The dviguna is sensitive to the innervations of a full-time apple. Cranial nerves, how to innervate a full-time organo-complex. VI pair of cranial nerves

Nervous system Eyes are represented by all types of innervations: sensitive, cute and ruddy. Before penetrating into the middle of the intramural apple of the front cylindrical artery, they go down to the bottom of the head, as they set the edge looper to the edge of the border near the horn. The anterior cylindrical arteries give out the same necks, which will prevent the conjunctiva, lay down to the limb (anterior conjunctival vessels).

The nasociliac nerve forms a ciliary nerve, and these fibers are formed by the innermost nerves. Do not get overwhelmed by the vіynuyu university, 3-4 vіykovі nerves pierce the apple near the green nerve and reach the ciliary body across the supra-rіoidal space, to create thick gossip. From the rest of the nerves penetrate the horn.

On the other hand, short cylindrical nerves enter into these very days, so that they can take the cob from the university. Viykovy vuzol є peripheral nerve ganglion і maє size is close to 2 mm. Winder of the retractations at the ochnitsa from the lateral side of the external nerve 8-10 mm from the posterior pole of the eye.

Before the fold of ganglia, in addition to the nasolithic fibers, there are parasympathetic fibers from the gossip of the internal sleepy artery.

Short vіykovі nerves (4–6), which enter at the very bottom of the apple, get the whiskers of the cloth with sensitive, ruddy and pretty fibers.

Nice nerve fibers, which innervate the dilator of the brain, enter the eye in the warehouses of the short nerves, or, if you come to them between the high school and the full apple, do not enter the cylindrical high school.

In very good and short ciliary nerves, nice fibers from the gossip of the internal sleepy artery are attached, but not to enter the ciliary high school. Ciliary nerves penetrate the very apple near the healthy nerve. Short cylindrical nerves that go out of the ciliary university in the number 4-6, pass through the sclera, increase up to 20-30 nerve stubs, which are also distributed in the court tract, which is why in the good nerves of the nerve That is, in case of pathological processes in one of the shells, for example, in horns, there are changes in the rainbow shell, and in the ciliary body. In such a rank, the main part of the nerve fibers goes up to the eye of the ciliary institute, such as ripples for 7-10 mm from the posterior pole of the intramural apple and the lateral nerve.

There are three cores to the warehouse of the civilian university: sensitive (from the nasal nerve - the tricyclic nerve); rukovy (statements of parasympathetic fibers, scho pass at the warehouse of the okoruhovy nerve) that is pretty. From up to six short ciliary nerves, which go from the ciliary university, they are rounded up to 20-30 minutes more, as they go straight to the structures of the intramural apple. With them, go і cute fibers from the upper sheeted sympathetic ganglion, but do not go to the ciliar high school, but not to open the mouth, so to expand the zіnitsu. In addition, in the middle of the intramural apple, minayuchi ciliary vuzol, pass 3-4 more ciliary nerves (nasolacular nerve head).

The dviguna is sensitive to the innervation of the auxiliary organs. Dviguna energizes the organ of the zoru people are realizing for the help of the III, IV, VI, VII pairs of cranial nerves, sensitive - for the help of the first and part of the other nerves of the trivial nerve (V pair of cranial nerves).

The okorukhovy nerve (the third pair of cranial nerves) is repaired from the nuclei, so that it lies on the bottom of the sylvic water supply on the level of the anterior pagorbivs of the chotiriholm. These nuclei are non-uniform and are composed of two head bichy (right and left), which include five groups of great clines, and additional other children - two boys (the nucleus of Yakubovich - Edinger - Westphalian) of one them. The length of the nuclei of the okoruchany nerve in the anteroposterior strand is 5 mm.

From the boys, large-sized nuclei, there are fibers for three straight lines (upper, internal and lower) and lower oblique okrukovyh mujazov, as well as for two portions of mucous, which is fed, for the upper part, also the lower braid, the odd way to overlap.

Fibers that enter from the paired secondary nuclei, through the inner vuzole, enter the sphinkter's nucleus, and from the unpaired nucleus, which comes in, is the inner mucus. Behind the help of the fibers of the lateral medial bundle, the nucleus of the okoruha nerve is tied with the nuclei of the block and accessory nerves, the system of the vestibular and auditory nuclei, the nucleus of the facial nerve and the anterior horns of the spinal cord. The managers of the whole will take care of the reactions of the intramural apple, head, tulub on all the impulses, vestibular sprinkles, rumors and hearsay.

Through the upper cleared slit, the okoruhovy nerve penetrates into the ochnitsa, and in the boundaries of the myazovoi line it extends into two vents - the upper and lower. The upper thin sleeve is rolled up between the upper ointment and ointment, as well as the upper band, and inner liner. The lower one, it’s more difficult to pass through the healthy nerve and go for three points - the call (from which it goes to the core to the fiber for the lower oblique meat), the middle and the internal The core carries in its fibers from the predatkovykh nuclei of the okoruha nerve. The stench is an insight into the heart and soul of the business.

The block nerve (a quarter of a pair of cranial nerves) is repaired from the ruch nucleus (dovzhina 1.5-2 mm), which is removed at the bottom of the sylvic water supply immediately behind the nucleus of the okoruhny nerve. Penetrates into the ochnitsa through the upper clearing slit laterally behind the ointment line. Innervu upper oblique m'yaz.

The external nerve (just a pair of cranial nerves) is repaired from the nucleus, which is roasted in the varolic bridge at the bottom of the rhomboid fossa. The emptying of the skull through the upper cleared slit, spreading out in the middle of the myazovaya virvi between the two lumps of the okoruhny nerve. Innervu call straight from the eye.

The facial nerve (soma pair of cranial nerves) is a storage space, to include not only ruffs, but also sensitive, relishing and secretory fibers that lie on the intermediate nerve. Remain tightly up to the facial nerve on the back of the brain, from the lateral side and back to the back.

The dvigun nerve nucleus (dovzhina 2-6 mm) was welded into the lower viddili of the varolic bridge at the bottom of the fourth shlunochka. The outward fiber enters at the end of the root to the base of the cerebrum in the cerebellopontine cuff. Let the facial nerve enter the facial canal at once pre-order... Here the stench is angry in the out-of-the-way stovbur, as far as the distance will penetrate the slinky zloza and spread on two heads, which will fake gossip. From every minute to the smallest muzzles, the nerves of the storm come in, but also the circular muffs of the eye.

The industrial nerve is to avenge the secretory fibers for the lacrimal clotting, rosted in the stovburov_ part of the brain, and through the vuzol, the colin is used to tap the great stone nerve. A biased path for the main and pre-late lacrimal valleys is to be repaired by conjunctival and nasal spines of the tricyclic nerve. There is a sense of the іnshі zones of reflex stimulation of synovial production - a sieve, anterior frontal part of the brain, basal ganglion, thalamus, hypothalamus, and a pretty sympathetic ganglion.

The level of the facial nerve can be achieved through the formation of the secretion of the lacrimal age. If it is not destroyed, in the arch is located below the vuzla kolintz, і navpaki.

The tripartite nerve (nipple of a pair of cranial nerves) is used to take revenge on sensitive, ruffy, parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers. They have nuclei (three sensitive - spinal, bridge, middle brain - and one rukhove), sensitive and rukhovoy, and also three-part vuzol (on a sensitive core).

Sensitive nerve fibers are repaired from bipolar cells of a taut three-part university with a width of 14-29 mm and up to 5-10 mm.

The axons of the three-part university will set up three heads of the three-part nerve. The skin from them is tied with the singular nerve nodes: the inner nerve - with the sinew, the upper slit - with the crylopidnebine and the lower slit - with the upper, lower-lusty and pid'yazichny.

The first head of the tricyclic nerve, being a nitonsha (2-3 mm), goes from the empty skull through the orbital cleft. When it comes to it, the nerve is divided into three main halluses: n. nasocyliaris, n. frontalis, n. lacrimalis.

Nerve nasocyliaris, rosetting at the border of myazovaya lines ochnytsi, its own chergoyu, spread to all the way to the vyykovy part and the nose of the head to the viddaє, moreover, the root to the whole university.

Dovgі vіykovі nerves in the viglyadі 3-4 thin stubburіv straight up to the posterior pole of the eye, perforate the sclera in the colony nerve and along the suprasoroidal space straight ahead at once with the short vіykovy nerves, as soon as we go through the horns. Gillets of cich gossip will become sensitive to the trophic innervation of the structures of the perilimbal conjunctiva. Reshta її її will neglect sensitive energy from palpebral gillocks of the tricyclic nerve.

