Nuclear zbroyu was found. A bomb for Stalin: like the SRSR, having created an atomic bomb. Vidkrittya nuclear reaction
For such minds and such susils, the country, as it survived the worst war of the twentieth century, created its own atomic shield
May this ten years ago, on July 29, 1949, the Presidium of the Supreme Council for the sake of the SRSR saw top-secret decrees about awarding 845 special titles of Heroes of the Socialist Pratsi, the orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Ensign of Labor and the “Badge of Poshani”. The one from them, according to the appointment to the one from the award, did not say, for the very reason of the awards: it was skrіz the standard formula “for vinatkovі services to the state when vikonnі special zavdannya”. Navit for the Radian Union, which was called to the point of secrecy, was a rare phenomenon. At times, they themselves miraculously knew, well, it’s obvious that the very “exclusive merits” are toiling on the court. Usі 845 cholovіk bіlshі chi lesser world without intermediary pov'yazanі zі vіdnіnіnі і і sdavlennâ ї ї ї ї nukaї ї ї ї ї SRSR.
It was not surprising for those who were honored that the project itself, and its success, was protected by a curtain of mystery. Even if all the stinks knew well that with their small world of success they would give birth to the masculinity and professionalism of the Radyansky breeders, as if for a stretch of eight years they delivered top-secret information to the engineers behind the cordon. And such a high rating, as the creators of the Radianskaya atomic bomb deserved, was not overrated. As if having guessed one of the creators of the bombs, academician Yuliy Khariton, at the ceremony of handing over to Stalin, he said raptly: I don’t overdo it ...
Atomic bomb zrazka ... 1940 rock
Before the idea of creating a bomb, in which the energy of the Lantzug nuclear reaction was born, the Radyansky Soyuz went almost overnight with Nimechchina and the United States. The first project of this type, which was officially looked at, was presented in 1940 by a group of scientists from the Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology under the ceremonial Friedrich Lange. In the same project, first in the SRSR, a scheme was propagated for driving a sizable vibration, as it became more classic for all nuclear ammunition, for the account of any of the two subcritical masses, uranium may be instantly supercritical.
The project, having otrimavnі nіdgukі vіdkuki i nadalі without looking. Ale robots, laid in yoga foundation, trivali, and no less at Kharkiv. In the advanced Soviet Socialist Republic, the atomic theme was dealt with by a smaller number of great institutes - near Leningrad, Kharkov and Moscow, and Vyacheslav Molotov, the head of the Radnarkom, supervised the work. Unexpectedly after the presentation to the Lange project, in the beginning of 1941, the Radyansky detachment praised the lawful decision to classify the state of atomic research. It was clear that the stench could really lead to the creation of a new type of exhaustion, and there were no traces of such winds, moreover, at the same time, they themselves took away the first developments for the American atomic project - and Moscow did not want to risk their own.
Natural perebіg podіy having interrupted the ear of the Great Vytchiznyanoi war. Ale, not caring for those that all Radianian craft and science had already been quickly translated into military rails and began to secure the army with the most important rosettes and vineyards, the forces of that kind were known to continue the atomic project. I don’t want to immediately. Reminders were required to be reviewed in accordance with the decision of the Sovereign Committee of Defense on February 11, 1943, as a cobweb of practical robots from the creation of an atomic bomb.
Enormoz project
Until this hour, the radiological investigation was already working on the video booth of information on the Enormoz project - this is how the American nuclear project was called in operational documents. The first research data, which indicates that Zahid is seriously engaged in the creation of uranium weapons, came from the London residency near the spring of 1941. And for the same fate, it was necessary to remind that America and Great Britain managed to coordinate their activities in the field of atomic energy research. In the minds of the warrior, it could be interpreted by only one rank: the allies would carry out robotic deployment of an atomic bomb. And in the fierce fate of 1942, the investigation took away the documentary confirmation that in Nіmechchina they are actively engaged in it themselves.
In the world of that, as the susillas of the Radian scientists poked their way out, as if they were working on the government's plans, the research robot was also active in retrieving information about the American and English atomic projects. The infants of 1942 became residually aware that the United States was clearly vying for Britain in this area and the main US was alert to the sighting of tributes across the ocean. In fact, the skin of the participants in the Manhattan project, as the robots used to create the atomic bomb in the United States, was strongly controlled by the radio intelligence. Let me tell you that the most recent reports about the first real atomic bomb in Moscow were taken less than two days after the fact that they were taken in America.
To this very praise, the announcement of the new US President Harry Truman, who countered Stalin's golomshit at the Potsdam Conference by declaring that America had a new, unimaginably destructive force, did not call out the reaction that the American was robbing. The Radian leader calmly listened to yoga, nodded and did not say anything. The foreigners were convinced that Stalin did not understand anything. Truly, the SRSR scientist judiciously assessed Truman's words and that same day, in the evening, vimahawed the radian fahivtsiv to speed up the work of the creation of the atomic bomb as much as possible. But overtaking America is already impossible. A month later, the first atomic fungus swept over Hiroshima, three days later - over Nagasaki. And over the Radyansk Union hung the shadow of a new, atomic war, and not with kimos, but with many allies.
Hour ahead!
