozh vprovadzhenimi 80-i Rocky vimogami to standartizatsії vuzlіv i agregatіv bronetankovoї tehnіki i їh unіfіkatsії іz zrazkami tsivіlnoї produktsії (zastosuvannya in armored tehnіku traditsіynih vuzlіv i agregatіv, SSMSC vikoristovuyutsya at tsivіlnoї produktsії Key infrastructure). Some of them also received the reconstruction of the hallway, directing it to the establishment of a new ownership (including microcomputers and versts of numerical software control), and the introduction of automated control systems for the computer.
A special place in galuzi occupies the backwaters for the repair and modernization of armored vehicles. Until the eighth day, a number of special repair and remanufacturing enterprises are available, and there are private companies (in the cities of Bad Bergzabern, Bergheim, Wetter, Darmstadt, Frankfurt-on-Main, Freiseniy), Schifsbaugesellschaft "(m Flensburg). Before the repair and modernization of armored vehicles, the company "Wegmann und Co" (m Kassel) can be started.
The FRN has five state-owned repair-and-supply factories (RVZ), which enter the warehouse of the command of the ground forces. Chotiri from them are engaged in the repair of armored vehicles. Tse 800 RVZ (m Yulich, land Pivnichny Rhine-Westphalia) і 850 RVZ (m Darmstadt). In the Bad Bergzabern municipality of 870 RVZ, which specializes in repairing radioelectronic equipment, including those that have been installed. Pislya ob'єdnannya Nimechchiny in the interests of the Bundeswehr vikoristovuyutsya 890 RVZ (m Doberlug-Kirchhain, Brandenburg land).
Private companies are engaged in repair and modernization of armored vehicles: "Industri-Werke Saar" (m Freise) and "FFG Flensburger Farzeugbau" (m Flensburg), as well as "NFV Neubrandenwerkerankeranger" Farz In 2000, the company "Krauss-Maffe Wegmann" fell asleep in Kölleda (the land of Türіngіya) a daughter company "Sisteminstandzettsungs Ost"
The main directions of modernization є: the promotion of anti-cumulative protection of MBT for the installation on the bottom of a prefabricated plate from a titanium alloy and new side screens in the hull, as well as from composite materials of steel; improving the design of the emergency hatch under the mechanic-water; zasosuvannya amortization design of the yogh seat, scho to allow significantly lowering the injection of shock damage when pіdrivі on minі. In addition, the vehicle must be equipped with a remotely kerovan module for defenses with a 40-mm automatic grenade launcher GMG and a complex of optical-electronic prototypes MUSS, and before the warehouse of the standard tank, turn on the bulldozer for the defenses on the routes.
In the course of the development of the defense and modern technology in the interests of the ZS FRN, a new generation of medium-sized armored vehicles has been launched by the German workers. At the same time, special respect for the design is given to the possibilities of modernization.
Thus, the company "Krauss-Maffe Wegmann" was given a loan for the implementation of the project of the arm of the armored vehicle "Grizli". The program for the distribution of the transmission in the version of the control machine, transport and sanitary machine.
AFV "Grizli"
In the end of 2007, the Nimetsian parliament grabbed the Bundeswehr to supply the Bundeswehr with 3 billion euros in the framework of the purchase of new BMP "Puma", intended to replace the old "Marder". It is necessary to transfer 405 of these machines to the defense of the land forces of the Nimechchiny, for which 634 "Marder" will be known from the ground.
BPM "Puma"
"Marder-1A3"
It is planned that in 2010 the BMP "Puma" will be presented on the OVT market for sale to the countries of the world.
As part of the programs, the FRN ground forces are equipped with new types of military equipment in the other half of 2007, the experimental aircraft of the Gefas AFV will be destroyed. At the time of the beginning, the rosters were grounded on the offensive principles: modularity, stolenness, decay and vitality.
The machine "Gefas" was deployed from 2003 to 2007 in the design bureau of the company "Rheinmetall Lendsistem" at the spіvpratsі with companies that were engaged in the design and development of the systems and units:
IBD Deisenroth Engineering - development of passive and active armor;
ESW - electrical generator system design;
MTU Friedrichshafen is a choice of a chotiricyl cylinder diesel engine of the 890 series with a capacity of 560 hp. with. (MTU 4R890);
Sensor-Technik Wiedemann - electrical system distribution;
Timoney Technology - distribution of pidviski elements.
An analysis of the Earth's prestige shows that for the last ten years at the military base of the armored industry of the FRN, hundreds of changes have not been seen. However, it means an increase in the pace of the NDDKR on the development of the current MBT and the modernization of the Leopard-2 tank, as well as on the arm of the armored vehicle.
As a whole, the armored industry of the FRN will need to tinker with the scientific and technical base, so that the armored technology can be broken up and used in such a number of ways, as it is not only possible to ensure that the most powerful