On the way up to the eye, to all your nerves, adhere to the pretty nerve fibers from the gossip of the internal sleepy artery, which is how to expand the space.

Short nerves (4–6) come from a high school, which is behind the help of a sensitive, ruddy and pretty core tied with fibers of the connected nerves. It is located at a distance of 18-20 mm behind the posterior pole of the eye from the last straight line, lying in the central zone to the surface of the healthy nerve.

As long as these nerves, briefly can go to the posterior pole of the eye, puncture the sclera along the colorectal nerve, increasing in number (up to 20-30), take part in the innervations of the tissue of the eye, in the first shell of the sheath.

Dovgі and short vіykovі nerves є dzherelly sensitive (rogіvka, ryadzhka, vіyne tіlo), vasomotor and trophic enervations.

Kintsevoy nerve nerve nasociliaris є adblock nerve, which is an inner nerve in the area of ​​the root of the nose, the inner cuff of the appearance and appearance of the conjunctiva.

The frontal nerve, being the greatest nerve of the intrauterine nerve, is sent to the entrance to the intracranial nerve, two large ones - the supra-colonic nerve from the medial and lateral nerves and the supralocular nerve. The first one from them, having perforated the tarzoorbital fascias, passes through the nasopharyngeal opening of the frontal fold to the shkiri chola, and the other goes through the eyes of the inner ligament. In general, the frontal nerve provides a sensitive innervation of the middle part of the upper vein, including the conjunctiva, that shkiri chola.

The lingering nerve, having gone to the ochnitsa, goes beforehand over the lasting straight mouth of the eye and extends into two holes - the upper (larger) and lower. The upper head, being extended to the main nerve, forms the head to the lacrimal closure of the conjunctiva. A part of them is going through the passage of perforated tarzoorbital fascias and innervus in the region of the last kut, including the dialect of the upper layer.

A small lower lacrimal nerve anastomosis to the zygomatic nerve vulica, which carries secretory fibers for lacrimation.

Another head of the tripartite nerve takes care of the fate of the sensitive innervations, depriving the auxiliary organs of the eye behind the other two of their own throats - the willow and the infantile nerves. The offense and nerves emerge from the main trunk in the cryopideal pit and penetrate into the empty eye through the lower opening of the eyes.

The lumbar nerve, having escaped to the ochnitsa, pass along the furrow of the lower stink and through the lump canal to go to the lice surface. I will innervate the central part of the lower lip, the nasal groove and the mucous membrane of the upper lip, and the upper lip, the upper lip is clear, the alveolar lobes, in addition, the upper dentition.

The vaginal nerve at an empty one extends into two parts: a wilitsyuvata and a wilitsyuvata. Having walked through the connected channels in the wilderness, the stench invades the whole of the small part of the Chola and the small area of ​​the forked area.

View regional anesthesia in ophthalmic surgery:

Peribulbaric block

Retrobulbar block

Nibilsh is a popular technique of nini є peribulbar block. In a meaningful world, pushing down the retrobulbar block and giving anesthesia during eye surgery.

Preparation

1. Introduce an internal cannula for post-venous access in every non-emergency situation.

2. Conjunctival bear is sick of 1% ametocaine. The skin is injected in three drops, the procedure is repeated three times with an interval of 1 quill.

3. Take a syringe 10 ml with 5 ml 0.75% bupivacaine in sum with 5 ml of 2% lidocaine with 1: 200000 adrenaline.

4. To provide 75 units of hyaluronidase for a general diffusion of anesthetics in the middle of the orbital, so that anesthesia and podovzhuy are developed to a high level of development.

5. Press the head of 25 G into the syringe with a size of 2.5 cm.

6. Lay the sick person on his back and ask him to wonder directly at the fixed point on the stele, while his eyes were in a neutral position.

Vikonannya to the block

Make sure you need two transcon'junctival peribulbar and n'ektsii.

Nizhnyolteralna ін'єкція (Fig. 3, 4). The lower pole is brought down and the head is placed in the middle of the wall between the lateral canthus and the lateral limbus. Ін'єкція does not hurt, because vikonutsya through zelezhid zebolenu conjunctiva. The head can be inserted directly through the shkіra. The head will seep into the sagittal area, parallel to the bottom of the orbit, passing under the full apple. There is no need to give your superfluous grip, because Goal anywhere without support.

If you do, the player has passed the ekvator of the apple, it will move medially (20 °) and cranially (10 ° uphill), so it will unite the cyst orbit. Throw through the head, leave the cone (tobto 2.5 cm), you will not be on the ryvny raiduzhnoy shell. For control aspirations, 5ml of the size is injected every day. Tsyomu maє buti of the great support. Yaksho opir, then the tip of the head can be in one of the last words of the eye, and the position of the first one can be changed every now and then. During the first hour of the lower line, you can resemble an anesthetic and a swelling of the conjunctiva may appear.

After 5 sicknesses, anesthesia and anesthesia develop adequately in children with ailments, but more is needed for one more.

Medical information (Fig. 5). Such a head itself is introduced through the conjunctiva in the nasal part and straight back parallel to the medial stintsi of the orbit from a slightly cranial cut of 20 °, as long as the cone of the head does not go up to the level of the ridge shell. Oscillations of the head pass through the medical connection, it can be a necessary light grip, which can be carried out medially for a day.

For control aspiration, 5 ml of the prescribed anesthetic is injected. Then the eye is closed and the turns are fixed with plaster. Above there is a piece of gauze and a grip behind the Macintrayr oculoresor at 30 mm Hg. Yakshcho oculoresor is out of the way, carefully grip the grip with the fingers of one hand. The price is necessary for lowering the internal vise (IOP) by the way of the establishment of the intramural birth and recovery and reabsorption.

Call the block to be rated for 10 quills by the visitor.

Signs of a successful block є:

Ptosis

Visibility of the ruku or the minimal rucks of the apples in all directions (akinesia)

bіl pіd hour in іn'єktsії, rapta vrata zoru, hypotonia and hematoma of obstetric thrombus. Perforation can be unique when a protective head is inserted, it is not straight up and down the middle, as long as it is not mined.

The central penetration of the muscular aesthetics: the whole thing is summed up either by direct injections from the hard cerebral sheath, such as the outer nerve to the second one from the sclera, or in case of retrograde arterial widening. There may be diagnosed symptoms, including salting, bluing, contralateral sloughing through the infusion of anesthetics to the intersection of the healthy nerve, suddenness, impairment, neurologic symptoms, and heart failure. Call the symptoms to develop with a stretch of 5 chilines written by the author.

Oculocardial reflex is a cerebral artery, as it can be caused by traction of the eye. An effective block of the development of the oculocardiac reflex, digesting the reflex lance. However, in particular, the tissue is stretched out by the size of the anesthetic or the bleeding can be supravodzhuvatisya with the development of a reflex. Necessary monitoring is required for prompt delivery.

Atrophy of the healthy nerve. The retinal nerve and vertebral occlusion of the nerve can be caused by the direct auricular ear of the green nerve or the central artery of the nerve, which is injected into the sheath of the cerebral nerve or bleeding in the nerve sheath. The process of accelerating can lead to a small amount of waste.

Perevagi mіscevoi anesthesia in front of the room:

1. You can visit the hospital

2. Viklikak is good anesthesia and anesthesia

3. Minimal injection on the internal vice

4. Vimagaє minimal possession

Incomplete:

1. Do not go for people with ailments (children, deaf people, deaf, as not to speak my name)

2. Food is described as accelerated

3. To check the status of the anesthesiologist

4. Not suitable for singing types of operations (for example, for internal operations, dacryocystorinostomy and in.)
Full-time surgeries can be performed both before the initial anesthesia and during the surgery. At the front issue of the magazine, seen by Russia, the methods of regional anesthesia are described. The statute discusses the principle of anesthesia in ophthalmology.

General anesthesia in ophthalmic surgery should be placed in front of the anesthesiologist at a number of different workers. Ailments are often found in a kidnapped person and a tight-knit fellow sick person, especially with diabetes and arterial hypertension. The drugs, which can be used in ophthalmology, can be infused with a stretch of anesthesia. For example, drugs for the treatment of glaucoma, including the blocker timolol and phospholine iodide, which can be anticholinergic, can be used to promote succinylcholine.

The anesthesiologist is guilty of knowing the factors that are injected into the internal vise (IOP). IOP is the grip of the middle apple, which is normally between 10-20 mm Hg. Art. If a surgical operation of the internal apple (for example, visible cataracts), it is even more important to control IOP by an anesthesiologist. Pidvischennya of the internal grip must be ruined and the operations must be brought to vipadannya instead of a full-time apple with non-gated inheritance. Easier lowering of IOP, I will paint the operation. The increase in IOP is zoomed in the grip of the call, the increase in the amount of blood in the inner vessels, or the increase in the obscurity of the squalid body.