Immediately, after seventy years, no one is surprised anymore that the Radyansk Union, having taken such a necessary reserve of time to create a super-bomb in the air, without respect for the blue with ex-partners from the anti-Hitler coalition, they lost a lot of money. And yet, on the 5th of February 1946, the famous Fulton promo of Winston Churchill sounded through the air after the first atomic bombings, as if starting a cold war. But in hot weather, according to the idea of Washington, that yoga of allies, there is little outgrowth in the past - for example, 1949. Adzhe, as if they were repaid overseas, the SRSR could not take away the power of the atomic bomb earlier in the mid-1950s, and then, there was nowhere to hurry.
Testing of the atomic bomb. Photo: U.S. Air Force / AR
From the height of the present day, it looks like a marvelous date for the date of the beginning of a new light war - more precisely, one of the dates of one of the main plans, "Fleetwood" - and the date of testing the first radionuclide nuclear bomb: 1949 rec. But really, everything is natural. Zovnishnopolitichna situation roared quickly, many of the allies of Daedal roared one after another. And in 1948, it became clear to the public that Moscow and Washington could not possibly get along with each other. Zvіdsi i need to renew an hour on the cob new wars: rіk - an extreme term, for some lands that recently came out of a colossal war, can fully prepare for a new one, before that, with a power, as if it bore the main burden of Peremoga on its shoulders. Navit atomic monopoly did not give the United States the ability to speed up the term of preparation before the war.
Foreign "accents" of the Radianskaya atomic bomb
All the miraculously came to mind in us. From 1945, all the robots connected with the atomic project were sharply activated. Stretching through the first two wars of the Soviet Socialist Republic, tormented by the war, having spent a part of its industrial potential, far from zero, create a colossal nuclear industry. Winickly future nuclear centers, such as "Chelyabinsk-40", "Arzamas-16", Obninsk, formed great scientific institutes and antigens.
Not long ago, the widened point of view on the Radyansk atomic project was as follows: if they did not explore, the members of the SRSR could not create any kind of atomic bomb. In fact, everything was far from being so unambiguous, as they tried to show the revisions of the country's history. Truly, the radiant intelligence about the American atomic project allowed our scientists to get a lot of pardons, as they inevitably happened to their American colleagues, so they went ahead territory of the USA. In addition, these investigations, without a doubt, helped the Radyansk fakhivtsy to evaluate the most vivacious designs and technical solutions that allowed them to pick up their best-finished atomic bomb.
And if you talk about the steps of a foreign influx on the Radian atomic project, then you would sooner need to guess about hundreds of German fakhivtsiv-atomic workers, who worked at two secret objects in Sukhumi - at the prototype of the possible Sukhumi Institute of Physics and Technology. The axis of the stench really did help to put forward the robots over the “virob” - the first atomic bomb of the SRSR, moreover, the floorings, which were richly quiet with secret decrees on July 29, 1949, were awarded with Radian orders. Most of these fakhivtsiv went back to Nimechchin after five years, settling in the NDR (want to be and so, who attacked Zakhid).
Objectively, apparently, the first Radianian atomic bomb is small, so to say, not one "accent". Adzhe-Vona was born as a result of colossal cooperation between impersonal people - both quiet, who took up the project of their own free will, and quiet, who were hired to work as military interns. Ale krajina, yakіy be-scho was necessary yaknaishvidshe otrimati zbroyu, scho zrivnyuє її chances with ex-allies, scho quickly pretended to be deadly enemies, it was not up to sentiments.
Russia to work itself!
The documents that contain the creation of the first nuclear bomb of the SRSR have not yet coined the term “virib”, which has become popular later. More often than not, it was officially referred to as a “reactive special engine”, or shortly RDS. Although, obviously, there was no smell of anything reactive in the robots over this design: everything on the right was less for the most powerful of them to darkness.
From the light hand of Academician Yuliy Khariton, behind the abbreviation RDS, the unofficial decipherment of “Russia to Rob Itself” was already firmly fixed. We had a bit of irony in each of them, everyone knew how richly they gave our atomic scientists a good research, and there was a big part of the truth. Even though the design of the first radyansk nuclear bomb was even more similar to the American one (just the one that was chosen the most optimal, and the laws of physics and mathematics do not allow national features), then, let’s say, the ballistic case and the electronic filling of the first bomb were daily
If the robots behind the Radian atomic project poked their way far, the SRSR scientists formulated tactical and technical vimogi to the first atomic bombs. It was decided to add two types of bombs at once: a plutonium bomb of an implosive type and a uranium bomb, a harmonic one, similar to the vicorous one by the Americans. Persha took the RDS-1 index, the other was clearly RDS-2.
According to the RDS-1 plan, the guilt of the bula buti was presented at the state testing by a vibukh at the beginning of 1948. Ale tsі termіni vitrimati not vdalos: vynikli problems with the preparation and production of the necessary amount of plutonium for the disposal. Vіn buv otrimaniy less through the second rocky, at the sickle of 1949 - і vіrushiv to "Arzamas-16", the first nuclear bomb was ready to check. After a few days of fakhivtsy of the future VNDIEF, they completed the “viroba” folding, and went to the Semipalatinsk test site for testing.
