It is possible to diagnose swelling. Diagnosis of evil puffs. Principles of diagnostics of puhlin

The use of various diagnostic methods for the necessary manifestation of the chubby process, the designated stage and the choice of tactics for the treatment of ailments, as they suffer from oncological illness. In different cases for differential diagnosis, it is necessary to carry out a study, vicarious different methods.

When planning follow-up, it is necessary for us to take care of the individual characteristics of the patient and the particularity of the disease, as well as to know the principles, the possibility of sublimation of skin methods, in order to ensure the most effective diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, the choice of the diagnostic method and tactics is one of the main components of the treatment of oncological patients, and the analysis of the results in the Crimea on nutrition about the presence of swelling is guilty of taking away information about the type of swelling, the stage of pu clinic process and progression to the pathological process of summіzhny іz urazhenim organ anatomical structures.

For the qualification and effective follow-up of the established methods of diagnostics, and, therefore, the successful examination of oncological ailments, close cooperation between oncologists, radiologists, radiologists, laboratory assistants, histologists, immunologists, physicians of functional diagnostics and others.

Doctor's consultation.

The first important step in recognizing the evil swelling is a doctor’s consultation, which is to conduct an examination of the sick person, explain the history of the development of the disease, change it for an hour (anamnesis).

Under the hour of the examination, the age of the disease is revealed (the appearance of the first symptoms of swelling), the dynamics of the growth of the swelling. These data help to recognize the visual forms of cancer: the lower lip, the skin, the mucous membrane of the mouth emptying, the swelling of the soft tissues, the milk slough. Swellings of internal organs of clear symptoms do not sound on the cob of pathological growth. Malicious growth in them often starts on the aphids of a chronic ignition process, without ulcerative symptoms. The evil puff, which has already settled down, in the I and II stages of growth is mostly painless, without clearly expressed symptoms. Alterably, taking an anamnesis allows you to suspect an ear of an evil newborn in cases of depression. Academician A.I. Savitsky, having described a number of small non-specific symptoms - "syndrome of small signs", one-hour manifestation of which in a sick person is specific for malignant swelling. Tse:

1) unmotivated weakness, swedish stiffness,
2) losing weight
3) anemia
4) mental depression.

In the fallow, in the process of localization of the Crimea, the signs are listed as other characteristic signs. For example, with bronchial cancer - dry, hacking cough, repeated atypical pneumonia; with cancer of the rectum - a little bit of an inconsistent її emptying, hibni call it thinly.

Oncologists, as if they were taking the first patient, give great importance to the accuracy of taking anamnesis. We will explain a lot of them to the anamnesis when making a diagnosis and guessing all the changes in the body’s functions in the rest of the hour. However, as for other illnesses, the anamnesis is given more than orientational data and may give respect to any organ, deeming a plump process.

When looking at the sick doctor, the plumpness or the area of transferred її localization; camp of regional and remote lymphatic nodes (shine, pahvov, pahvin). With a puffy shkіri, ruin, tongue, a glance at the afflicted plot should be carried out for help. For suspected swelling of the organs of the empty stomach, the lymph nodes of the small pelvis are obstructed. In women, obov'yazkovo it is necessary to carry out obstezhennia per vaginum (through pihva) and per rectum (through the rectum), in men - per rectum. The doctor-oncologist can carry out the follow-up on his own, or send the sick person to a gynecologist or a urologist.

X-ray methods

Radiographic obstezhennia - є the main method of rozpіznavannya puhlin legen, shlunk, torn intestines. Therefore, this method is zastosovuetsya under the hour of oncological diseases. Contemporary radiology is widely stagnant tomographic (poly) follow-up to the contrasting organ. The rest of the years have significantly increased the number of special methods of follow-up, such as angiography, bronchography, to improve the effectiveness of diagnostic findings, and more importantly at the hospital. Fluorography, especially large-frame, plays a great role in preventive surveys of the population.

X-ray obstezhennya є one of the main ones, yakі carried out with a prophylactic method. The skin has matured, a person can pass and prophylactically look at that radiography legen not more than once a day.

Mammography - Tse special x-ray obstezhennya milk ducts with a small dose of x-ray changes. Mammography helps to reveal bulges in the tissue, which is important in signing the matting, as well as other changes, which can indicate a possible development of the pilus before it can be smeared. Znіmki vykonuyutsya with singing zdavnі milk sill. Tse to fight in order to change the dose of prominence and take away the signs of the highest quality. Call for two skin tests. It is not uncommon to carry out additional surveys.

It is better to carry out obstezhennya on the 7th - 10th day from the first day of the menstrual cycle, if the chest is less painful. For women in menopause, mammography is a must at any hour of the day. As a rule, it is recommended that a skin woman after 45 years of mammography undergo a short examination.

Computed tomography. p align="justify"> Computed tomography (CT) has a special role to play among the methods that allow to take images of different parts of the human body, and the role of the standard itself. The brightness of the CT image, also, and its informativeness, depends on the physical characteristics and features of the body (width, concentration of electrons per unit mass and other powers of biological tissues), and on the energy of vicorous X-ray who is being promoted. The advantages of CT are greater than the height compared with other methods of visualization of the difference in contrast, the ability to take a large number of transverse projections in a short hour, which is especially valuable for the localization of the area, from which a tissue sample is taken not for biopsy, but also for planning surgical insertion and further radiotherapy . The use of the CT method in the case of older internal organs is the ability to take images of large plots in the later and frontal projections. This little can be podolat, vikoristovuyuchi pіd hour doslіdzhennya special contrasting speech.

Ultrasound tomography (ultrasound, sonography)

Ultrasound tomography is a highly informative follow-up method; zastosovuєtsya for the diagnosis of fluffs of the organs of the empty stomach (especially the liver, zhovchny mіkhur, the head of the subscapular slough) and the extraterrestrial expanse (nirok, supra-nipple sloughs), small pelvis (sich mіkhura, uterus and її appendages: anterior slough), thyroid ї climb .d. Pіd hour doslіdzhennya mozhe buti vykonana puncture pukhlina.

The rest of the hour with the development of modern equipment of a wide width of the nabula Doppler sonography - ultrasound investigation of the Doppler effect. With this, it became possible to directly monitor the stability of blood flow in the vessels of the organ and pathological illumination, which gives additional information about yoga life.

Oskolki ultrasonic tomography in itself is highly informative due to the simplicity and safety of investigation, it is widely used as an obov'azkovy method of investigation in cases of suspected cancer of any localization to exclude the presence of metastases in the internal and organize that for us in front of the liver.

Endoscopic method

The endoscopic method has reached the reach of modern electronics and optics and has become of paramount importance for the early diagnosis of cancer of internal localizations: the shunt, the stravokhod, the rectum, the bronchi. Endoscopic devices with fiber optics (gastroscopy, intestinoscopy, colonoscopy, bronchoscopy, etc.) allow you to accurately look at the entire mucous membrane of the internal organs, conduct a cytological examination, and in case of suspicion, take a piece of tissue for histological examination nya.

Endoscopically, you can look not only at empty organs, but also at natural empty bodies of our body - chest (pleural) empty, chervn, empty suglobs, middle dorsal and other.

Laboratory investigations.

Clinical analyses: analysis of blood, sechi, slug juice, feces necessary for the diagnosis of primary ailment. The presence of adherent blood in the cut, feces, sputum is an important symptom of malignant swelling. Іtotne significance can be established to the fact of growing anemia.