Oral nerve, III (n. Oculomotorius) - corpus nerve. The yogic nucleus is located at the anterior part of the pokrishka of the middle brain on the equal to the upper hump in the middle of the brain. The whole core is composed of five groups of clients, who are responsible for this function. Two groups, which occupy the most lateral position, establish a large lateral nucleus for the guy. The axons of the ruffled core are aligned in the main on their own and on the opposite sides until the onset of the whichever ringing of the eye: the meat, which gives the upper band (m. Levator palpebrae superioris), upper straight m. Rectus scho rukhaє very apple to the middle and to the bottom, medial straight apple to the lower oblique meat (m. obliquus inferior)

Between two parts of the lateral (main) nucleus, there are groups of other vegetative (parasympathetic) clitin-dodatkovo nucleus, where the guy should enter the nucleus of Yakubovich, as well as the innervus of an intact (smooth) internal sound. і convergence, і unpaired nucleus of Perlіa, roztashovane between nuclei Yakubovich, like іnnervu vіyny m'yaz (m. ciliaris), which regulates the configuration of the crystal, so that it’s not close to it.

The axons of the nerve cells of paired and unpaired parasympathetic nuclei end in the ganglion ciliare;

The pericular nerve overlaps the middle brain through the bottom of the fossa interpeduncularis (fossa interpeduncularis) at the upper edge of the bridge and the medial surface of the lower part of the brain and goes to the lower surface of the brain, then pass at once with the blocks, the first When the skull is empty, and it is energized, five calls and two inner muzzles of the eye.

Outside the wound of the okoruha nerve of Wiklikє:

Descent of the upper povika (ptosis), wiclican paresis or paralysis of m. levator palpebrae superioris;

Razbіzhna oblique (strabismus divergens) - for rakhunok paresis or paralychu m. rectus medialis the function of m. rectus lateralis (VI nerve) - turn the apple downward;

Doubling in the eyes (diplo-pia), to be spared when the upper habits are raised and the growths in the Russian of an object, to be looked at, in the bik of the eye,

The visibility of the convergence of the apples in the midst of the unhappiness of the fall of the eye to the middle of that mountain;

Destruction of akomodatsii (inaslіdok paralіchu vіynogo m'yaza) - ailments can not be seen an object that is located in a nearby place;

Expansion of the midriasis with the help of the nice innervations m. dilatatoris pupillae;

Vipinnya intramural apple from intramuscular fossa (exophtalmus) for rakhunok paresis or paralleling the ophthalmic mucus with sparing tone of m. orbitalis, which is pretty energetic towards the center of the cilio-spinale (Cs-Thi);

Visibility to reflex.

Damage to the reflex is explained by the exercise of his reflex arc.

Visibility of one eye to the direct (ringing of the window on the side of illumination) and back (ringing of the window of the opposite eye) of the reaction.

The pre-development of the function of the okoruchial nerve is carried out one hour after the pre-development of the functions of the block and secondary nerves. When you look around, you start to see symmetry of the face-to-face cracks, the appearance of ptosis (drooping of the upper vein), oblique bones, and to go off or to go out. We are able to reverse the appearance of the diplopia, the ruffs of the dermal apple near the top (up, down, in the middle and in the middle) and the sleeves of the apples in the middle.

The pre-development period is built up to the value of its size, form, level, as well as direct and direct response to light. With the prelude direct reaction of the zinitsa, the illumination of the eyes of the pre-sentient, brutalized by the denunciations of the light, and, by taking the hollows, amazed at the reactivity of the greenhouse, freshened up with its lobes. In case of a pre-existing social reaction, the assessment of the reaction of the light will fall as a result of the illumination of the eye.

The last reaction to the convergence with the help of the approach is carried out by the way of the last approach of the subject to the eyes, then from the distance of the object (on the other hand, it is transferred). When an object is close, one can look at it, the window sounds, when it is seen, it expands.

The loss of direct and social reaction to light while sparing a lively reaction to the convergence is called Argyll Robertson's syndrome, which is more susceptible to dorsal dryness. At the same time, there are some symptoms on the side of the brain: anisocoria, a form. In the chronic stage of epidemic encephalitis, Argyle Robertson's vertebral syndrome is indicated (safe reaction to light, albeit weakened, or at the expense of the reaction of the brain to convergence with assistance).

In case of nuclear damage, it is often the case that there is a lack of oxygen, which is explained by the growth of the cells in the cells and the results of the processes.

Block nerve, IV (n. Trochlearis) - ruchy. The core of the middle brain is located at the bottom of the middle brain on the bottom of the water supply of the middle brain on the bottom of the bottom humps. The axons of the ruffled cells are straight dorsally, there is little water supply to the middle brain, they should be poked at the upper brain, and then they cross the line. Having placed a brain stool behind the lower humps, the root of the trochlear nerve burns down to the bottom of the brain on the basis of the skull, and then at the same time from the side of the skull, the inner nerves need to be removed through the upper nerves through the upper nerves. Here the win is an innervu diniy m'yaz - the upper oblique m'yaz, so the apple is turned downward.

The nerve striation is isolated, which is introduced, but it is rare. In case of a large number of vines, strabismus (strabismus convergens) and diplopia only when looking down.

Vidvidny nerve, VI (item abducens) - ruchy. It can be carried also up to a group of nerves in the cerebellopontine kut. The yogo nucleus grows in the bottom of the upper tricycle of the rhomboid fossa in the boundaries of the lower part of the bridge, de the inner part of the facial nerve, firing the nucleus, making the face hump. The axons of the root cells of the nucleus are straight at the ventral right and, passing through the bridge of the bridge, go from the stool to the brain between the lower edge of the bridge and the pirramids to the thick brain. Then the nerve is brought in, lay on the lower surface of the brain, pass through the chilly sinus and overlap the empty skull through the upper cleared cleft (at once from III, IV pairs and the upper head V steam) and penetrate into the eyelet, deaminerve , with a fast one, the apple turns around. The dendrites of the nucleus ruff cells are in contact with the fibers of the posterior lateral bundle and the cortical-nuclear path. When the V nerve is damaged, peripheral paresis is either parallel or parallel to the direct lateral meat, which appears to be interconnected or uncomfortable.

Life of a full-time apple named. In such cases, there is a lack of obliquity and diplopia, which can help you to see how you can when you look at the side of the affected nerve. Diplopia is responsible for the great sickness. I mark the uniqueness of the vin, I will trim my head with a turned ubik, I will protivate the urazhenny m'yaz, or, if I shake my eye with my hand. Trivale twins can be supravodzhuvatisya zamorochennyam, we are sick in the area of ​​power and shia at the zvyazyznu zv'yazheni stanovishniyam head.

In case of a nuclear lesion in the pathological process, і fibers of the facial nerve are produced, so that the nucleus of the nerve is bent, so that it can be inserted, і fibers of the middle paths (section "Alternate syndromes", p. 130).

I’ll take a look. Spіvdruzhnі rukhs of real apples are filled with synchronous speedy mujazіv, so they get nervous with nerves. So, turn your eyes uphill, for example, downward after one-hour descending or when you turn your eyes on fast-paced muzzles, that two nerves, or two nerves, are nervous. The turn of the apples of the head will kill you to get behind the quickening jokes, as they are energized by the big nerve, which is brought in, and by the anti-corpus. The synchronization can be achieved by establishing a special innervascular system - the posterior lateral bundle, which ring III, IV and VI bet one with one and the same analyzer. Yogo low fibers are repaired in the nuclei of the posterior lateral bundle (Darkshevich), which is removed from the bottom of the oral end to the water supply to the middle brain. Before them, lower fibers from the lateral vestibular nucleus (Deiters) are attached. The lower fibers at the nuclei of the XI nerve end and the cytin of the anterior horny part of the spinal cord, preventing ligaments from the ruffs of the head. On their way, the lower fibers go up to the nuclei of the III, IV and VI pairs, there are links between them. In the lower vestibular nuclei - the upper and the medial - the viscous fibers are repaired, which tie the nucleus of the VI nerve to the th part of the nucleus of the protyloid okorulovy nerve, which is the inner medial straight mucosa. The nuclei of the posterior lateral bundle tie between themselves parts of the nuclei of the okorukhovy nerves, which extend beyond the turn of the eyes up and down. So take care of the narrowing of the eyes.