First riveting of the nuclear shield of Russia
The first nuclear bomb of the Soviet Socialist Republic was fired on the somіy year on the 29th of January 1949. Having passed Mayzhe a month, the first lower across the ocean saw a shock called by the roses about the successful testing in our country of the Vlas "great club". Only on the 23rd of September, Harry Truman, who recently praised Stalin about America's successes in building atomic weapons, declaring that the same type of construction is now possible in the Soviet Socialist Republic.
Presentation of a multimedia installation in honor of the 65th anniversary of the creation of the first atomic bomb. Photo: Geodakyan Artem / TARS
It is not surprising that Moscow did not hurry to confirm the statements of the Americans. Navpaki, TARS, having acted in fact against the demands of the American statement, stverzhuyuchi, that everything is right in the colossal scope of everyday life in the SRSR, for which victorious and vibrating robots from the zastosuvannyam of new technologies. Truth, for example, tasivskoy declared avenging more of the lower insights on the volodinnya with a damp nuclear blast. The agency predicted to everyone that, on the 6th of the fall of 1947, the minister of foreign affairs of the SRSR, Vyacheslav Molotov, declared that there had been no knowledge of the secret of the atomic bomb for a long time.
And it was two truths. Until 1947, it was no longer a secret for the Soviet Socialist Republic to learn about atomic weapons, and until the end of 1949, it was no secret to anyone that the Radian Union had established strategic parity with its main super-unit - the Received States. Parity, which is already being saved for six decades. Parity, pіdtremuvati podpomogaє yaky nuclear shield of Russia and the cob of what bulo zapochatkovo ahead of the Great Vіtchiznânoї war.
The history of the development of humankind has always been supplanted by wars as a way to resolve conflicts by violence. Civilization endured over fifteen thousand small and great violent conflicts, spending human lives counted in millions. Less than in the nineties of the last century, over a hundred wars were trapiled for the fate of the ninety country world.
At the same time, scientific insight, technical progress made it possible to create all the greater tension and subtlety of the zastosuvannya. At the twentieth century the peak of the mass destructive influx and the nuclear weapon became an instrument of politics.
Powering the atomic bomb
Modern nuclear bombs, as a way to prevent the enemy's defeat, are created on the basis of advanced technical solutions, the essence of which is not expected to be widely spoken. As well as the main elements of power in this type of defense, you can look at the butts of the power nuclear bomb with the code name "Tovstun", thrown in 1945 on one of the cities of Japan.
The vibe tension reached 22.0 kt in TNT equivalent.
There are so few design features:
- Dovzhina virobu became 3250.0 mm, with a diameter of the volumetric part - 1520.0 mm. Zagalna vaga over 4.5 tons;
- a corpus of representations in an elliptic form. In order to avoid the frontal destruction due to the consumption of anti-aircraft ammunition and other types of non-lethal infusions, 9.5 mm steel was armored for this preparation;
- the body is divided into two inner parts: nis, two halves of the ellipsoida (the main one is for the nuclear filling), tail.
- nosovy vіdsіk staffing with batteries;
- the main one, like a nasal one, for the prevention of the induction of shkidlivih middles, vologs, the creation of comfortable minds for the robotic beard sensor are vacuumed;
- plutonium core was placed in elіpsoїdі, choked with uranium tamper (shell). Vіn engraved the role of an inertial intermediate between the protyazh of the nuclear reaction, ensuring the maximum activity of the blasted plutonium, a path for fermenting neutrons to the side of the active zone to the charge.
In the middle of the nucleus, the first layer of neutrons was placed, which is called the initiator or “zhzhachok”. Representations beryllium kulyastoy form diameter 20.0 mmіz zvnіshnіm pokrittam on the basis of polonіy - 210.
It should be noted that such a design of a nuclear warhead was recognized by expert opinion as ineffective, inappropriate when victorious. Neutron initiation of a non-ceramic type of nadal did not win .
Principle dії
The process of splitting the nuclei of uranium 235 (233) and plutonium 239 (these that make up a nuclear bomb) with great energy visions is called a nuclear vibe during the exchange. The atomic structure of radioactive metals can be permanently divided into other elements.
The process is accompanied by a drive of neurons, some of which are consumed by atoms and initiate a further reaction, which is accompanied by visions of energy.
The principle is supposed to come: to bring the decay time to a greater intensity of the process, and to cause the neurons to become active in the bombardment of the nuclei to the Lanzug reaction. When two elements are combined to a critical mass, it becomes supercritical, which leads to a vibe.
It is impossible to provoke an active reaction in the minds of the buttocks - the need for high speed is the proximity of the elements - no less than 2.5 km / s. It is possible to reach the level of stability in the bomb when the types of vibrating (swedish and regular) are stuck, which can be combined one by one, balance the thickness of the supercritical mass, which vibrates the atomic vibration.
Nuclear vibrations are brought to the results of the activity of the people of the planet chi її orbit. Such natural processes are only possible on the surface of space.
Atomic bombs rightly respect the most intense and ruinous mass destruction. Tactfully zastosuvannya vyrishuє zavdannya iznischennya strategіchnyh, vіyskovyh objects ground, and navіt clay base, hitting the significant accumulation of equipment, manpower of the enemy.