Biochemical methods of follow-up to give basic information on the hour of oncological diseases. Although specific biochemical changes in the organisms of oncological ailments have been established, with some puffiness, there are some characteristic changes. In case of disseminated cancer of the anterior cavity, a high level of acid phosphatase was found in 75% of patients (prote in localized cancer - below 20%); in case of cancer of the submucosal cavity - an increase in amylase (25%), in case of liver cancer - an increase in the hepatic fraction of the lunar phosphatase.

Great practical significance may be the manifestation of a high level of k-fetoprotein in cancer of the liver, testicle, and other teratocarcinomas; carcinoembryonic antigen - in colon cancer; chorionic gonadotropin - with chorionipitelioma of the uterus and testicle.

Biochemical tests can reveal endocrine secretion of swelling and explain rich clinical syndromes, tissue-specific or paraneoplastic endocrine activity. There is a high level of ACTH, antidiuretic, parathyroid, thyroid-stimulating, follicle-stimulating, luteotropic, melanostimulating hormone, erythropoietin; cortisol, adrenaline, norepinephrine, insulin, gastrin, serotonin, etc.

Biochemical methods allow detection of receptors of some hormones in puffer tissue (estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, corticosteroids). Such an analysis is carried out with a biopsy or a removed tumescent tissue with a frozen tissue; the result of the follow-up of the coronary half hour of the choice of juvenile tactics (for example, in case of breast cancer and others.).

The achievements of genetics and molecular biology of the remaining decades show the prospect of fundamentally new possibilities in the diagnosis and elusive malignant neoplasms. The injection of specific genetic lesions, which are at the base of the puffy growth, made it possible to reveal specific molecular markers. On the basis of rozroblyayutsya tests for early diagnosis of puffiness. Nin was formed a slab of direct samples of molecular tests for oncology. The diagnostic methods themselves can still undergo clinical trials.

Cyto-histological methods

cytological method doslіdzhennya otrimav deserved recognition that broadness. Simplicity and accessibility of yoga in polyclinic settings, and smut - reliability allow, in rich ways, to recognize the early forms of the evil process. First of all, stasis in the diagnosis of cervical cancer. In smears of the walls of the penis, cancerous cells were revealed. In this hour, the cytological method is widely used in case of advanced sputum ailments with suspected bronchial cancer, leg, vision from the nipple of the breast and punctate from the swelling, which makes it possible to make a diagnosis of breast cancer more early. Follow-up of the washing waters of the drain, the sections help to establish an accurate diagnosis. In cases of suspected cancer of the tongue, lower lip, or upper lip, the diagnosis can be made at an early stage if there is no cytological follow-up of the disease.

Biopsy - Vysіchennya or throwing off a piece of fluff or pidozrilo on the fluff of fabric for histological follow-up. It becomes total, if the whole plump vuzol or suspected of metastasis, the lymphatic vuzol can be seen all over the place. Just for further investigation, there is only a little bit of fluff that is suspected to be on the fluff of tissue - this is an incisive biopsy. Biopsy first in the world of virobiv 1875 the founder of pathological anatomy in Russia M. M. Rudnev. Biopsy is widely used in oncological settings as one of the most reliable diagnostic methods. Biopsy is widely used in polyclinic settings for endoscopic examinations of the rectum and colon, cervix and other organs. If the material is taken away, it is transferred to the pathoanatomical examination, or it is victorious (for the term histological follow-up) or it is buried in the fixation of the motherland, which means that the biopsy material is straight after one hour. As a material for histological follow-up, the biopsy is called a puncture biopsy. In the oncology rooms, the outpatient clinics of the puncture biopsy vibrate with a thin injectable throat. At the same time, 1-2 and more cytological smears are prepared from the material taken by the path of aspiration, as a direct route to the clinical laboratory to the cytologist.

In case of suspected melanoma, tanning of pigmented patches or pigmented warts, biopsy, as a rule, is contraindicated.

Innovative methods of diagnostics based on the latest achievements of science in the field of industrial, magnetic and nuclear physics

Radioisotope diagnostics. In oncological practice, the method of scanning organs in cases of suspected puffer lesion (primary metastatic) is being developed. The method of contact beta-radiometry of vicorista is used in the diagnosis of melanomas of the skin, with superficially spreading puffs of the milk follicle, with Paget's disease.

Radionuclide methods. Radionuclide methods are even more promising (they may interfere with the formation of puddly-specific antibody markers). In this hour, for diagnostics, scintigraphy of skeletal bones, brain, legenivs should be performed; to characterize the functional state - scintigraphy of nirok, liver.

Radioimmunological follow-up based on the analysis of monoclonal antibodies in the remaining tissues, which allows to reveal a rich variety of puffs at the early stages of the development of the process, if the puffs are small. Tests for the detection of antibodies specific for the song type of puffs allow the most effective solution to the problem of low contrast between tissues of similar thickness, which is characteristic of the most significant X-ray findings.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - the method of capturing images, induced by a signal of nuclear magnetic resonance. The principle of vidmіnnіstya MRI CT I, they are, the marti vimyryuvan, the nuclei of the nuclei of the singing type, the vidile ethmus, the yak for KT - Khefizynta Zaglinnnya Renteniyuvanni Rihiznimi tissue tissue us. Clinical application of the MRI method is beneficial for the growth of the spacey distribution of the nuclei of water, phosphorus and other elements in the human body. The main value, which is registered in the MR-documented, is the influence of magnetic nuclei on the influx of a changing magnetic field, which is deposited in the density of nuclei and other parameters specific to the skin of the body.

Advantages of MRI: the method allows reaching exclusively high tissue contrast, taking in the course of one follow-up image in all anatomical projections, developing dynamic processes, covering biological tissues (blood, liquor, sciatica, gums) ), as well as zavdyaki zastosuvannu contrasting speeches accurately distinguish the peritumoral swelling and the damp puff. Before the short MRI, it is necessary to close the temple (not only in Ukraine, but in the whole world) the variability of the research, as well as the impossibility of doing it due to the presence of ferromagnetic implants in the patient.

NMR spectroscopy in vivo The history of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was developed from the beginning of the 40s of the last century, the fundamental physical phenomenon - magnetic resonance. For ten years, rich aspects of yoga development were connected with previous authorities and structures of various chemical speeches. The improvement of the technology of the advancement expanded the number of developments from the NMR studies and allowed to add to the folded objects, to develop the structure of biomolecules and yogo functions in the organism only on the level of clitin.
Otriman's in vivo biochemical information, which characterizes the level of energy security of cells and the peculiarity of metabolism in seeing the difference of any biological tissue, allows the oncologist to take into account the value of the vein (which supplements the data of MRI- research) about the presence of that type of swelling, steps and malice and preservation of organs systems. Metabolic information is especially significant, which is taken into account in case of dynamic follow-up of patients with oncopathology: it gives the possibility to gradually assess the effectiveness of treatment, adjusting the dose of the drug or promenov injection, fixing ttєvі or vіddalenі reactions to therapy.
Among the rich clinical additions to the MRS method, it is the most likely to reach the end of patients with brain swelling.

Positron emission tomography (PET) є Vignatkovo effective method of clinical follow-up of patients with oncopathology; in the rest of the decade, it was widened to a wide extent due to the development and technical improvement of fittings, which were recognized for the completion of the whole body. PET allows you to take away unique information about the metabolic activity of puhlins and changes in metabolism, indications for therapy, which should be carried out. For the speed and intensity of the accumulation of metabolites and special medicinal preparations, it is possible to judge the biological features of the puffy tissue in the porous tissue with the intact tissue, and also - especially valuable for oncology - the assessment to make the efficiency of the investigation and to make a forecast of a further interruption of the process.