The innervations of the eyes are full of bark. Fibers from the rear lateral beam pass through the anterior or front lower ends of the inner capsule near the central nuclear bridge The stench ends in the nuclei of the nerve, which can be brought in (the trunk center will look). Fibers for vertical collars of the eyes go to the core of the posterior posterior bundle, which is the coordination center of the vertical glance.

Striking the posterior lateral bundle of the clean-drill center in a glance wiklikє the destruction of the eyes of the ubik, the strike (paresis chi will look parallel). Ushkozhdennya rear view of the middle frontal zivini, or shlakhiv, how to walk the stars to the posterior lateral bundle, wicked paresis, or in parallel I will look at the side of the protracted battle. In case of iterative processes in the cortex, the names of the appendages are found to be clonic-fine judgments and in the heads and in the heads, in contrast to the development of the brain. The dissection of the area, the destruction of the nucleus of the posterior lateral fascicle, the wickle-paresis of the chi is parallel to the vertical glance.

17-09-2011, 13:32

Description

The sensitive energy of the eye and the tissue of the orbit is connected to the first nerve of the tricycle nerve - the inner nerve that enters the orbit through the upper clean slit and grows into 3 horns: tear, nasal and forehead.

The lacrimal nerve is the innervator of the laxity, the appearance of the conjunctiva of the intramural apple, the lower and upper diaphragm.

The nasal nerve goes down to the vіyny university, 3-4 vіykovі vіykovі whiskers go up to the full-time apple, in the suprachoroidal space at this stench they make up a thick gossip, the whiskers that penetrate into the horn. At the edge of the horn, the stench enters at the middle viddili of the sovereign speech, which is consumed with all of his own cry. Here, the nerves to confirm the main gossip gossip. Yogo gossip on the front edge of the cordon (Bowman's) plate to form one gossip on the wall of the "quieter lancer". Stop the storm, how to go through the stars, piercing the edge of the cordon plate, to be stored on the front surface in the so-called subtle gossip, as it comes out of the gibberish, but it ends up with bright, sensitive butts in front of them.

The frontal nerve is divided into two parts: the nadochnyamkovu and the supra-block. All the gaps, anastomosed between themselves, are the inner middle and inner part of the upper section.

Viykovy, abo ciliary, vuzol of retouching from the lateral side of the healthy nerve at a distance of 10-12 mm from the posterior pole of the eye. Inodi on the green nerve, 3-4 vuzli are repaired. The warehouse of the military university includes sensitive fibers of the nasopharyngeal nerve, parasympathetic fibers of the okoruhny nerve, and the nice fibers of the gossip of the internal sleepy artery.

From the university there are 4-6 short nerves entering the inside of the apple through the back side of the sclera and without making the fabric look sensitive parasympathetic and pretty fibers. Parasympathetic fibers innervate the sphinkter of the winter and the inner mucus. The pretty fibers are blown up to the meat of the zinitsa, which expands.

The pericular nerve is the innermost part of all the straight lines of the edge of the ring, as well as the lower braid, which leads to the upper band, the sphincter of the sinus and the inner part.

The blocky nerve is the innervus of the superior oblique mucous membrane, where the nerve is inserted is called the outermost mucous membrane.

The circular muzzle of the eye is innervated by the throat of the facial nerve.

Adjacent apparatus of the eye

Before the appendage apparatus of the eye, the appendages, conjunctiva, lacrimal and laxative organisms, retrobulbarna of klitkovin are introduced.

Poviki (palpebrae)

The main function of the povik is set. Practices є foldable anatomical statements, including two sheets - shkirno-muzovy and conjunctival-cartilaginous.

The crease is thin and jumbled, it is easy to get into folds when the condition is displayed, and it can also be redistributed when it is closed. In addition to the collapse of the shkira, you can easily pull to the sides (for example, with scars, puffed up a twist or a twist). Substitution, mobility of children, building up to the knight and change of viciousness during plastic operations.

Pidshkirna klitkovina is represented by a thin and fluffy ball, fatty inclusions. In addition, here it is easy to find out bulges in case of firing processes, blood in case of injuries. In case of a serious wound, it is necessary to remember about the crumbling of the school and the possibility of the great substitution of the subject, which is hurt, in the child's cell.

M'yazov part of the capital is stored from the circular thread of the povik, the ointment, so that the upper pole, the ointment of Riolan (vuzka myazova smuzhka along the edge of the capital for the root of the roots) and Horner's ointment (from the fiber circular meat, scho ohoopyuyut a sloppy bear).

The circular muzzle of the eye folds from the palpebral and orbital bundles. Fibers of both bundles are repaired from the inner ligament of the band - a pulling fibrous horizontal strand, which is established by the mouth of the frontal appendage of the upper slit. Fibers of the palpebral and orbital part pass in arched rows. Fibers of the orbital part in the area of ​​the last kut are transferred to the first turn and set up on the outside. Circular mucus is innervated by the facial nerve.

M'yaz, scho pіdnіmaє upper povіku, is stored in 3 parts: the front part is fastened to the shkіri, the middle part is fastened to the upper edge of the cartilage, the back - to the upper crypt of the conjunctiva. Such a budova will immediately pick up all the balls of the povik. The anterior and posterior parts of the mucosa are innervated by the okorukhovy nerve, the middle sympathetic nerve.

Behind the circular ointment of the eye there is a solid tissue plate, which is called cartilage in order not to revenge the cartilaginous cells. The cartilage is given to the eyes of easy swelling, which repeats the shape of an intramural apple. At the edge of the orbital cartilage, the cartilage is bounded by the scapular tarzoorbital fascia, like the topographic boundary orbital. Before the orbit, lay a mustache, but lie behind the fascia.

In this cartilage, perpendicular to the edge of the fold, there are types of sebaceous growths-meibomies. Хні вівідні ducts go into the intermarginal space and expand along the back rib of the povіk. The secret of meibomian zalos is overflowing through the edges of the povik, the shape of a lingering stream and a direct lake in the slope, protected from the maceration, to enter the storehouse of the most basic hanging fish, where the horns are located.

The blood posture is seen from the front side with sips from the tearful artery, and from the nasal side - from the very often. I that, and іnsha є kintsevym gilkami full-time artery. Most of the buys are oversized at 2 mm from the edge. It is necessary to take care of the operative involvement and injuries, such as the growth of myadic bundles of povik. Vrahoyuchi is highly sensitive to the appearance of fabrics, but also to the smallest visualization of women during the first surgical treatment.

The appearance of venous blood from the veins of the upper intravenous vein, as there is not enough valve and anastomosis through the vein of the veins with the veins of the veins, as well as through the veins of the sinuses of the nasal cavity and the cryopidineal fossa. The upper intravenous vein through the upper slit of the eyes leaves the orbit and falls into the cavernous sinus. In such a rank, infection from the shkiri of exposing, the sinuses of the nose can be widened to the orbit in the sinus.

The regional lymphatic university of the upper part is the pre-ear lymphatic university, and the lower one is the secondary one. It is necessary to use it in case of advanced infections and metastasis of fluff.

Conjunctiva

The conjunctiva is called a thin mucous membrane, which whistles the back surface of the head and the front surface of the full-time apple right up to the horn. The conjunctiva is a mucous membrane, richly infested with vessels and nerves. It’s easy to see if it’s okay.

The conjunctiva approves a large empty space (bear) between the capital and the eye, the capillary ball of the tearful age is removed.

Medially, the conjunctival bear has the reach of the inner skin of the eye, so there is no meat and the fold of the conjunctiva (a rudimentary third wrist). Laterally, the between the conjunctival mouse is pulled for the between the outer cuff. The conjunctiva of the vicon will be seized, perturbed, trophic and bar'ernu function.

Develop 3 types of conjunctiva: conjunctiva povik, conjunctiva crypt (upper and lower) and conjunctiva of the intramural apple.

The conjunctiva is a thin and lower mucous membrane, which is stored from the superficial epithelial and glibous - pid-mucous ball. At the large ball of the conjunctiva, there are lymphoid elements and growths, among which there are slabs, so that you will not be able to use the mucin and lipids for the surface of the cake. Dodatkovі slіzniі zolozi Krause grows up near the conjunctiva of the upper crypt. The stench is caused by the persistent vibrating of the tearful birth in the wicked, not extreme minds. The disease can become flammable, which can lead to hyperplasia of lymphoid elements, malignant manifestations and malignancies (foliculosis, follicular conjunctivitis).

The conjunctiva of the povik (tun. conjunctiva palpebrarum) of the vologue, the brown-erysipelas, a little bit of a hole, it’s possible to bachiti, so that you can see the cartilage of the povik (meybomyevy zalozi). The superficial sphere of the conjunctiva of the head is whispered by the large-diameter cylindrical epithelium, at the warehouse where there is a large number of cell-like cells, which produce mucus. Normal physiological minds have a lot of slime. On the firing of cell-like cells, they react to an increase in the number and strength of the secret. In case of infarction of the conjunctiva of the capital, the cells of the cell-like cells become slimy-gnarled or become gnarly.