Globally, it is possible to stagnate more than just the next blame on the population and infrastructure in significant territories.
In order to achieve the same goals, the task of tactful and strategic nature of supplying atomic ammunition can be carried out:
- at critical and low elevations (higher and lower than 30.0 km);
- at the heartless dotik from the earth's crust (water);
- underground (chi underwater vibukh).
Nuclear vibes are characterized by mittevim visions of majestic energy.
What to bring to the shock of objects that people with an offensive rank:
- Striking fluff. When vibuhu vishche abo on earth measles(Water) is called a damaged wind, under the earth (water) - a seismic wind. Winds of wind settle down after the critical squeezing of repeated masses and expands until the sound is extinguished. To induce as a direct strike of living force, and indirect (together with the tricks of the blasted objects). Diya oversuperfluous vice to rob the equipment with a non-functional path of moving and hitting the surface of the earth;
- Svitlove viprominyuvannya. Dzherelo is a part of the light, made viparovuvannya virobu with masses again, with ground zastosuvanni - parіv ґruntu. The splash is visible in the ultraviolet and infrared spectra. Yogo poglanannya with objects that people provoking obuglyuvannya, melting that mountain. Stupіn urazhennya lie down in the distance to the epicenter;
- penetrating radiation- tse change, which collapses in the course of the development of neutrons and gamma. Injection on biological tissues to produce ionization of clitin molecules, which leads to promeneutic ailment of the body. The defeat of the lane is associated with the reactions of disintegration of molecules in the hostile elements of the ammunition.
- Radioactively contaminated. When the ground vibes, it blows under the steam of the ground, sawing that other. Vinikaє hmara, scho moving at a straight line to the turn of the masses. Dzherela strikes are represented by products dispersed under the active part of a nuclear warhead, isotopes that do not destroy parts of the charge. Under the hour of the collapse of the radioactive gloom, there is a serious radiation infection of the masses;
- Electromagnetic impulse. Vibration is accompanied by an increase in electromagnetic fields (from 1.0 to 1000 m) at the sight of an impulse. The stench is produced until the end of the operation of electrical appliances, having managed that connection.
The succesfullness of the officials of the nuclear vibe is given in a different way - a equal blow to the enemy’s manpower, equipment and infrastructure, and the fatality of the consequences of the outbreak is associated with nothing more than remote distances from the epicenter.
The history of the creation of nuclear weapons
The creation of a victorious nuclear reaction was accompanied by low scientific opinions, theoretical and practical results, in the middle of them:
- 1905 rik- the theory of visibility was created, as if it were firm, that a small number of speeches can be brought to a significant vision of energy for the formula E = mc2, de "s" represents light swidkity (author A. Einstein);
- 1938 rik- German scientists conducted an experiment from under the atom on a part of the path of attacking uranium by neutrons, which ended successfully (O. Hann and F. Strassmann), and a physicist from Great Britain gave an explanation of the fact of seeing energy (R. Frish);
- 1939 rіk- We learn from France that the energy of the creation of vibrations of majestic force (Joliot-Curie) was seen from the Lantzug reactions of uranium molecules.
The rest became the right point for the atomic bombing. Nimechchina, Great Britain, the USA, and Japan were engaged in parallel development. The main problem was that the species of uranium needed the necessary bindings for conducting experiments in this galley.
Most recently, they were made in the USA, having bought syrovine from Belgium in 1940.
Within the framework of the project, having taken the name of Manhattan, from the thirty-ninth to forty-fifth years, a plant for uranium purification was built, a center for the further development of nuclear processes was created, and it was hired to work in the newest fahivtsiv - physics from the US part of Western Europe.
Great Britain, as it conducted military investigations, was embarrassed after the German bombing in a voluntary order to transfer the project to the United States for its project.
It is important that the Americans are the first, who is guilty of the atomic bomb. Testing of the first nuclear charge was carried out near the state of New Mexico at the forty-fifth century. Sleeping in the vibuhu eclipsed the sky, and the squealing landscape turned into a slope. Through a small gap to the hour of the creation of a nuclear charge, they call it "Malyuk" and "Tovstun".
Nuclear weapons in the SRSR - date and time
The formation of the Soviet Socialist Republic, as a nuclear power, was shaped by the work of several scientists and state institutions. Key periods and significant dates are presented as follows:
- 1920 rik vvazhayut on the cob robit radyanskih scientists іz podіl atom;
- Three thirty years direct nuclear physics to become a priority;
- Zhovten 1940 rock- An initiative group of scientists-physicists came up with a proposition about the achievement of atomic research in military purposes;
- Vletka 1941 rock at the link with the military institute of atomic energy it was translated to tilu;
- Autumn 1941 fateful radianska rozvіdka informed kerіvnitstvo of the country about the beginning of nuclear programs in Britain and America;
- Spring 1942 rock- the completion of the atom began to work with renewed commitment, the work on uranium continued;
- Lyuty 1943 roku— created by a special research laboratory under ceramics I. Kurchatov, and blatant pottery laid on V. Molotov;
Keruvav by the project of V. Molotov.