Thermography. The creation for the help of a special apparatus, sensitive to infrared (thermal) vibration, the body of a person, with different colors, the wooden decks with different temperatures are displayed. Thermographic examination of milk diseases allows diagnosing cancer in 80-87% of cases. Increased thermographic follow-up with X-ray increases the accuracy of diagnosis in terms of localization up to 99%. Thermographically proven effective in diagnosing cancer of the thyroid gland, with melanoma.

Visnovok.

Development of modern methods in laboratory diagnostics, including immunological, the creation of new contrast speech for CG and MRI, and new preparations and methods for PET, single-photon emission tomography in vivo, MRS - a price stage for the development of methods for diagnosing and treating oncosis ahvoryuvan. Zavdyaky fully developed methods of diagnostics, directing to the manifestation of swelling and the change of metabolic processes in the body under the swelling of the swelling, it will take an hour to get rid of the diagnostic procedures, so it is possible to carry out on an outpatient basis. The use of modern diagnostic methods does not change the value of histological findings. Only an analysis of the totality of data, otrimanih z different methods of diagnostics, combining the correct interpretation of the results in order to achieve an effective examination.

Entry

The use of various diagnostic methods is necessary to reveal the chubby process, which is determined by the stage and the choice of tactics for the treatment of ailments, as they suffer from oncological illness. In different cases for differential diagnosis, it is necessary to carry out a study, vicarious different methods. When planning follow-up, it is necessary for us to take care of the individual characteristics of the patient and the particularity of the illness, as well as to know the principles, the possibility of sublimation of skin methods, in order to ensure the most effective diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, the choice of the method of diagnosis and tactics is followed up as one of the main components of the treatment of oncological patients, and the analysis of the results in the Crimea on nutrition about the presence of swelling is guilty of taking away information about the type of swelling, the stage of pu clinic process and progression to the pathological process of summіzhny іz urazhenim organ anatomical structures. For the qualification and effective follow-up of the established methods of diagnostics, and hence the successful examination of oncological ailments, close cooperation between oncologists, radiologists, radiologists, laboratory assistants, histologists, immunologists, physicians of functional diagnostics and others.

Doctor's consultation

1) unmotivated weakness, swedish stiffness,

2) losing weight

3) anemia

4) mental depression.

X-ray methods

Radiographic obstezhennia - є the main method of recognition in case of puffiness of the leg, sluice, larynx. Therefore, this method is zastosovuetsya under the hour of oncological diseases. Contemporary radiology is widely stagnant tomographic (poly) follow-up to the contrasting organ. The rest of the years have significantly increased the number of special methods of follow-up, such as angiography, bronchography, to improve the effectiveness of diagnostic findings, and more importantly at the hospital. Fluorography, especially large-frame, plays a great role in preventive surveys of the population.

Mammography is the purpose of special x-ray obstezhennia of the milk duct with a small dose of x-ray changes. Mammography helps to reveal bulges in the tissue, which is important in signing the matting, and also other changes, which can indicate a possible development of the pilus before it can be smeared. Znіmki vykonuyutsya with singing zdavnі milk sill. You need to fight in order to change the dose of the drug and take away the signs of the highest quality. Call for two skin tests. It is not uncommon to carry out additional surveys.

Computed tomography. p align="justify"> Computed tomography (CT) has a special role to play among the methods that allow to take images of different parts of the human body, and the role of the standard itself. The brightness of the CT image, also, and its informativeness, depends on the physical characteristics and features of the body (width, concentration of electrons per unit mass and other powers of biological tissues), and on the energy of vicorous X-ray who is being promoted. The advantages of CT are greater than the height compared with other methods of visualization of the difference in contrast, the ability to take a large number of transverse projections in a short hour, which is especially valuable for the localization of the area, from which a tissue sample is taken not for biopsy, but also for planning surgical insertion and further radiotherapy . The use of the CT method in the case of older internal organs is the ability to take images of large plots in the later and frontal projections. This little can be podolat, vikoristovuyuchi pіd hour doslіdzhennya special contrasting speech.

Ultrasound tomography (ultrasound, sonography)

Endoscopic method

Endoscopically, you can look not only at empty organs, but also at natural empty bodies of our body - chest (pleural) empty, chervn, empty suglobs, middle dorsal and other.

Laboratory studies

Cancer is called sickness, when some part of healthy cells are transformed into cells with lifeless ones, or those that do not beat their roles and functions. In another case, there may be cells with modified DNA. In addition, naskіlki subtly diagnoses, lie down and the effectiveness of the treatment of cancer. In foreign clinics, there is a risk of incorrect diagnosis of diseases up to a minimum of using innovative technologies in oncological diagnostics.

How is cancer established?

Start the body utilizing the changes of cells itself, but more and more often there are depressions, if the number of such cells is too large, so that the body has utilized yoga without harm to health. The number of such clitins is less likely to increase from time to time, and swells appear, otherwise show. fuck usogo close to 200 different types of cancer looking at all possible factors: I will develop the form, I will develop the space, etc.

How to fight against oncology?

Folk medicine rozpovidaє that show over a hundred different methods of fighting against this disease. All of them talk about miracles of healing, but, calling on everything, the stench of everything is contrived and there is no small space for truth. The most effective methods can be called methods, which are actively used in medicine at any time, especially abroad. Before them, the method of extortion for additional radiosurgery and interchange therapy is introduced.

Methods for diagnosing cancer abroad

Analysis for tumor markers

The analysis for oncomarkers allows revealing a malignant neoplasm at the early stages, if there are no specific symptoms and the puffer is not visible visually.

Main oncomarkers:

Marker	Norma (upper cordon)	type of raku
SA-125	35 MO/ml	Ovarian cancer
SA-15-3	30 OD/ml	Breast cancer
SA-19-9	10 OD/ml	Cancer of the organs of the mucosal-intestinal tract
SA-242	30 MO/ml	Cancer of the organs of the mucosal-intestinal tract
SA-72-4	-	SKT carcinoma, breast cancer, Ovarian cancer
AFP	10 IU / ml (for example, vagity up to 250 IU / ml)	testicular cancer, teratoma, Metastases in the liver
HE4	70 pmol/l-140 pmol/l in postmenopausal women	Ovarian cancer at an early stage
SCC	2.5 ng/l	Squamous cell carcinoma
PSA	2.5 ng/ml up to 40 years, 4 ng/ml after 50 years	Cancer of the anterior fold
REA	5 ng/ml	ovarian cancer, Uterine cancer, breast cancer, cancer of legends

To obtain detailed information about methods of diagnosing cancer, fill out the contact form.

Genetic analyzes

Varto signify that genetic analyzes are carried out like healthy people, so we are already sick. Such analyzes show the possibility of contracting cancer, the ability of the body to mutate.

Active women, if they know about the presence of such a gene in themselves, carry out a prophylactic mastectomy. Wanting a hundred hundred guarantees not to fall ill with breast cancer, we do not give such a radical approach.

Radiography

At present, the X-ray procedure is standard. Ale іsnuyut folded methods of conducting radiography.

Bronchography

Danish type of diagnosis of indications for the diagnosis of cancer of the legenia or the monitoring of postoperative changes. In legends under general anesthesia, contrast speech is introduced and then a number of x-ray signs are tested. The technique is actively zastosovuetsya at.

Angiography

Angiography is the same type of X-ray obstezhennya. appointments for the courtship of courts from the contrasting speech. For the help of angiography, you can succumb to the vessel's merezh of plumpness, which also helps for various types of lunacy.

Mammography

Mammography is a standard procedure in the modern world for preventive examinations of women. Also zastosovuetsya for more accurate diagnosis of breast cancer. The procedure is carried out when the breasts are squeezed tightly, in order to avoid misinterpretation.