In the first place, life in children has a conjunctiva that is smooth throughout the day. In addition, you will be able to promote the establishment of medium-sized purchases of cell elements from the follicles, as they initiate special forms of the follicular disorders of the conjunctiva.

The improvement of the golden fabric is screwed up to the appearance of folds, the wrinkle and the day, so that the surface relief of the conjunctiva is slowed down, closer to the crypt, at the very edge of the fold, the folding becomes smooth.

Conjunctiva crypt. At the crypts (fornix conjunctivae), the capital conjunctiva is transformed into the conjunctiva of a full-time apple, the epithelium changes from a ball-shaped cylindrical to a ball-shaped flat one.

Somewhat with the largest bends in the crypt area is a large ball of conjunctiva and more bends. Here, a good development of the numerical values ​​of the solution to the other, add-on, melancholic jellies (Zalizi Krause).

From the transitional folds of the conjunctiva, the ball of fluffy klitkovini bends. It is easy to fold and manage, which allows the internal apple to get rid of the general public.

The cicatrices of the crypts of the conjunctiva line the ruins of the eye. Pukhka klіtkovina on the conjunctiva with a spri The upper conjunctival crypt is larger, lower than the lower. The depth of the first is 10-11 mm, and the other - 7-8 mm. Let the upper crypt of the conjunctiva go beyond the upper orbitopalpebral groove, and the lower crypt is located on the equal lower orbitopalpebral fold. At the upper part of the upper crypt, you can see the points of the opening, the mouth of the vivid ducts of the slop

Conjunctiva full-time apple (Conjunctiva bulbi). They have a part of the crumbling part, which curls the apple itself, and part of the area of ​​the limba, soldered with a cloth, which is suitable for use. From the limb of the conjunctiva, go to the front surface of the horn, setting up an epithelial, optically insight ball.

The genetic morphological character of the conjunctival epithelium of the sclera and zooming is possible for the transition of pathological processes from one part to the insha. It shouldn't be seen during trachomy at the cob stage, which is not very important for diagnostics.

In the conjunctiva of the intramural apple, there is little representation of adenoid apparatus of a large ball, it is not in the area of ​​horniness. Bagatosharovy flat epithelium of the conjunctiva and intramural apple is considered to be non-horny and in normal physiological minds, it preserves power. The conjunctiva of the intramural apple is nagato ryasnish, the lower conjunctiva is povik and crypt, unsettled by sensitive nerve ends (the perspiration of a friend of the threefold nerve). At the sound of the cym, hitting the conjunctival beast side til chi chimichnyh speeches of wiklikє are even more inappropriate to see. It is more significant when the conjunctivi is inflamed.

The conjunctiva of a full-time apple is tied with fabrics, which are not skipped alike. Along the periphery, especially at the top of the eye, the conjunctiva lie on a ball of fluffy cells and can be destroyed with an instrument. It’s just a matter of furnishing for the first time that plastic surgery is needed, if there is a need for a change of conjunctivi dailies.

Along the perimeter of the limba of the conjunctiva, it is fixed to reach it mintly, as long as, with significant ripples, an obscure rampart is established at this motto, which sometimes hangs over the horn.

Sudin system of the conjunctiva is a part of the zagalo-circulatory system of the eyes. The main vessels are located in a wide sphere and are represented in the main lanks of microcircular hedgehogs. Lack of intramural blood-bearing conjunctival vasculature will prevent the life of the structural components.

Behind the change of a little one of the quieter areas of the conjunctiva (conjunctival, pericorneal and of the onset of the onset), it is possible to make a differential diagnosis of ailments caused by pathological hypochondria.

The conjunctiva of an intramural apple is bloodsucked from the arterial arches of the upper and lower cortex and from the anterior arteries. The arterial arches are set up from the tearing and front gross arteries. The front vіynі of the judges є with the throat of the arteries, so that the blood of the ring of the apple is delivered. Leather artery from two front arteries. The winyat is the artery of the last straight meat, which is deprived of one front vіynu artery.

Appointments of the judges of the conjunctivi, the dzherel of the є internal artery, lie down to the system of the internal sleepy artery. However, the lateral arteries of the arteries, from which gilts can be seen, are able to preserve the part of the conjunctiva of the intramuscular apple, anastomose to the superficial skin artery, which is the sleepy artery.

The blood posture of a large part of the conjunctiva of an intramural apple is sounded like a beep, which resembles the arterial arches of the upper and lower vertex. Both arterial gaps and veins, which supervise them, set up conjunctival vertebrae, as in the view of the number of stoopers, go to the conjunctiva and scleri from both anterior folds. The anterior arteries of the scleral tissue should be blown over the area of ​​the tendon attachment straight to the ligaments right up to the lumbus. In 3-4 mm of the anterior frontal artery, they spread on the surface and perforated arteries, which penetrate through the sclera in the middle of the eye, and take part in the establishment of the great arterial cola of the ridge shell.

The superficial (rotary) arms of the anterior arteries and venous stems, which are superimposed on the anterior conjunctival vessels. The superficial conjunctival vessels and the posterior conjunctival vessels, which anastomose with them, form the superficial (subepithelial), were eaten by the conjunctival apple. At the same time, the most common are the elements of the microcircular bed of the bulbar conjunctiva.

The frontal arteries, which can be anastomosed one to one, and also the inflows of the anterior vein veins create a cola lamba edge, or a perilimbal hemorrhage.

Slіznі organi

Likewise, organizations are stored from two topographical growths for signs of types, and most of them are productive and slow-moving. Slosa viconuє zahisnu (vimiv from the conjunctival mouse of the third party, who was drunk), trophic (to live a horny, but not a little bit of power), bactericidal (to avenge nonspecific factors of the immune system - albuminous її insight and penetration to the warehouse of the root of the pot).

Slozoproductive organ.

Sl_zna zolosa (glandula lacrimalis) for anatomical budovaya, there is a great deal of flexibility to the narrow ones and to be stored from the empty tubular grooves, taken from 25-40 randomly located parts. When the lateral dilean aponeurosis of the meat is visible, it is split into two nerve parts - the orbital and palpebral, which appear one to one narrow isthmus.

The orbital part of the pars orbitalis is spread at the upper end of the internal fossa on the edge. The size should be 20-25 mm, diameter - 12-14 mm and thickness - approximately 5 mm. Behind the shape that the size of the won is a bob, which is lying down with a lumpy surface up to the eye of the lacrimal fossa. In front of the zaliza is covered with a tarzoorbital fascia, and behind it is stuck to the orbital cell. Zaliza to be flattened with semi-tissue strands stretched between the capsule and periorbita.

The orbital part of the zazvichay not to skip through the skirting, so as to be behind the cyst edge of the ochnitsa, which is hanging here. With an increase in zolozi (for example, pukhlin, napryak or omission), palpation becomes moody. The lower surface of the orbital part of the root is turned up to the aponeurosis of the muscle, which leads to the upper bead. The consistency of the oatmeal, the color of the siruvato-chervonia. The portions of the front side of the front end are closed off, below the back side, de-stinking with fatty inclusions.

3-5 vivid ducts of the orbital part of the lacrimal zone pass through the river duct of the lower lazy zone, taking in part of the vivid ducts.

Palpebralna, or vikova chastina The tears grow into the middle of the upper and lower crypts of the conjunctiva. When wyverted upper stolіttі and the turn of the eye up to the middle and down to the bottom of the lower slope in the norm is seen in the view of an insignificant appearance of the humpback mass. In the case of a fiery zoos (dacryoadenitis), there is a greater turn of vibrations here and there, as well as a depletion of frizzy fabrics. The increase in the mass of the slushy zolozi can be significant, but it is very important.

The lower slope is 2-2.5 times less than the upper slope. Set the late size to 9-10 mm, cross - 7-8 mm and thickness - 2-3 mm. The front edge of the lower sloping layer is covered with conjunctiva, which can be missed.

Parts of the lower lazy zalozi from the bottom of the bed are rickety, and the ducts get angry with a part of the ducts of the upper lazy zalos, and then they grow into the conjunctival microscope on their own. In such a rank, all є 10-15 vivid ducts of the upper and lower lazy valleys.