- Serpen 1945 roku- in connection with the conduct of nuclear bombing in Japan, of great importance for the SRSR, a Special Committee was created under the leadership of L. Beria;
- April 1946- KB-11 was created, which began to expand the range of nuclear weapons in two versions (with plutonium and uranium);
- Mid 1948 rock- work with uranium is attached due to low efficiency at high vitrates;
- Serpen 1949 roku If the atomic bomb was found guilty in the Soviet Socialist Republic, the first nuclear bomb was tested.
The abbreviation of the terms of the development of the virus was taken by the robot of the development organs, as if they were able to take away the information of the American nuclear research. The middle is quiet, who was the first to create the atomic bomb in the Soviet Socialist Republic, was a team of scientists under the leadership of Academician A. Sakharov. The stench developed promising technical solutions, lower victories by the Americans.
Atomic bomb "RDS-1" In 2015-2017, Russia worked its way through the improvement of nuclear munitions and the means of their delivery, thereby declaring about the power of the building, whether it be aggression.
First tests of the atomic bomb
After the testing of an experimental nuclear bomb in the state of New Mexico on the forty-fifth anniversary, the bombing of the Japanese places of Hiroshimi and Nagasaki, the sixth and ninth sickle, was evident.
Whose fate is completed the distribution of the atomic bomb
In 1949, roci, for the minds of promoting secrecy, the radian designers of the design bureau - 11 and were completed the development of an atomic bomb, as the name RDS-1 is small (jet engine "C"). On the 29th sickle at the Semipalatinsk test site, the first nuclear device was tested. The atomic bomb of Russia - RDS-1 was a type of "drop-shaped" form, with a 4.6-ton vag, a volumetric part diameter of 1.5 m, and a 3.7-meter dovzhinoy.
The active part included a plutonium block, which made it possible to reach a vibrating tension of 20.0 kilotons in proportion to TNT. Maydanchik for testing, occupying a radius of twenty kilometers. The peculiarities of the minds of the trial pilot have not been publicized.
On the third spring of the same year, the American aviation investigation established the presence of traces of isotopes in the Kamchatka masses, which testify to the testing of a nuclear charge. On the twenty-third of the first day, a person from the United States publicly announced that the SRSR had gone to test the atomic bomb.
In April 1946, at Laboratory No. 2, the design bureau KB-11 (Russian Federal Nuclear Center - VNDIEF) was created - one of the most important enterprises in the development of military nuclear weapons, Yulia Khariton was recognized as the head designer of this bulk. The plant N 550 of the People's Commissariat of Ammunition, which produced shells of artillery shells, was used as the base for the roaring of KB-11.
The super-secret object was located 75 kilometers away from the Arzamas township (Gorkivsk region, Nizhny Novgorod region) on the territory of the kolishny Sarov monastery.
In front of KB-11, the task was set to create an atomic bomb in two options. The first of them has plutonium in their working speech, the other has uranium-235. In 1948, the fate of robotics with uranium was pinned down due to the apparently low efficiency of yoga against nuclear materials.
The first atomic bomb of small official designation RDS-1. It was deciphered in a different way: "Russia to rob itself", "Fatherland grants Stalin" and so on. Ale in the official resolution of the Radi Ministers of the SRSR on 21 chervny 1946, the bula was encrypted as "Jet engine special ("C").
The creation of the first atomic bomb RDS-1 was carried out with the improvement of materials for the US plutonium bomb scheme, tested in 1945. These materials were given a radiant rose-colored rose. An important source of information is Klaus Fuchs, a German physicist, participant in the nuclear programs of the United States and Great Britain.
The development of materials on the American plutonium charge for the atomic bomb made it possible to shorten the term for the creation of the first nuclear charge, although the rich technical solutions of the American prototype were not the best. Navіt on the cob stages, radian fahіvtsі could propagate the best solutions both to the charge in general and to the other ones. Therefore, the first test of the SRSR charge for the atomic bomb was primitive and less effective, lower than the original version of the charge, proponing with radyansky charges on the cob of 1949. And in order to ensure that it is guaranteed and in a short term show that the SRSR can be atomic bomb, the solution was praised at the first test of victorious charge, creations for the American scheme.
The charge for the atomic bomb RDS-1 with a bagatospheric design, in a kind of transfer of active speech - plutonium to a supercritical camp, was placed behind the flask of yogo compression for an additional spherical detonation wind at the vibration speech.
RDS-1 was an airborne atomic bomb with a weight of 4.7 tons, a diameter of 1.5 meters and a length of 3.3 meters. Vaughn was rozroblyalas hundred and fifty Tu-4 aircraft, the bomb bay of which allowed the deployment of "viroba" with a diameter of no more than 1.5 meters. How to share the material in the plutonium bomb.
For the production of an atomic charge of bombs in the city of Chelyabinsk-40 in the Pivdenny Urals, a plant was built for the production of plutonium, radiofrequency. uranium prominated in the reactor, that plant for the extraction of metal plutonium.
The reactor of the plant 817 was tested for design pressure at the Chernivtsi in 1948, and through the river at the enterprise they took away the necessary amount of plutonium for the preparation of the first charge of an atomic bomb.
The place for the test site, on which it was planned to test the charge, was taken in the near steppe, about 170 kilometers to the exit from Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan. Under the polygon, a plain with a diameter of approximately 20 kilometers was built, sharpened from the day, and that night by low mountains. There were small pagorbies on the descending expanse.