Magnetic resonance imaging

MRI is used to capture a picture of a normally infected organ and to show the presence of swelling. Іsnuє anonymous different methods of MRI:

MR-scopy
functional MRI
MR perfusion

Scintigraphy

Scintigraphy of the isotope of the cysts is detected as a sign of metastasis in them. It is also possible to carry out scintigraphy to determine the success of curative procedures in case of cyst swelling and metastases.

Endoscopic follow-up

Endoscopy is reserved for emptying empty organs. The doctor can help you with additional special outbuildings that you need. It is also possible to document a doctor for additional help, photo and video equipment, digital technologies. It is also possible to take biological material of transferred chaff for analysis.

Gastro-oncology is stuck with:

esophagoscopy,
gastroscopy,
duodenoscopy,
colonoscopy,
rectoromanosconia.

In pulmonary oncology, there are:

bronchoscopy,
thoracoscopy.

In oncourology, there are:

cystoscopy,
ureteroscopy,
nephroscopy.

In oncogynecology, there are:

colposcopy,
hysteroscopy

PET-CT

PET-CT allows visualization of processes in the body on the molecular level. often zastosovuєtsya manifestation of metastases in cancer for accurate diagnosis, for example, accurately determine the stage of illness, and the breadth is not greater than the organ of yoga. Positron emission tomography makes it possible to more accurately determine the work that should be carried out during surgical intervention.

Biopsy

Biopsy - the purpose of taking tissue from the transferred swelling for histological and cytological follow-up of the material. The biopsy is considered by the most safe, but by the most accurate method of investigating the evil puffs.

Variety of diagnostics of cancer abroad

Guidelines for the diagnosis of cancer abroad:

Viglyad obstezhennya	USD price
Oncologist's consultation
Biochemical blood test	type 50 to 824
Blood test for tumor markers
Genetic analyzes	ID 187 to 4298
Radiography	ID 89 to 245
	ID 189 until 2014
Scintigraphy	date 189 to 1689
Endoscopic follow-up	ID 2234 to 3245
	ID 478 to 4043
	ID 276 to 4763

Methods of healing cancer beyond the cordon

After the sign of cancer, that type of appointment comes an hour before a specific choice of method, how to fight with oncology. Before them you can see:

Surgical method . Vіn polagaє at the bezperedny vydalnі pukhlini. This method is one of the most safe and rude, does not allow you to remove swell from important areas.
Radiotherapy . Vykoristannya radiotherapy pojazhy vplivy radiatsionnyh changes on the DNA of cancerous cells. This method is the most safe for immunity, but after an hour you can reduce it, changing it by adding it to immunity.
Chemotherapy . Chemotherapeutic methods of treatment of cancer are called methods of treatment of cancer with the use of medical cytotoxic effects that damage the skin of cancer cells. New cytotoxic speeches are constantly being developed there for the sake of perfection.
Transplantation of the cystic brain .Transplantation of the cystic brain may be necessary in case of oncohematology examination.
Immunotherapy . Immunotherapy can be recognized at some stage of the treatment of oncological diseases to that it will replace the influx of a few other methods, especially radiological ones.

Novelties in oncology periodically expand the list, but the main part of the active ones is re-insurance. The stench is still victorious in modern medicine in the treatment of cancer. It is important that, according to the chosen method of diagnostics, lie down and pidsumkov.

>> cancerous diseases

Oncological illnesses (bulls) sit one of the first places in the structure of mortality of the population (another place after heart and vascular illnesses). In the rest of the hour, there is a trend towards an increase in illness on oncological diseases. Early diagnosisє the most important moment in the delightful type of illness. Unfortunately, a large number of ailments turn to the doctor, if the plump has passed to the stage of development, the prognosis of such is even more unfriendly. Navpaki, in case of early diagnosis of oncological diseases, the chances of getting dressed are great and adequately exalted in the majority of cases, ending with more cases of sickness.

More fluff can look like a clinical picture. The main point of the initial development of symptoms is not the histological belonging of the swelling, but the place of localization in the body and the type of growth of the swelling.

Below, we look at the widest range of puffs and the principles of their diagnostics.

The term puhlina denotes a pathological state, which is characterized by the dentures of the cavity of a pathological growth. The cells of the swelling gain control over the processes of proliferation (reproduction) and differentiation and begin to uncontrollably proliferate. Under the medical term, cancer is understood as an evil puff that has grown from the epithelial tissue. Often the term cancer is used to refer to tumors of non-epithelial growth, which is incorrect.

Vidpovidno to the simplest classification of downs, we distinguish between two main types of downs: good and evil. Dobroyakіsnі puhliny are characterized by povіlny growth and іdsutnіstyu metastasis (medium expansion of puffy growth). Evil fluffs in deyakih vipadki can be seen as a life stage development of benign fluffs, on some cells nabula buildings of rapid growth, multiplication of that migration from the strum of lymph and blood. Evil swellings are characterized by dry and aggressive growths, as well as metastases in distant organs and lymph nodes.

Principles of diagnostics of puhlin

Diagnosis of swelling, as if it were some other illness, begins with the collection of anamnestic data and a casual look at the sick person. Taking an anamnesis may be on the basis of the reasons for the death of a sick person to a doctor, the main sickness, the moment the disease appears and that evolution from the moment it appears until the moment of transformation to a doctor.

In the diagnosis of oncological diseases, an important place may be clear for the diagnosis of sickness. It should be noted that in some cases of illness, they can suspect the presence of swelling and go to the doctor for the first appearance of symptoms. Symptomatology of puhlins, as it was already guessed more, to lie down in the place of their growth and that type of growth.

The fluffy skins are easier to recognize. Often the first symptoms of malignancy and change in color and structure of the old mole or pigment patches, the appearance of an intensification of the red demarcation line along the periphery of the light, the resolution of the veins that do not burn. With the appearance of such symptoms, one should turn negligently to the doctor and not get used to the daily visits of self-admiration.

Dobroyakіsnі vnutrishnopukhliny characterized by poіlnim growth and often can develop asymptomatically. Rarely at the reach of plump significant growths, symptoms of pressure on adjacent organs develop. So, for example, with good-natured puffs of the uterus, constipation and disruption of the secho-discharge can appear, as a result of compression of the rectum and the sciatica. In humans, prostate adenoma also manifests itself as a disruption of the sechovipropulsion. In cancer of the leg, the main symptom may be a persistent cough (after compression of the swollen bronchi).

Often, puffer can manifest itself in the appearance of an indentation that is palpated (milk blister, enlarged lymph nodes with lymphoma and other). As a method of early diagnosis, it is recommended to conduct an independent examination and palpation of the mammary glands (for women) and lymph nodes. When a stable lesion is revealed, the next step is to turn to the doctor for a complex diagnosis.

Intestinal swellings (tovstii intestines) and sich michur often appear in the form of bleeding. As a rule, bleeding occurs spontaneously for no apparent reason and is not accompanied by signs of inflammation. When exposed in the sect or feces, it is necessary to turn to the doctor with fresh blood. Bleeding is typical for evil puffs that break up. In such a rank, being respectful, the patient can independently recognize the first signs of swelling and turn to the doctor to accept early diagnosis, thereby gaining the best chance for dressing.

After the recognition of the symptoms of the patient, the patient should pass to the sight of the sick person. A deep glance sounds a little informative. At the early stages of oncological illnesses, it is possible to indicate the loss of the patient's eyelids. The appearance of enlarged lymphatic nodes is a sign of the expansion of the swelling.