Vivіdnі ducts of both lazy valleys are concentrated on one small dіlyantsі. Cicatricial changes in the conjunctiva in the whole muscle (for example, with trachoma) can supervise an obliterated duct and lead to a decrease in the lacrimal ridin, which can be seen in the conjunctival microshock. Lose zalosis is gaining strength in special droplets, if there is a need for a lot (emoji, getting into the eye of a third-party agent).

In a normal station for displaying all functions, 0.4-1.0 ml. additional slips zalozi Krause (from 20 to 40) and Wolfring (3-4), embedded in the conjunctiva, especially in the upper transition fold. For an hour to sleep, the secretion is very quick to develop. Other conjunctival tears, near the boulevard conjunctiva, do not produce mucin and lipids, the necessary form of precorneal tears.

Slosa є sterile, clear, slightly puddled (pH 7.0-7.4) і often opalescent іdina, which can be stored 99% from water і about 1% from organic and inorganic parts (the main grade is sodium chloride, and also carbonates ). and magnesium, calcium sulfate and phosphate).

In case of early emotional manifestations of tears, the additional nerve impulses are removed, an excess of ridin is vibrated, as it stinks at the eyes of the tears. There is a stiffness in the loss of tears in the case of hyper- or navpaky of the state of secrecy, but not too often because of the inherited pathology of nerve conductivity or anxiety. So, the appearance of a change in the appearance of facial nerve paralysis (VII pair), especially in the number of high school; parallels of the tripartite nerve (V pair), as well as in case of deyakie wrenches and severe infectious ailments with high temperature. Chemistry, painful temperature changes of the first and other nerves of the tricular nerve, but also of the zones of the innervation - conjunctiva, the anterior appendages of the eye, mucous membrane of the nasal mucosa, dura mater of the medulla

Sl_zni zolozi may be sensitive and secretory (vegetative) energetic. Zagalny sensitivity of lacrimal villosities (to become unaware of the lacrimal nerve from the first throat of the tripartite nerve). The secretory parasympathetic impulses are delivered to the lacrimal folds by the fibers of the intermediate nerve (n. Intermedrus), which can enter the fold of the facial nerve. Nice fibers, until lazy, take the cob from the cells of the upper, pretty high school.

Slozov_dvіdnі ways.

The stench is used for the introduction of tears from the conjunctival mouse. Sloza yak organic birth will ensure the normal life and function of the anatomical devices, which will create conjunctival emptying. Vividny ducts of the head lacrimal vines emerge, as it is said, in the lateral viddil of the upper crypt of the conjunctiva, whereby a subset of the lacrimal "soul" emerges. Zvidsey slyozi razpovsyudzhuyutsya all over the conjunctival bear. The back surface of the horn and the front surface of the horn is surrounded by the capillary gap - the lacrimal strum (rivus lacrimalis). Rukhami povіk sloza move in a tearful stream right next to the inner kuta of the eye. Here there is a so-called sl_zne lake (lacus lacrimalis), surrounded by medial d'ylyankas povіtvіyu fold.

To the completely lazy two paths, lacrimal specks (punctum lacrimale), lazy tubules (canaliculi lacrimales), lacrimal bears (saccus lacrimalis), nasal duct (ductus nasolacrimalis) can be seen.

Slinky specks(Punctum lacrimale) - open the chain of the cob all over the door. Їх diameter in normі is close to 0.3 mm. Lazy points are located on the tops of small end-days, which are called lacrimal papillae (papilla lacrimalis). Remaining on the back ribs of the outer edge of both beads, the top by about 6 mm, and the bottom by 7 mm from the inner adhesions.

Lazy papillae of blackened to full-time apple and may be lazy to new, and lazy specks with a lot of blackening near the lake, on the bottom of a damp there is meat (caruncula lacrimalis). A close contact is associated with, and hence, lacrimal points with a full-time apple, a spriy of a spine of the tarsal meat, especially medial views.

Roztasovani on the tops of the lacrimal papillae, open the lead at the top of the thin tubules - upper and lower sl_zn_ canaliculi... The stench of roztashovani will rise in your capital. At the right end of the skin tubule, it grows into a short oblique vertical and horizontal part. The length of the vertical lengths of the lacrimal tubules is taken up at 1.5-2 mm. Stink perpendicularly to the edges of the pockets, and then wrap the tubules up to the nose, taking a horizontal straight line. Horizontal channels of channels can be up to 6-7 mm wide. Enlightenment of slavish channels of the same not at all. Smells often ring in the area of ​​the viginus and ampullarily widen on the cob of a horizontal dilenka. Yak and a lot of tubular apparatuses, lazy canals, mayut to Trisharov Budov. The name, the adventitious shell, is stored from the lower, thin collagen and elastic fibers. The middle meat shell is represented by a fluffy ball of bundles of smooth cells, yak, mabut, playing a singular role in regulating the education of the canals. The mucous membrane, like і conjunctiva, is whitened by a cylindrical epithelium. Such prism of lacrimal ducts is allowed for expansion (for example, with mechanical injection - introduced end probes).

Kintsev іddіls of lacrimal canaliculi, skinny, angry with each other, appear at the upper іddіl of a wide reservoir - a lacrimal bear. The girl of the lacrimal canaliculi lie on the level of the medial adhesions of the povik.

Sloppy bear(Saccus lacrimale) to become the upper, widened part of the nasal duct. Topographically, it is important to be carried out to the point of view and to be found in the medical school in the case of the glove - the hole of the teardrop. Slinky bear є with a cross-flowing tube, 10-12 mm wide and 2-3 mm wide. Yogo top end will end up slavishly, the very place is called the crypt of a tearful little bear. Straight downward, the drip sound sounds and passes at the nasal duct. The side of the sleek mink is thin and is stored in a mucous shell and in a fluffy ball. with good fabrics... The inner surface of the mucous membrane is whitewashed by a bagate-riddled cylindrical epithelium from a small number of mucous vines.

A slick little trick is located in the free tricot space, set up by small, semi-fabric structures. Medially, there is a small circle around the edges of the lacrimal fossa, in front of the edges with an internal ring and a tarsal muzzle, so that you can stick to it. Behind the tearful little bear, pass the tarzoorbital fascias, in addition to what it takes to get involved, but the tearful little bear of retouching preseptically, in front of the septum orbitale, so that the pose is empty. At the connection of the cycle, the processes of the lacrimal bead in the edge of the small give an acceleration at the tissue of the intracellular fossa, which, in the meantime, in the place of the beggars of the adhesion of the lacrimal fascial septum, which is a natural aperture for

In the area of ​​a tearful little mouse, a great and functionally important sudina, a.angularis, passes through the inner kut. Won є with a good lanka between the systems of external and internal sleepy arteries. At the inner kut of the eye, the kutova vein is formed, and then it will move into the facial vein.

Nasolacrimal duct(ductus nasolacrimalis) - naturally advanced drippy bear. Yogo dyzhina in the middle 12-15 mm, width 4 mm, the duct is rostaty in the cyst canal of the same name. Zagalny straight to the canal from top to bottom, from front to back, call from the middle. The path of the nasoscillary canal is often fallen from the width of the nasal dorsum and the pear-shaped opening of the skull.

Between the wall of the nasolacrimal duct and the outskirts of the cyst canal є there is a dense nasal hemisphere, along with the extension of the cavernous tissue of the inferior nasal concha. Ventilation is especially developed near the throat of the duct. Strengthening the blood circulation in the swelling of the swelling of the mucous membrane of the nose results in the formation of the duct and in the vykhid opening, which is transformed into the mucous membrane of the nose. Such is the manifestation of all good things at home, like a tear in the presence of a hostile undead.

The mucous sheath of the duct is whipped by a two-ball cylindrical tube, here other rods of pipes are trawled. Ignition processes, Virazka of the mucous membrane of the nasolacrimal duct can lead to the scar of that stiff ulceration.

The opening of the lateral end of the nasolacrimal canal is shaped like a liner: its opening is located at the anterior part of the lower nasal passage, protruding 3-3.5 cm from the entrance to the nis. There is a special fold above the cim opening, which is called a lacrimal fold, which represents the duplication of the mucous membrane and the transition to the ringing strum of the lazy ridin.

At the intrauterine period, the throat of the nasolacrimal duct is closed with a semi-tissue crossover, as at the time of the population it becomes wet. However, in some cases, there is a chance of overreturning, so that you can get in the wrong way for being able to see it. Zvol_kannya is blocked by development of the dacryocystiste.