Budіvnitstvo polygon, which I named the initial polygon No. 2 of the Ministry of Defense Forces of the SRSR (given by the Ministry of Defense of the SRSR), was opened in 1947, and the linden of 1949 was completed in the main year.
For testing at the test site, the last maidanchik with a diameter of 10 kilometers was prepared, divided into sectors. Vaughn was possessed by special spores, which ensured the testing, guarding that registration of physical results. At the center of the last field, a metal grating was installed, I carry 37.5-meter curtains, which were designated for the installation of the RDS-1 charge. At a distance of one kilometer from the center, an underground wake-up call was arranged for equipment that registers light, neutrons and gamma fluxes of nuclear vibration. In order to create a nuclear vibe on the last field, subway tunnels were built, fragments of airfields of airfields, landing aircraft, tanks, artillery rocket launchers, and various ship types were placed. To ensure the work of the physical sector, 44 spores were laid on the landfill, and 560 kilometers of cables were laid.
In 1949, two groups of workers of KB-11 with additional possessions and state equipment arrived at the landfill in 1949, and a group of fakes arrived there on the 24th lime, as it was not enough to take an uninterrupted fate in preparing the atomic bomb before testing.
On September 5, 1949, the committee for testing the RDS-1 gave a report about the complete readiness of the test site.
On the 21st, a plutonium charge was delivered by a special train to the test site and several neutrons were fired, one of which was victorious when firing a combat weapon.
On April 24, 1949, Kurchatov arrived at the test site. Up to 26 sickle all preparation of the robot on the landfill was completed. Kerivnik informed Kurchatov on the orders for the testing of RDS-1 on the 29th sickle on the eighth year of the wound after the month of that preparatory operation, beginning on the eighth year on the 27th sickle.
Vranci On the 27th sickle, near the central vezh, the selection of a battlefield began. On the 28th day of April, the workers carried out a final inspection of the ship, prepared the automatics for the drive, and overhauled the cable line.
On the fourth anniversary of the 28th sickle before the main battle, the plutonium charge was delivered and the neutrons sunk to new. Residual assembly of the charge was completed before the third year on the 29th sickle. About the fourth year of the wound, the installers spun around the storage mains with a rake path and installed yoga in the cell of the vityag vityag, and then they lifted the charge to the top of the ladder. Until the sixth year, the charge was completed by the drivers and connected to the drive circuit. Then the evacuation of all people from the testing field began.
Kurchatov praised the decision about the postponement of the vibration from 8.00 to 7.00.
About 6:35 the operators turned on the automatics. 12 hvilin before vibuhu bulo turned on the automatic field. 20 seconds before the vibration, the operator has raised the head rose (knife switch), which switches it off the automatic control system. At this point, all operations were stopped by an automatic attachment. Six seconds before the vibration, the head mechanism of the automaton, having increased the vitality of the vibration and part of the adjustment of the field, and in one second, having adjusted the reshta, having seen the signal to drive.
On the 29th of September, 1949, the whole month shone blindly brightly, as it marked that the SRSR had successfully completed the development and testing of its first charge for the atomic bomb.
The intensity of the charge added 22 kilotons to the TNT equivalent.
After 20 hvilin after vibuha, two tanks, possessing a lead shield, were sent to the center of the field to carry out radiation reconnaissance and look around the center of the field. It was established by a rosette that all the disputes near the center of the field were taken away. A liyka yawned on the road, the ground near the center of the field melted, and the slag stone was succumbing. Gromadyanskie budіvlі and promislovі sporudi bіvnіstyu аbо chastkovo zruynovanі.
Vikoristana dosvіdі Aparatura has allowed to conduct optichnі sposterezhennya that vimіryuvannya heat flow parametrіv udarnoї hvilі, characteristics that a neutron gamma vipromіnyuvan, viznachiti rіven radіoaktivnogo zabrudnennya mіstsevostі in rayonі vibuhu that vzdovzh slіdu hmary vibuhu, vivchiti vpliv vrazhayuchih faktorіv nuclear vibuhu on bіologіchnі ob'єkti.
For the successful development and testing of a charge for the atomic bomb and kilkom, by the closed decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Council for the sake of the SRSR on July 29, 1949, a large group of leading contributors, designers, and technologists was awarded orders and medals of the SRSR; The title of laureate of the Stalin Prize was awarded with riches, and for over 30 years the title of Hero of Socialist Pratsi was taken away.
As a result of the successful testing of RDS-1, the SRSR liquidated the American monopoly on nuclear weapons, becoming another nuclear power in the world.
On February 7, 1960, Igor Vasilovich Kurchatov, a scholar from Radyansk, died. An eminent physicist at the latest hour having created a nuclear shield for his Fatherland. Mirozpovimo, how the first atomic bomb was broken up near the SRSR
Vidkrittya nuclear reaction.
Since 1918, studies in the Soviet Socialist Republic have been conducted in the classroom of nuclear physics. Ale, before the Other light war, there was a positive destruction. Kurchatov vpritul occupied dosledzhennyam radioactive perepvorenie 1932 rock. And in 1939, it was the launch of the first cyclotron in the Radyansk Union, which was held at the Radian Institute in Leningrad.