For a higher level of comfort, use special methods to look around. For oncological diseases of the female organs, a gynecological examination is especially effective in diagnosing cervical swelling. Swelling of the anterior fold can be revealed in the case of digital prostatitis. Before obov'yazkіv likarya be-yakoy spet_alіzatsії include the recognition of the puffy process and the direction of the sick to the oncologist.

Diagnosis of puddling leads to serious obstructions, so if puddling is suspected after the first stage of diagnosis, the results are low. In the diagnosis of oncological diseases of a wide stasis, the method of visualization of swelling has been developed. The most simple method is the X-ray obstezhennya, the building to reveal the swelling of various organs. When on the X-ray image, the plumpness itself does not show up, the proteolytic agent can admit the appearance of a puffy process of changing the structure and mass of the organs on the image (for example, the replacement of the organs in the middle wall). To improve the information content, use the method of contrasting, in case of any empty organ that needs to be injected with contrasting speech (for the maintenance of the mucosal-intestinal tract, call vicorist dependence on barium sulfate). Perebuvayuschie at an empty organ, contrasting speech helps to better look at the internal structure of the organ. For obviousness in the enlightenment of the organ of volumetric illumination (swelling), on the X-ray image, a defect in the surface is visible, so that the place is occupied by a puffy contrast, which is visible. Radiological obstezhennya zastosovat also for the search for metastases in the bones and internal organs. Computed tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance are more thorough and informative, less radiological research. These methods make it possible to capture spherical images of various body parts and with great accuracy show insignificant changes in the structure of internal organs. The processing of information for the help of special computer programs allows you to model a large image of the organ and accurately determine the position and expansion of the swelling and її extension to the vascular organs.

Ultrasound follow-up is often vicorous for early diagnosis of swelling of the internal organs. With the aid of ultrasound, one can easily detect the presence of a large amount of the liver, nirka, sich mikhura, uterus, ovaries, etc.

Regardless of the high informativeness of the described methods, only on their basis it is not possible to establish an accurate diagnosis of swelling. Accurate diagnosis of swelling may be based on the degree of histological belonging of the swelling and the stage of differentiation of tissue (the remaining criterion is important for the prediction of the tactics of treating the illness). To conduct a histological analysis, a sampling of the tissue is carried out. Most of the parkan fabrics are kept for further assistance for minimally invasive operations. Possibility of taking fabrics for additional fibroscopy (swelling of the drain, intestines, sieve michur), puncture with aspiration (swelling of lymph nodes, swelling of the liver) or an hour of surgical insertion.

Data of histological investigation help to differentiate right swelling from general processes of non-swelling nature (productive inflammation, anomalies of development). Determination of the histological belonging of the swell is necessary to assign the organ of the swell to the organ. If the type of tissue of the swell does not match the histological structure of the organ in which the swell is spun, then it must be proved that the swell is given by metastasis. Good-natured swellings, as a rule, are highly differentiated (their structure is already similar to the structure of the swelling tissue that gave rise to the cob). Evil puffiness, navpaki, low differentiation. The indication in the preparation of swelling of weakly differentiated tissues due to pronounced cellular atypia is a direct sign of malignant swelling.

The rest of the hour for the diagnosis of puddling began to victorize biochemical and immunological tests, directing to the appointment of puddling antigens and anti-puddling antibodies. The development of these methods in the future will allow the development of specific diagnostics of puffiness at the early stages of development.

Bibliography:

Diagnosis and Likuvannya Pukhlin, St. Petersburg. NDI Oncology named after. N. N. Petrova, 1997
Rottenberg V.I. Pathological and anatomical diagnostics of puhlin people, 1993
Kozhevnikov S.Yu. Diagnosis of evil puffs, St. Petersburg. : Hippocrates, 1994

The site provides additional information, including for reference. It is necessary to go through the diagnosis of that likuvannya ill under the supervision of a fahіvtsya. Usі drugs and mayut contraindications. Consultation fahіvtsya є obov'yazkovaya!

General principles of diagnostics of malignant puffs- In the fundamental principles of diagnosing evil puffs, there are 2 main tasks: revealing the puffy process and defining its wideness, the remaining may be important for the selection of an adequate current method of puffiness.

The main thing in this hour is the establishment of the diagnosis of yakomoga swelling in a more early stage (I - II), which allows us to establish a modern method of exchange and surgical treatment in a complete manner.

Establishing the diagnosis of swelling in the early stage is a collapsible, albeit more complex, process with timely tastosuvanni zabiv and methods of early diagnosis.

In the most important ailments, the fluff develops on the basis of damaged metabolic processes, although it is corrected by the mechanisms of attachment that are present in the body, the protea cannot pass unnoticed and show different symptoms. Knowing such symptoms allows one to immediately suspect the presence of an evil process, and the development of objective methods for follow-up ensures the possibility of confirming such a suspicion.

The preclinical stages of the process can be revealed during preventive examinations with different current methods of follow-up: with mass preventive examinations at enterprises, with a glance at the quiet, who turned back to the clinic (at the examination rooms), with the burial of glances. the presence of oncological illnesses in the OSIB, as if they are being treated for inpatient treatment of other illnesses. Tse - active manifestation. Varying that oncological disease can lead to the oncology of the disease without pronounced symptoms, it is necessary to overcome the criteria that allow you to choose the exceptions, which will require special methods of investigation, for the establishment of a diagnosis for the evil new creation. Oncological vigilance of goiters is known to doctors and remembers early symptoms of cancer of different localizations, it is good to take an anamnesis, to fix obov'yazkovy methods of follow-up for the least suspected cancer.

The next thing to note is that the cancer of that organ is asymptomatic. In case of certain localizations (shkir, empty mouth, milk rash, swelling of the soft tissues of the jacket and other), the appearance of the swelling will obumovlyu tі chi іnshі anatomical damage: vuzol, narrowing, virazka and іn. For more internal localizations (lung, stravochid, slug, rectum, uterus, etc.), the symptomatology is also clearly described and although it is not pathognomonic, the proteo allows suspecting the presence of a malignant neoplasm Jennya and carry out additional investigations in order to clarify the diagnosis.

For which doctor, be it a specialty, he is guilty of a number of positions, as if they allow tragic pardons to go away.

Bring oncological alertness. This, obviously, does not mean that the skin, who turned for help to the ailing, should be diagnosed with cancer. However, it is necessary to remember that it is the least to shy away the pardons of doctors, how to remember that ills have cancer after 40 fates and the most common illnesses, that if the diagnosis is not clear - think about cancer, and with the least suspicion, persh lower the diagnosis of an evil newborn, it is necessary to zastosuvat obov'yazkovі methods and doslіdzhennya, yakі dosit clearly marked in clinical oncology.
Before obov'yazykovyh methods in Denmark, there is such a complex of methods available for testing in the CRL, which will ensure the possibility of making a diagnosis in most patients. For example, in case of scars for dysphagia, fluoroscopy and grace of the stravokhod and esophagoscopy were performed. In case of scars on the disruption of the act of defecation and the appearance of mucus and blood in the feces, it is necessary to conduct a digital examination of the rectum and sigmoidoscopy, for the presence of increased lymph nodes - a puncture and a biopsy with cytological and histological reports ijennyam that іn.
Vivchennya of the anamnestic tributes and the scarg of the ailing.
The development of a malignant neoplasm does not go away without symptoms and induces swelling on aphids of precancerous stages, which was established earlier, to introduce new symptoms into the symptoms. The appearance of "plus-tissue" or її disintegration from a sudden call for a sick reflex (cough, vomit) or the end of pathological visions from the house of blood.
Analyzing the data of anamnesis and sickness, the doctor is guilty of remembering the typical symptom complex that characterizes the deterioration of the functional state of another organ. Thus, the triad (cough, blood in the sputum, pain in the breasts) or scurvy (scargi plus fever) is characteristic of legenia cancer; small syndrome is a sign of dyspepsia - for cancer of the sac, disruption of the act of defecation, mucus and blood in feces - with the development of cancer of the rectum; pathological vision of psyhvi - with puffiness of the female genitals and in.
For the slightest suspicion of the presence of a malignant process, in any case, do not recommend dynamic vigilance or trial treatment, until there have been carried out general diagnostic methods, which in this hour have been made recommended by clinical oncology.