Slip the line, zroshuyuchi the front surface of the eye, often viparovutsya from it, and the surplus climb at the slizne lake. Mechanism of closure of tight dressings with flashy hands. The main role in the whole process is attributed to the pump-like process of lacrimal tubules, the capillary education of such tubules in response to the infused tone of the intramural meat ball, tied to the cracked lake, to expand into the background. When the canaliculi swells up, it’s going to pop up and it’s falling into a drip. More important is the meaning of the touch of the smallest little baby, every hour of flashy ruins alternately expanding and clutching the origins of the medial link of the ring and the fast part of the house of the city's circular mine, in the name of The subsequent view from the nasolacrimal duct is seen as a result of the life of a lacrimal beetle, as well as often due to heavy forces.

The passage of the slovenly birth along the slozovyh paths in normal minds is close to 10 min. For about an hour, it will take a bit (3% collargol, or 1% fluorecein) from the lacrimal lake of the lacunae (5 minutes - tubular test) and the empty nose (5 minutes - positive test).

Dviguna innervating the organ of zoru people are realizing for the help of III, IV, VI and VII pairs of cranial nerves, sensitive - for the help of the first ( n.ophthalmicus) that is partly different ( n.maxillaris) hylok of the tripartite nerve (V pair of cranial nerves).

Oral nerve (n.oculomotoriusІІІ pair of cranial nerves) to repair from the nuclei, but to lie on the bottom of the sylvine water supply system on the level of the front pagorbiv chotiriholmia. The number of nuclei is heterogeneous and consists of two heads of warriors (right and left), which include five groups of great families ( Nuclocilomotoris), і additional dibnoklіtinnih ( nucloculomotorius accessorius) - two boys (the core of Yakubovich - Edinger - Westphal) and one unpaired (core of Perlia), roztashovany between them (Fig. 3.15). The length of the nuclei of the okoruchany nerve in the anteroposterior strand is 5-6 mm.

From the boys, large-sized nuclei (a-d), there are fibers for three straight (upper, inner and lower) and lower oblique ear muffs, as well as for two ports, and the lower straight, as well as the lower braid of the m'yazi, immediately overlap.

Fibers that enter from the paired nucleus, through the vuzol, enter the sphincter pupillae, and then come from the unpaired nucleus - through the mucus.

Behind the help of the fibers of the lateral medial bundle, the nucleus of the okoruha nerve is tied with the nuclei of the block and accessory nerves, the system of the vestibular and auditory nuclei, the nucleus of the facial nerve and the anterior horns of the spinal cord. The managers of the whole will take care of the uzgodzheni reflex reactions of the full-time apple, head, tulub on all the impulses, vestibular sprinkling, hearing and health.

Through the upper cleared slit, the okorukhovy nerve penetrates into the ochnitsa, and in the boundaries of the myazovaya virvi it ​​extends into two vents - the upper and lower. The upper firebox is flushed out between the upper straight ointment and ointment, as well as the upper band and inner liner. The lower, bigger, gilka pass through the healthy nerve and go on three lines - the inner side (from which it goes to the root to the inner node and fibers for the lower oblique meat), the middle and the inner Korinets ( radix oculomotoria) carry in sob fibers from the preatkovykh nuclei of the okoruha nerve. The smell is the first time in the house and the sphinkter of the business.

Block nerve (n.trochlearis, IV pair of cranial nerves) to be repaired from the rucous nucleus (up to 1.5-2 mm), which is removed at the bottom of the sylvic water supply immediately behind the nucleus of the okrukhovy nerve. Penetrates into the ochnitsa through the upper clearing slit laterally behind the ointment line. Inervu upper oblique mu'az.

External nerve (n.abducens, VI pair of cranial nerves) to be repaired from the nucleus, rosted in the varolic bridge at the bottom of the rhomboid fossa. The emptying of the skull through the upper cleared slit, spreading out in the middle of the myazovaya virvi between the two lumps of the okoruhny nerve. Innervu call straight from the eye.

Facial nerve ( n.facialis, n.intermediofacialis, VII pair of cranial nerves) the warehouse is undermined, so that it includes not only rukhovs, but also sensitive, relishing and secretory fibers that lie on the intermediate nerve ( n.intermedius Wrisbergi). Remain tightly up to the facial nerve on the back of the brain, from the lateral side and back to the back.

Dvigun nerve nucleus (2-6 mm long) was removed in the lower end of the varolytic bridge at the bottom of the IV lug. The outward fiber enters at the end of the root to the base of the cerebrum in the cerebellopontine cuff. Let the facial nerve enter the facial nerve at once from the front of the facial canal. Here the stench is angry in the out-of-the-way stovbur, as far as the distance will penetrate the slinky zloza and spread on two heads, which will fake gossip. plexus parotideus... From every minute to the smallest muzzles, the nerves of the storm come in, but also the circular muffs of the eye.

The industrial nerve is to avenge secretory fibers for lacrimation. The stench comes out of the lacrimal core, rosted into the stem-drill part of the brain and through the vuzol colincy ( gangl.geniculi) to indulge in the great kamyanisty nerve ( n.petrosus major).

A biased path for the main and pre-period lacrimal valleys is to be repaired by the conjunctival and nasal spines of the tricyclic nerve. There is a sense of the іnshі zones of reflex stimulation of synovial production - a sieve, anterior frontal part of the brain, basal ganglion, thalamus, hypothalamus, and a pretty sympathetic ganglion.

The level of the facial nerve can be achieved through the formation of the secretion of the lacrimal age. If it is not destroyed, in the rosette is lower gangl.geniculiі navpaki.

Extraocular joints are innervated by III, IV and VI pairs of cranial nerves.

Okorukhovy, or III cranial nerve. III nerve (n. Osіoshoїo-gish) є change and includes the ruff and parasympathetic port (Fig. 1.6).

Looking up the hill and called M. rectus superior

Looking up and down the middle of M. obliquus inferior

Rukh oka named (introduction) m. Rectus

Ruk of the eye to the middle

(Given)

Looking down that is called M. rectus inferior

Looking down and in the middle of M. obliquus superior

• - Somatic motor fibers
• - Preganglionic fibers Postganglionic fibers

Effortless straight lines, edge lateral;

lower oblique m'yaz;

m'yaz, scho pіdnіmaє upper povіku

Small. 1.6.

Dviguna port Innervation of the chotiri from the six extraocular mucous membranes of the eye and the mucous membrane, which leads to the upper band. Vegetative parasympathetic portion Innervu smooth (internal) connections of the eye.

The nucleus complex of the third cranial nerve of retractable at the middle of the brain on the rivni of the upper humps of the quadruple near the middle line, the ventral beyond the Silvian water.

The whole complex includes paired somatic arms and parasympathetic nuclei. To the parasympathetic nuclei, they are referred to: a guy with an additional nucleus (n. Oculomotorius accessorius), also called the nucleus of Yakubovich-Edinger-Westphal, and an unpaired central nucleus of Perlia, which is located in the middle between the same nuclei.

The nuclei of the okoruhovy nerve behind the fibers of the posterior lateral bundle (fasc. Longitudinalis posterior) are tied with the nuclei of the block and partial nerves, the system of vestibular and auditory nuclei, the nucleus of the facial nerve and the anterior nuclei of the spinal cord. Axons of neurons in the nuclear complex go to the ventral right, pass through the ipsilaterally vervone nucleus and go to the surface of the brain in the fossa interpeduncularis on the middle of the middle brain and the Varolic bridge at the vigoruchial nerve of the surrounding nerve.

Stovbur of the III nerve perforates the hard cerebral sheath in front of and lateral to the posterior cuneiform appendix (processus clinoideus posterior), where the lateral stems of the cavernous sinus are located and then enter the orbit through the fissura orbitalis 1.7, 1.8) (Fig.

Processus clinoideus posterior

Small. 1.7. Mystery of cranial nerve penetration on the inner base of the skull

Fissura orbitalis superior

Foramen rotundum

Foramen spinosum

Porusacusticus internus

Foramen jugulare

Canalis hypoglossalis

In the very third nerve of the lower nerve of the IV nerve, and of such lobes of the 1st nerve of the V nerve, the lacrimal nerve (n. Lacrimalis) and the frontal nerve (n. Frontalis). The nasal nerve (n. Nasociliaris) of lacerations between two glands of the III nerve (Fig. 1.9, 1.10).