This cyclotron is the largest in Europe. After that bula is low vіdkrittіv. Kurchatov, having shown the derangement of a nuclear reaction when phosphorus was enriched with neutrons. And even for the rіk vcheniy at his additional “Podіl important nuclei” by covering the uranium nuclear reactor. Kurchatov, even earlier, was unattainable, he wanted to show how to win nuclear energy in practice.
Vіyna is a stumbling stone.
The leaders of Radian scientists, including Igor Kurchatov, our country in the development of nuclear research at that time was at the forefront: there was a lot of scientific research in our gallery, personnel were being prepared. Ale viyna, which started, little did not re-christen everything. Evidence from nuclear physics was pinned. The Moscow and Leningrad institutes evacuated, and the storms themselves helped the needs of the front. Kurchatov himself practiced over the defense of the ship in the form of min and navit sorting out the min.
The role of exploration.
A lot of historians think that without a search and spies at the Sunset, the atomic bomb would not have appeared in the SRSR in such a short term. In 1939, information on the nuclear problem was collected by the GRU of the Red Army and the 1st Directorate of the NKVS. The first information about the plans for the creation of an atomic bomb in England, which until the beginning of the war was one of the leaders in nuclear research, happened in 1940. Among the scientists was a member of the KKE Fuchs. Actual hour of wine passing the information through spiguniv, but then the call was interrupted.
The United States has a Radyansky breeder named Semyonov. In 1943, he reminded the fate that the first Lanzug nuclear reaction was carried out in Chicago. Tsikavo, that the squad of the leading sculptor Konenkov worked on the exploration. Vaughn was friends with the famous physicists Oppenheimer and Einstein. With the help of different ways, the Radianian government led its agents to the centers of American nuclear research. And in 1944, ROTS in the NKVS used to create creations of a special worker, who was engaged in collecting information about the developments in nuclear problems. In 1945 Fuchs gave a description of the design of the first atomic bomb.
Also, the investigation significantly eased it and hastened the work of the Radian scientists. Indeed, before the testing of the atomic bomb occurred in 1949, although the American fahivtsy allowed that it would become a rock in ten
Race abort.
Irrespective of the outbreak of military action, at the spring of 1942, Josip Stalin signed a decree on the renewal of work on the nuclear problem. On February 11, 1943, laboratory No. 2 was created, and on June 10, 1943, Igor Kurchatov was appointed scientific certifier for the project of atomic energy research. Kurchatov was given over-the-top honors, and they gave him all the support in the order. So, in the shortest term, it was created that the first nuclear reactor was tested. Then Stalin gave two fates of the creation of the atomic bomb itself, but the spring of 1948 ended the fate of this term. The protesters could not demonstrate the bomb, they did not have the necessary materials for the demonstration. The terms were canceled, but not enough - until 1 February 1949.
Well, scientific research Kurchatov and the findings from his laboratory were not published by a friend. The stench was not properly illuminated, sometimes they did not take away from the closed stars after marriage for an hour. Vcheni worked hard, trying not to stand out from competitors - western lands. Especially since the vibrating bombs that the United States dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
The bottom is difficult.
The creation of a nuclear vibrating outbuilding was used to build a industrial nuclear reactor for yoga. And then there are the folding materials, and even the necessary materials for the operation of a nuclear reactor - uranium, graphite - more need to be taken.
Significantly, for a small reactor, about 36 tons of uranium, 9 tons of uranium dioxide and about 500 tons of pure graphite are required. The lack of graphite was written until the middle of 1943. Kurchatov taking part in the creation of the entire technological process. And in early 1944, graphite production was made at the Moscow Electrode Plant. ale required quantity uranium still didn’t exist.
Through the river, the mines in Czechoslovakia and Skhidny Nymechchyna were introduced to the work, uranium genera were born in Kolima, near the Chita region, in Central Asia, in Kazakhstan, in Ukraine and the Pivnichny Caucasus. After that, they began to create nuclear city. The first one appeared in the Urals, not far from the Kishtim area. Kurchatov was especially careful about putting uranium into the reactor. Then three more backwaters sprang up - two near Sverdlovsk and one near the Gorky region (Arzamas -16).
Launch of the first nuclear reactor
On the cob in 1948, a group of young scientists from Kurchatov began the installation of a nuclear reactor. Igor Vasilyovich, after a steady rest on the object, took all the responsibility for the praise of the decision of the wines. Usі stages of launching the first industrial reactor vin provіv osobisto. Try a sprat. So, 8 black wines rozpochav experiment. If the reactor reached an intensity of one hundred kilowatts, Kurchatov interrupted the Lanzug reaction, but uranium was not available to complete the process. Kurchatov rozumіv usu nebezpeku doslidіv і 17 chervnya writing in the operational journal:
I’ll get ahead of you, that there will be vibrations at the time of the feed, it’s not to blame for the daily furnishing, but the supply of water is attached ... It is necessary to follow the equal of the water in emergency tanks and for the robot of the pumping stations.
On the 1st of March 22, 1948, the physicist made arrangements to start the reactor, bringing it to the fullest.
Successful testing of the atomic bomb.