For skin localization, a complex of obov'yaskovyh ob'ektivnyh ob'ektivnyh methods podslіdzhennya appointments, available for carrying out dolzhnja at TsRL and other great likuvalnye pledges and allows to establish or diagnose cancer in most ailments.

Great value for the hour of establishing the diagnosis may correctly performed palpation; especially in cases of obstructed milk ulcers, lymphatic nodes (accessible to palpation), digital rectal or prostate tract, bimanual pelvic organ tract and other. the biopsy material should be assured of the reliability of the diagnosis.

Endoscopic follow-up. In this hour, practically all empty organs can be subject to endoscopic follow-up. Perform laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, esophagoscopy, gastroscopy and duodenoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, colposcopy and cervicoscopy to examine the cervix and uterine canal, cystoscopy.

The order of cym in oncological practice of endoscopic examination is also to examine the empty stomach - peritoneoscopy. In connection with advanced endoscopic equipment, fiber optics, in the process of follow-up, an inspection, photo and film documentation, collection of material for cytological and histological examination, which is important, but not often, is carried out Crazy value for differential diagnosis of illness.

The achievements of cytology allow, according to the character, instead of in the worms, to determine the histological structure of the swelling, which may not only be important for establishing the diagnosis of the swelling, but it can also give an additional help in choosing the method of treatment. Endoscopic studies in the diagnosis of malignant puffiness occupied a lot of space among other methods, chim and reasoning the order of the Ministry of Health No. 1164 on 10/XII 1976 preventive guidelines of the Ministry of Health".

The order is passed on to the organization of endoscopic departments and rooms equipped with modern endoscopic equipment, preparation of facsimiles, building security, and see endoscopic services.

The technique of endoscopic findings in the cutaneous fold, fallow in the localization of the process, may have its own peculiarities; the crucial moment is to ensure the maximum safety of the follow-up, pain-free conduct, to complete the review of the visual organ, the purpose of collecting the material for cytological and histological follow-up. This can be done in the same way, if endoscopic examinations are carried out in own endoscopic rooms, provided with modern endoscopic equipment, and are trained by trained personnel.

Diseases and hours of endoscopic examinations may be important. More dosledzhen can be vickonano under mіstsevoy anesthesia, which allows you to remove the pain and cough reflex. Children of endoscopic follow-up were carried out under severe pain.

Indicated before the endoscopic examination is the suspicion of the presence of a pathological process of various etiology, and most of all - the suspicion of fluff.

Endoscopic follow-up is necessary to zastosovuvaty in the process of dynamic vigilance for groups of osіb advanced risk; in case of chronic bronchitis in chickens in women over 40 years of age, bronchoscopy is indicated, in patients with a "slump" history (hypoacid gastritis, viral and polyp sloughing); sigmoidoscopy, with cervical erosion - colp-cervicoscopy and other. Endoscopic examinations in these groups were carried out systematically 2 times per rec.

The X-ray method of laying the veins to the clinic, which without it is unacceptable to clarify the diagnosis of more diseases of the internal organs, the musculoskeletal system, the central nervous system, and other organs.

An obov'azkovym radiological method appeared in the diagnosis of leg bulges, intrathoracic lymph nodes, stravokhod, schlub, intestines, liver, mucilaginous mucus, nirok, supraspinal follicles, subductal follicles, central nervous system and musculoskeletal a paratu.

The current clinic helps not only to establish an accurate diagnosis or to establish a differential diagnosis, but also to clarify the nature of the localization of the swelling, the expansion of it on the navel organ of the tissue, and in a number of diseases, the characteristics of hemorrhage I am the plump and the sum of tissues and organs with it (importantly with infusion chemotherapy, planned plastic surgery). In most ailments, health care workers may have a chance for help with modern methods of radiological follow-up.

The most advanced methods of radiological follow-up are fluoroscopy, radiography and tomography.

Polypositional fluoroscopy (multi-axis x-ray imaging) allows you to detect functional changes from the side of the leg, diaphragm, organs of the middle wall, organs of the herbal tract. With fluoroscopy, the optimal projections are selected for viewing the sighting radiographs.

For additional radiography, it is possible, with greater reliability, to reveal anatomical changes and fix other phases of functional changes in organs. X-ray is also an objective document of the progression of pathological changes in dynamics. The remaining fates of the Daedalus are more widely used by the practice of electroroentgenography - X-ray marks are not so on the swimmer, but in the paper.

Posharov's radiological examination (tomography) to know the stagnation is more important for the hour of obstezhennia of ailments with a suspicion of fluff of the legeni. Tomograms give the opportunity to examine the appearance of the state of the larynx, trachea, head and joint bronchi, about the elements of the roots of the leg, about the structure of the pathological illumination; the stench is even more true in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of empty bladders in legenia and helps to reveal an increase in the internal thoracic lymphatic nodes (in addition to the middomain - in case of an increase in the lateral projection).

The current X-ray investigation of the various organs of the prosecutor's office and systems is impossible to overcome by piece contrast. The meta of such a study is to capture X-ray images of organs, which, without blocking of radio-opaque speeches, do not differenciate on high-frequency radiographs, or when translucent.

Piecewise contrasting of organs (radio-opaque follow-up) is used for the help of “negative” or “positive” radiopaque speech. To the first one, gases (repeated, kysen, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide) are observed, to others - special, low-toxic preparations, to avenge salts with iodine, barium, or other elements from a high molecular mass. - In the fallow type of technique and for the purpose of the introduction of contrast speech, they are vibrated in the empty organ (in the sacs, intestine and other), in the tissue (in the interstitial space, in the parenchyma of the spleen and in.), in the empty body, which drains the body (in cherevnu empty), pleural empty), or in the blood-bearing judge.

In some cases, a radiopaque speech was introduced, filling the normal or pathological empty light (stravochid, slug, bronchoectasis, noritsa and in), giving the possibility to take an X-ray image of the emptying, define its shape, contours, size ri. In other cases, the technique allows bachitis on the screen or an image of the ovary outline of the organ on aphids of the introduced radiopaque speech (nirki, liver, organ of the mediastinum on aphids, cancerous swelling, or a polyp on aphids barium s suspension). Some of the methods are based on the accumulated X-rays seen by organs introduced into the body (cholecystography, urography, etc.) together with blood.

Speaking about x-ray methods of follow-up, it is impossible not to guess about fluorography. The technique for the correct organization of preventive obstezhennia of the population plays an important role in the early detection of cancer of the legend and swells of milk diseases.

When diagnosing puffiness of various localizations using impersonal basic methods, it was determined that the minimum, which should be observed in a given localization (div. in the division of private oncology). There may be other, additional methods, as the results of obov'yaskovyh methods do not satisfy the doctor.

Radioisotope diagnostics plays an important role of oncology. The current oncological clinic can no longer manage without radiodiagnostic reports, so in a number of cases it can give unique, only powerful information, often accurately supplement the result of other research methods, radiological examination much. The use of various methods of diagnostics from the inclusion of radioisotope significantly expands the possibilities of early diagnosis of oncological disease and the degree of its widening, that is the stage of the process, which may be important in the choice of therapeutic liviv.