N. oculomotorius N. trochlearis

N. ophthalmicus N.abducens N. maxillaris

Sinus cavernosus

Sinus sphenoidalis

Small. 1.8. Diagram of the intercourse of the cavernous sinus and other anatomical structures, spines near the frontal area (for Drake R. et al., Gray's Anatomy, 2007)

M. rectus superior

M. rectus lateralis

M. rectus inferior

M. obliquus inferior

M. obliquus superior

M. rectus medialis

Small. 1.9. The name of the eye, view of the right orbit in front

Entering the ochnitsu, the okorukhovy nerve extends into two heads. The upper head (naymensha) pass medially and over the healthy nerve (n. Opticus) and without the upper straight mucus (m. Rectus superior) and the mucus, which leads to the upper band (i.e. levator palpebrae superioris). The lower head, bigger, can be divided into three heads. First of them go from the healthy nerve to the medial direct meat (m. Rectus medialis); іnsha - to the lower straight meat of the t. rectus inferior, and the third, found, next to the lower and lateral straight meat to the lower oblique meat (m. obliquus inferior). Looks like a short stump, a short stump is a short root of a vyykovy vodka (radix oculomotoria parasympathetica), which carries preganglionic fibers to the lower part of the ciliary ganglion.

hlіyu (ganglion ciliare), from which comes post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers for m. sphincter pupillae and m. ciliaris (Fig. 1.11).

N. oculomotorius, upper head -

N. oculomotorius, lower head

Small. 1.10.

NN. ciliares longi

M. obliquus superior

M. levator palpebrae superioris

M. rectus superior

Ramus superior nervi oculomotorii

A. carotis interna

Plexus caroticus catoricus

N. oculomotorius

NN. ciliares breves

Ganglion trigeminale

M. rectus inferior

Ganglion ciliare

M. obliquus inferior

Ramus inferior nervi oculomotorii

Small. 1.11. Hilki of the okoruha nerve in the orbit, lateral view (http://www.med.yale.edu/

caim / cnerves / cn3 / cn3_1.html)

Vykovy vuzol (ganglion ciliare) is located in the upper intracellular line in the adipose cell line in the lateral infusion of the healthy nerve.

In addition, in transit through a high school, not digesting at a new age, fibers pass through the postal sensibility (nasal nerve veins from the V nerve) and nice post-ganglionic fibers from the internal sleepy gossip.

In such a rank, the rukhov somatic part of the okoruhny nerve includes a complex of ruff nuclei and axons, which store the nuclei of neurons, which are used to innervate the muscles. levator palpebrae superioris, m. rectus superior, m. rectus medialis, m. rectus inferior, m. obliquus inferior.

The parasympathetic part of the okoruchial nerve is represented by the parasympathetic nuclei, the axons of the cytin (pre-ganglionic fibers), the vykovy node and the growths of the cytoplasmic node (post-ganglionic fibers), and the spinal pupil. It seems that the skin nucleus of Yakubovich-Edinger-Westphal is to take revenge on the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, axons that go to the warehouse of the stub of the III cranial nerve, to pass at once from the lower arm and reach Axons of neurons of the ciliary ganglion (post-ganglionic fibers) create short nerves (nn. The unpaired parasympathetic nucleus of Perlia can also take revenge on the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons; The axons are shifted in the ciliary ganglion, and the growths of the ciliary ganglion innervate the ciliary ganglion. Vvazhayut, that the core of Pearl can be without mediation before the convergence of the eyes is secured.

Parasympathetic fibers, such as from the nuclei of Yakubovich-Edinger-Westphal, become an effective part of the reflex reactions of the ringing of the brain (Fig. 1.12).

At the norm of the ringing of the synchronicity it is observed: 1) in the form of direct visibility (direct reaction of the synchro light); 2) in the opinion of the visitor of the eye (spiwdruzhnya with the initial response to the light); 3) when focusing a glance at a closely spaced object (the reaction of the brain to convergence and accommodation).

The anonymous part of the reflex arc of the reaction of the light to the light is to be repaired from the flasks and sticks of the scent and is represented by fibers, which go to the warehouse of the healthy nerve, then to cross in the chiasm and go to the healthy path. Do not enter into the last part of the body, because the fibers of the partial intersection pass into the handle of the upper hump of the plate of the middle brain (brachium quadrigeminum) and end at the cells of the pretectal area (area pretectalis), which I try to milk

Yakubovich-Edinger-Westphal. Afferent fibers from the zhovtoyi plaques of the skin eye are presented in both nuclei of Yakubovich-Edinger-Westphal.

Small. 1.12.

E.J., Stewart P.A., 1998)

From the kernels of I Kubovich-Edinger-Westphal, to be repaired by the current path of the innervation of the sphinkter of the synchro, descriptions of the food (div. Fig. 1.12).

Mechanisms of the reaction of innovation to the promotion and convergence of mensh vivchenia. It is possible, when the convergence of the speed of the medial direct muses of the eye of the wickle, is stronger than the proprioceptive impulses, and it is possible to come from them, through the system of the triple nerve, to be transmitted to the parasympathetic nucleus of the 111 nerve. If you want to accept accommodations, then you will be impressed by the fact that you will be stimulated by the focusing of images of specific objects on the site, information will be sent to the center of the installation of the eye on a nearby field. The eventual path of reaction in the end bag also includes the parasympathetic fibers of the bet 111 from two sides.

The proximal part of the intracranial pathway of the III nerve from the arteriole, which goes through the upper cerebellar artery

be patient, the central throat of the posterior cerebral artery (thalamoperfary, mesencephalic paramedian and posterior villous arteries) and the posterior comorbid artery. The distal part of the intracranial artery of the III nerve will be removed from the arterioli from the cavernous part of the ICA, the zokrem - from the tentorial and lower hypophysal arteries (Fig. 1.13). Arteries to create different gaps and to establish numerical anastomoses in the neural network. Drobni judges penetrate at the perineuria and also anastomose between themselves. Хні іntsevі arterіoli pass at the ball of nerve fibers and form capillary gossip along the entire length of the nerve.

A. chorioidea anterior

A. hypophysialis inferior

Small. 1.13. Gilki internal sleepy artery (for Gilroy A.M. and spivavt., 2008)

Block, or IV cranial, nerve (n. Trochlearis) є suto rukhovim. The nucleus of the trochlear nerve (nucl. N. Trochlearis) is lagged in the pokryshtsi middle brain, and on the bottom of the lower humps of the quadruple, tobto. lower for the r_ven of the nuclei of the III nerve (Fig. 1.14).

Fibers of the trochlear nerve go to the dorsal surface of the middle cerebrum under the lower humps of the quadruple, curl the intersection, round the cerebral from the lateral side, straight up the tent of the cornsus, enter at the cavernous sinus, de-deformate at the beginning of the III. from which to pass into the orbit through the upper cleared slit, called the tendon ring of Cinna, which drains the healthy nerve. IV nerve is the upper oblique muzzle of the protolezhny eye (div. Fig. 1.9).

Up to the upper oblique m'yaz

Small. 1.14. Xid fibers of the trochlear nerve on the pivot of the middle brain

The nucleus of the trochlear nerve behind the fibers of the posterior lateral bundle (fasc. Longitudinalis posterior) is tied with the nuclei of the okoruha and partial nerves, the system of the vestibular and auditory nuclei, the nucleus of the facial nerve.

Bloodstending. The nucleus of the IV nerve will get sick with the throat of the upper cerebellar artery. Stovbur of the IV nerve is supplied with blood from the subpial arteries and the posterior lateral villous artery of the posterior cerebral artery, and on the equal upper intramedullary artery - by the blood of the name R.

The leading or the VI cranial nerve (item abducens) is essentially rukovy. Yogo one rokhovy core roztashovanie in the pokryshtsi of the Varolian bridge under the bottom of the IV pit, in the rhomboid pit (Fig. 1.15). The nerve nucleus, which is introduced, can also avenge neurons, such as through the medial lateral bundle tied with the nucleus of the okorulovy nerve, which is the inner medial straight mucosa of the contralateral eye.

Axons of the nucleus of the nerve, which lead in, go through the speech to the brain between the edges of the bridge and the pyramid of the large brain from the bulbar-bridge furrow (Fig. 1.16).

In the subarachnoid space, the VI nerve is located between the Varolian bridge and the tilted cistern, going right next to the cistern to the bridge on the side of the basilar artery. Distant from the back wedge-like outgrowth (Fig. 1.17), next to the Dorello canal, which is located under the ossified petro-wedge-like ring of the wedge-like ring of the Gruber ).

lump of the main cyst), and penetrates into the peristal sinus. In the cavernous sinus, the cranial nerve є susids from the III and IV cranial nerves, the first and other spines of the tripartite nerve, as well as from the ICA (div. Fig. 1.8). When the exit from the cavernous sinus is sent, the external nerve through the upper cleared slit to enter the ochnitsa and the innervu lateral straight mucosa of the eye, which is turned very clearly.

Small. 1.15.

Vidvidny

Small. 1.1c. Placement of the accessory nerve on the ventral surface of the head stub

brain (for Drake R. et al., Gray's Anatomy, 2007)

Straight to the course of the VI nerve in the emptying of the skull