Until 1947, Kurchatov was able to take away laboratory plutonium-239 - about 20 micrograms. Yogo was water-creamed with uranium chemical methods. After two years, the vchenim managed to accumulate enough money. On September 5, 1949, yoga was sent by train to KB-11. For a whole hour the fakhivtsy stopped picking up vibukhovy attachments. Nuclear charge, selected from none of 10 to 11 sick days, having removed the index 501 for the RDS-1 atomic bomb. They just didn’t decipher the abbreviation: “reactive special engine”, “reactive engine of Stalin”, “Russia to rob itself”.
After finishing the attachments, they picked it up and sent it to the landfill. Testing of the first nuclear charge passed 29 sickles Semipalatinsk polygons. The bomb was placed on the 37.5-meter curtains. If the bomb had vibrated, the vezha would have completely collapsed, and a whirlwind had settled down in the middle of nowhere. The next day, they swung on the field to overthrow the bomby. The tanks, on which the force of the blow was twisted, were turned upside down, harmatically twisted with vibukhova, and ten Peremog vehicles burned down. Significantly, the nuclear bomb was destroyed in 2 years 8 months. In the United States, it was a month less.
1961 in the history of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Crimea, the flight of Yuri Gagarin into space was marked by another important event. On July 30, the most intense thermonuclear bomb in the history of mankind was tested near the Pivnichny Ice-Cold Ocean, as the military city of the Radyansky Union showed it no less, and it replaced the light tower with the catastrophic legacy of a nuclear explosion.
Zagostrennya vіdnosin mіzh SRSR and the USA for example of the 1950s. reached its boundary. The leaders of the country were trying to find out how to lay down an agreement on the non-stopping of nuclear weapons, but everything is boisterous. The US launch of the Berlin Mura, the promotion of American soldiers to Cuba, everything led to the fact that the Radian Union defeated the future of thermonuclear warfare.
Rozrobka
The activity of thermonuclear bombing was carried out in the Radyansk Union since 1954 in the most secrecy. The head of the project was recognized as the "father" of the Radyansk atomic bomb Igor Kurchatov. The development of the object under the code cipher "PH202" has begun.
Through chotiri rocky, a bomb of 30 megatons was ready, and after Mikita Khrushchov’s instructions, they tested the bombs and blew the strings. They revived the nuclear program at least on the cob in 1961. Khrushchev, having punished in the shortest terms, to induce a new bomb with an inexplicable at that time, the intensity of 100 megatons (for equalization - the intensity, the Tovstun bomb dropped on Nagasaki became 21 kilotons).
The project was given a new code name "AN602". For the design of the bomber and vicorists, the entire project "PH202", but also had a chance to complete the project. As a result, Igor Kurchatov and that group of nuclear physicists are creating the most intense bomb in the entire history of mankind. In the pressure of 100 megatons, the process of expansion failed, the shards proved a real problem of radiation contamination of the bomber pilot. The final intensity of the bomb reached 58.6 megatons of TNT equivalent.
The press dubbed the bomb "Tsar-bomboy", "Ivan" or simply "Kuzka's mother" in honor of Khrushchev's famous phrase. At the design of the bomb, the three-stage detonation system was first installed. Rozmiri "Tsar bomby" fought ... diameter - 2.6 m., and weight - 26 tons. For transportation, the entire overmassive bomber TU-95 was vikoristovuvanya. Due to its dimensions, the bomb was not placed near the vintage airframe, so it was suspended in the fuselage opening. In order for the bomber to take more than an hour of vibuha, the bomb was equipped with two parachutes, which increased the fall to a speed of 25 m / s.
Vibuh and naslіdki
The area of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago near the Pivnichny ice-covered ocean was selected for sampling. Vranci November 30, 1961 bomber TU-95 pidletiv to the nuclear test site at an altitude of 10.5 km. Instructed by the bomber following the TU-16A aircraft, from which the video report was submitted, and also taking it again for further analysis.
Vibuh standing about the 11th year of the 32nd hvilin for the month of the month at a height of 4.5 km. Spalah three times more than 1 hvilin and commemorated on the vіdstanі over 1000 kilometers. The height of the nuclear mushroom reached 67 km, and the diameter became 20 km. Vibuh buv is so tight, that the shock wave of the new zumіla trichі circled the planet. The low level of radiation in the epicenter is zoomed in because the main flow of energy is directed uphill. The nearest settlement, the village of Pivnichne, which is located 60 km. in the epicenter of the vibuhu it was ruined. Luckily, I didn't hurt anyone. The last of the Meshkants were taken back to the last place to other places.
A nuclear bomb of such tightness could not be left unmarked. As it happened, the Radyansk Union fell upon the whiff of suspenseful criticism. The most delayed, judged, the testing of bombs began to criticize the United States. America has sent a flyer to the vibukha, to cross paths in yoga. Obviously, the SRSR won the "Tsar Bomba" as a proof of its military might, and, in the first line, show "Sunset" how the building of the Radian Union is. Proteo testing of "Tsar-bombi" led to the fact that after three trivial negotiations on 5 September 1963. Great Britain, the Soviet Socialist Republic and the United States did sign a pact on the cessation of nuclear testing, which can be obtained.
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