Radioisotope diagnostics is based on the vibratory accumulation of labeled speech in other tissues of the body. For the removal of the necessary radioactive speech of various biological and chemical preparations, they are given by the least radioactive isotopes, the most effective for their physical powers for the manifestation of an attachment that fixes the radioactive substance bath (radiometer, scanner, gamma camera and in.).

The principles of diagnosing malignant puffs are based either on ingested radioactive preparations that accumulate in normal tissues of the organ (necessary puffs) and do not enter the puff, or on vicarious radioactive puffs that accumulate in the puff and do not find (otherwise what to do with the insignificant) fluff, fabrics . In the first case, on the scan (or scintigram) one can see the organ, the functioning tissue of which has included an isotope, and the swelling of the swelling of the “cold” pit (not the isotope) is visible. This name is more negative, or more negative, skenuvannya plays a great role oncological practice. However, yoga cannot be considered absolutely superior. The presence of accumulation of radioactive speech in the body is not yet evidence of an evil new creation. Be it pathological processes, build up to cause a sharp decrease in the function of the parenchymal organ (burning processes, brushes, benign swells, scar changes and ing), change the normal accumulated isotope in the respiratory tract. This is clearly explained by a great number of clinically positive results of negative screening, which can be changed for the analysis of the development of additional methods to reduce and analyze the clinical data of the study.

More importantly, consider methods of radioisotope diagnostics, which are based on the principle of selective (selective) accumulation of radioactive isotopes in malignant neonates. The richness of the introduction and new synthesizing of speeches appeared supralingually similar in the diagnosis of malignant puffs, the proteo-universal radioactive speech for the specific diagnosis of malignant puffs along the path of positive screening of the smears is still not far away.

The tumoritropism of the currently tested radiopharmaceutical preparations depends on various factors. A part of these speeches is conveniently located near the fluff with a metabolic path, at the link with great utilization in the fluff of singing speeches, after changing the exchange of the speech and more high density with normal tissues required in these products (ami no acids, active proteins, microelements and other). Other preparations can be caught in the fluff with a mechanical path, later on the plump vessels are seen, the damage to their penetrability is high, the order of the great vascularity of the fluff is. It is also possible to add the isotope to the bulk with vicarious labeling antibodies to the other bulk antigens. Obviously, there are other reasons for the obstruction in the plump of the singing speeches and the possible paths of their victories, but at the present time the stench is not yet stinky.

Selection of tumoritropic speeches for positive screening of a significant world to promote diagnostic information. However, the presence of specific speech, tropic less to evil plumes, confuses the song of diagnostic pardons. Hybnopositive results are significantly more similar, less mildly negative. This is explained by the fact that tumoritropic speech, as a rule, is not found in benign swelling, brushes, scar tissue, but at the same time, stench does not accumulate in the swellings, which necrotize, and, on the contrary, the building fixes in active fuses. Remain 2 moments and melt away the possibility of pardoning whiskers.

The increase in the quality of diagnostic information can be achieved by means of a combination of methods for positive and negative screening. In this way, it is possible to differentiate evil swells from cysts, benign swells, cicatricial, and sometimes flamboyant changes.

Nadіynіst skenuvannya at diagnostics of fluffs is rich in what to lie in the rozmіru of fluffs. In case of negative screening, for the help of modern devices, it is possible to detect fluff with a diameter of at least 2 cm.

For a further change in the radiation focus on the sick in the process of radiodiagnostics, it is necessary to increase the concentration of short-lived isotopes. It might be better for the presence of special devices - generators of radioactive speeches. The largest extension of the technetium generator (Tc 99). It is possible to opt for generators and other radioactive isotopes (Sr 87, In 113 and in.).

The stationing of generators with sets of relevant reagents, which allow you to take the necessary markers without intermediary in the radio diagnostic laboratory of a significant world, expanding the possibility of further investigation.

Negatively scanned, there was a great expansion in the diagnosis of liver tumours (column differences Au 198, In 115 and in), nirok (neohydrin-Hg 203 and Hg 197), legends (MAA-I 131), thyroid slough (I 1 erythrocytes, markers Cr 51 ). Further allowance to clarify the scope of the biopsy and the valuable additions to the methods of clinical and radiological diagnostics. Metastases to cancer of the thyroid gland are diagnosed for help I 131 that positive screening.

One of the first tumorotropic isotopes, used for the diagnosis of puffiness, was P 32, which did not waste any time. Radiophosphorus diagnostics was performed for all malignant puffiness and different localizations, for which it was technically possible to introduce sensors to detect beta-vipromination from puffiness. The radiometry of the transferred swelling and the symmetrical healthy tissue in the dynamics allows you to determine the degree of accumulation of the isotope in a quantitative manner. The accumulation of over 150% of activity in the period of suspicion of the development of the disease is similar to the fact that we are healthy with a great ability to speak about the manifestation of an evil process. On the surface of P 32 we clean beta-viprominuv, gamma-viprominuvachi allow radiometrically detecting not only superficial fluff, but also deep rotting.

As an agent for the positive scanning of proponing MAA-I 131 . The drug is administered intra-arterially, after catheterization of the artery, in order to live the remaining organ, sound after angiography. The drug is accumulated in plump capillaries and accumulates in them for three hours, lower in the capillaries of normal oozing tissues. The method is impossible to be considered superior, the shards adjunctive for diagnostics are less fluffy, in some of them the capillary line is widely spread, and the picture of the vessel is far from being powerful for all evil fluffs. The need for a one-hour follow-up with selective angiography complicates the procedure and allows the isotope method to achieve its main advantages: simplicity, ease and safety for the sick.

Vykhodyachi іz vzaєmodії antigen - antitilo, you can achieve the rise to the tufts of the singing markers of the speeches. For example, it seems that a number of puhlins can move in place of fibrinogen, that antibody to human fibrinogen, taken from creatures and targets I 131, can vicorist as an agent for skenuvannya.

One of the most widespread tumorotropic isotopes is Ga 67 in the form of chloride or citrate. The best results are obtained with sarcomas and lymphomas, as well as with certain localizations of cancer (cancer of the legenia). Bad results are taken away in the diagnosis of puffiness with Se 75 and especially with Tc 99 with pertechnetate. In the rest of the period, obov'yazkova blockade of the thyroid gland with ammonium perchlorate (500 mg) or potassium (200 mg), which are taken 30 minutes before the introduction of the isotope. Prominently new directly є vykoristannya tіchenih anti-cancer agents and radiosensitizers (bleomycin-In 111, Tc 99 or Z 57; syncovit-I 131, naftidone-I 131 and іn). It is important that the swellings, which accumulate in great quantities and preparations, are sensitive to therapy in ways.

For the diagnosis of primary and metastatic tufts of the cysts, markers of osteotropic speech (strontium-85-87, fluorine-18, phosphati-Tc 99 and in) should be used. Diagnosis of cerebral tufts is based on the damaged hematoencephalic barrier and fixation in the tuft of rich speeches (neohidrin-Hg 203, Hg 197; Tc 99, Yb 169 DTRA and in.). In case of damage to the lymphatic system, the combination of radioisotope lymphography (Au 193) and tumoritropic diseases (Ga 67, Tc 99) is especially significant.

In the early diagnosis of malignant neoplasms, it may appear that there are similar radioimmunoassay methods used, which allow to reveal insignificant changes in the humoral warehouse of the body, and the use of international standard radioimmunoassay kits for the diagnosis carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha-fetoprotein.

Advancement in the reliability of radioisotope diagnostics, a series of studies of specific tumoritropic diseases, use of improved radiodiagnostic equipment, the creation of not only sensitive devices with a large variety of buildings, and spherical (tomographic) studies of organs.

Histological and cytological diagnostics. The survival of morphological (histological and cytological) studies is one of the most important diagnostic methods; However, the role of modern likuval-prophylactic institutions is sharply growing, especially in oncology. Visnovok of a pathomorphologist (histologist, cytologist) assists the clinician in the correct recognition of illness and at the same time serves as a cure for distant liquor infusions, determines the nature and general nature of the operation, signals about relapses, metastases, effectiveness of the anterior l іkuvannya, іndivіdіduаlnі authority of puhlin. The role of the pathologist in the revealed pre-swelling processes and the early stages of the malignant puffiness is not appreciated.

The histological diagnosis of the new tissue is based on the growth of cells and tissue structures, which are observed in the swelling and pathological changes in the tissue. The main histological criteria for malignancy of the newborn are atypia of cells, infiltrative and destructive growth.

Cytological diagnostics is based on the development of morphological signs of okremic clitin and complexes with the formation of mutual frostbite in them clitin. The main criteria for the malignancy of the puffy cell are atypia and polymorphism.

With both methods of diagnosis, tissues and cells in different periods of development (for example, embryonic) and in different physiological and pathological states (hormonal disruption, regeneration, inflammation, etc.) serve as consistent standards.

A wide variety of cytological studies in oncological practice was adopted by such a positive method: 1 - the possibility of recognizing cancer in the early (preclinical) stage; 2 - availability and safety of the material from any tissue to the body; 3 - the possibility of re-following that dynamic warning after the middle of the battle, which either follows or does not follow the exuberant bursts; 4 - security of terminology of species of visnovkiv; 5 - ease of preparation of preparations, clumsiness of laboratory equipment and low quality of service.

The method of cytological follow-up is one of the quiet, which is urgently required by preventive oncology, a cure for the safe mass of the oncological population, but the method is highly informative, cheap, and possible to carry out a mass mass of the population.

The use of the cytological method in prophylactic gynecological examinations in foreign countries increased the incidence of cervical cancer in 4–6 times, and precancerous changes in 15–20 times.

Morphological investigations include biooptical, surgical, sectional material, as well as secretions and excretions of the human body. A biopsy can be either excisive (excision of a pathologically changed area, between healthy tissues) and an incisive (partially swollen swelling or follicle of the wound) or closed - puncture. Closed biopsy is a valuable and irreplaceable method of obstezhennia, which ensures the removal of material for histological and especially cytological analysis practically from any part of the body. One hour later the biopsy material was reviewed by histological and cytological methods, the most effective and the most effective, but the method is complemented by one more.

Negative microscopic examination of the tissue for a period of 15-20 minutes after the operation is called a term biopsy and serves to establish an accurate diagnosis and conclusion about the nature of the operation. The term microscopic diagnosis will require a high qualification of a pathologist. In the rest of the hour, I will use the method of cytological analysis to ensure that very reliability, and even more short term - 3 - 5 min.

Objects of cytological follow-up can be materials of biopsy, aspiration, puncture, operatively removed tissues, and induce different views of the human body (sputum, psychic secretion of those others.). According to the method of keeping the material for further clinical cytology, it is subdivided into: puncture - puncture puncture; exfoliative - follow-up secrets and secretions, excochleatsiynu - exfoliation of zіskribkіv from the holes of the wound; aspiration - follow-up of aspirates from closed empties (pleural, femoral and other empties) and empty organs (herbal, siechovivid and other).

To ensure complete morphological follow-up, the material can be taken from a sufficient number of bones, directly from the cavity of the wound, moreover, from life (not necrotic) tissue, and for a histological preparation - on cordon with healthy tissue. In a superficial direct crim of the main reports about ailments, the clinical diagnosis is based on the localization and deepening of the cavity of the cavity of the wound (swelling) material (puncture, scribing, biopsy, radical operation in. .). It is absolutely unacceptable to file a piece of fabric or punctate on a sprat of parts and to correct them at different laboratories. The greater the early stage of the evil new creation may be, the greater the chances are presented to the parkan, the processing of that distant microscopic follow-up to the material. The results of histological and cytological diagnostics of puffs are significant in the world to lie down according to the method of sampling and the quality of the collected material.

For the preparations, a correct biopsy and prompt removal of tissues and the histological method ensured 96 - 100% reliable findings. The correct cytological vysnovki for tufts of various organs of the prosecutor's office and tissues to become 50 - 95%. Ce z low furnishing, among them, it is important to lay down the method of taking, processing, furnishing the material and getting the doctor's word.

Pardons of morphological visnovkіv are subdivided into hyperdiagnostic and hypodiagnostic. Supra-world diagnostics to produce untrue and unsafe vtruchani. Hypodiagnostics in cancer is not safe due to the omissions of the timely term of exaltation and the transition of swelling at the back of the camp.

The reasons for pardoning morphological visnovkіv can be due to low reasons: 1) the lack of accuracy of the taken out data to the material; 2) non-recurring selection of the most obvious morphological methods of research; 3) between methods; 4) the originality of the plumpness, if there is no similarity between morphological signs and the biological potential of plump cells; 5) inaccuracy and illegibility of clinical data; 6) stages of training specialists.

The essential histological classification of the new organs of the prosecutor's office and the tissue is still incomplete. The WHO Committee has divided and recommended 16 international histological classifications of puhlins to be voted on.

Cytological classification of puffs is more sparse. The international cytological classification according to the uterine tumescence (1973) was approved, and in fact the histological classification, and in the future, it was saved to classify the cancer into an invasive and non-invasive form, which is now practically impossible for cytograms. In case of rozrobtsі cytological classifications, krіm the main criteria for malignity, next vrahovuvat tі zmeni, yakі zaznayut kіtiny, scho vіdokremili mimovilno (vіddіlyaієs pіhvi, sputum) or forcibly (during puncture ї, zіskrіbtsі), tendency to rounding, destruction in tinctorial and biological.

When the morphological vysnovka is designed, it follows the international histological classification, in a new way it is necessary to show not only the nosological form, but the su, reaction of naukolishnіh tissues, zocrema presence of lymphoid-histiocytic infiltru. . For cytological preparations, not all supplies can be supplied. Judging about the infiltrative growth - an important sign of an evil process - can be judged by a cytologist only by indirect signs.

In histological and cytological visnovka, there may be a description part of that diagnosis, which allows the clinician to apply the correct tactics for managing the sick. The morphologist may be less likely to have a residual diagnosis if there is an incompetent or insufficient amount of material delivered for follow-up.

When the degree of evilness of the fluff is determined, a number of criteria are used: 1 - the degree of similarity of the plump cells with their maternal counterparts - what is the evilness of the fluff, the smaller world the stench is similar to the mother's; 2 - preservation of the power of molding the structure and normal prototypes with plump clitins; 3 - the introductory or omission of the function (the vision of the secret, the establishment of keratohyalin); 4 - stage of mitotic activity - a sign of intelligence, variance for the fluffs of various fabrics, organs and forms of fluffs of one and the other fabrics.

Further progress in the histological diagnosis of pouffy patches due to improved data on histochemical, enzymological, immunological, cytogenetic, electron microscopic studies. Possibility of the cytological method is also far from clear. It should be continued thoroughly for the detection of cytomorphological signs of not frizzy or little frizzy puffiness, as well as supplementary data on cytotoxic enzyme, cytogenetic, immunological analysis, phase-contrast, supravital, luminescent, ultraviolet, infrared microscopy. parkan of new material.
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