He is the founder of phenomenology. Phenomenology. The achievement of phenomenology in the world

Phenomenology understand, as a method, the foundations on the intuitive reasoning of the essence of speeches (turning "to the speeches themselves"), through the purification of knowledge of empirical details and verbal nashuravan. Principal of phenomenology Ege. Husserl, the author of the work - "Logical conclusion" (1901), "The crisis of European sciences and transcendental phenomenology" (1936). Already early robots are trying to reveal obvious ideas of scientific knowledge (mathematics). In the process of analysis, Husserl comes to the point where he needs to understand the psychological aspects of the cognitive process and the manifestation of his absolute turns, pure logic. To purify the subject's evidence, revealing this absolute substantiation, Husserl propagates the folding method phenomenological reduction, in the process of witnessing, the object, the subject, the act of reasoning itself are used. The structure of vodnosin is no longer subject-free (or “transcendental knowledge”).

An important aspect of the reduction procedure is epic(Utrimannya vіd judgment about the basis of objects). To characterize the structure of the purified "intentionality"(Straightness to the subject). The non-naturalness of the reduction procedure has the main consistency of the phenomenological method. After the adoption of the knowledge of thoughts and worries about the subject and the object of knowledge, there are no more sensei of possible objects ( "noemi") i setting to tsikh meanings ("noise"). Tsya structure of absolute meanings and vіdnosin doslіdzhuєtsya phenomenology. Vlasne, the structure of the “transcendental I”, the structure of the world of culture, universal, independent, in the form of a specific characterization of the person’s state of mind (as a scientific, and as a life-everyday). There is a clear connection with Kantianism, but Husserl sees the non-subjective structure of any kind of world, an independent type of subject. In other robots, they have mutually different sprinyattiv, you can see the "I" and the other "I". Husserl criticizes the science of the New Hour as such world of life(Light of life's meanings). Whose fault is the cause of the crisis in European science and culture based on it. The phenomenological rise of calls to overcome the one-sidedness of science, to reach new horizons.

23. Hermeneutics: genesis, main ideas and representatives.

Pid hermeneutics(from the Greek word hermeneutike - the mysticism of roses, clarification, clouding) in the senses to understand the theory and practice of clouding texts. It sings old Greek philosophy to its roots, de practiced the art of clouding various allegories, speaking, to avenge richly meaningful symbols. Christian theologians went as far as hermeneutics for the corruption of the Bible.

Rozuminnya and correctly tlumachennya understood - in the wild plan, the hermeneutic method of otrimannya humanitarian knowledge. Zvіdsi razuminnya, assimilated to the sense of the text by procedures, like a method of explaining natural and suspіlny regularities. Oskіlki the subject basis of the humanities sciences is the text, with an effortful analysis of the speech, the word is the original, system-creating element of culture. Zvіdsi hermeneutic methodology of the humanities buv іz analysis of culture, її phenomenіv.

Modern hermeneutics, as it has evolved in the 20th century, includes no less than a concrete scientific method of research, which is stagnant in humanistic knowledge. This is especially true for philosophy. Ідеї ​​​​філософської герменевтики були розвинені на Заході насамперед у працях німецького філософа, представника філософії життя Вільгельма Дільтея, італійського представника класичної герменевтики Еміліо Бетті (1890-1970), одного з найбільших філософів XX століття Мартіна Хайдеггера, німецького філософа ).

V. Dilthey, having laid the foundations of philosophical hermeneutics, pragmatically turned the specifics of the sciences about the spirit (tobto the humanities) into the foreground of the natural sciences. Such a recognition of wines was gained by the method of understanding as an uninterrupted, intuitive understanding of a spiritual wholeness (or a wholesome experience). Yakshcho science about nature, to the method of clarity, the right of the right, the right of the right dosvіm, the obligation to the Rosuma, then for Rosumin, the letter of the manifold, for the vivchenny of the culture of the dilt. the life of something else. in the last epoch, as i signifies the specifics of the sciences about the spirit.

24. Philosophy of life.

Practical, vital activity speaks for the "philosophy of life" as the basis of the butt. The German philosophers V. Dilthey, G. Simmel, F. Nietzsche, the French thinker A. Bergson are brought to the point of wide unformed flow.

Philosophical vchennya F. Nietzsche (1844-1900) inconsequential and super-chlive, but only after the spirit, the trend is that method. It is not limited by the framework of the philosophy of life. Yogo main works: "Thus spake Zarathustra" (1885), "For that bek of good and evil" (1886) and others. Early Nietzsche under the influx of Schopenhauer, but at the same time, in the wake of the rest of the food butt, that recognition added a little less respect. His creativity is dedicated to the criticism of European culture and the problems of morality. The will is irrational, "life" in the її protilezhnosti to the scientific rose espouses reality. Light is the light of our life. Independent view of the world does not exist. The world is looked at at the process of uninterrupted formation, the light of the constant struggle for the foundation, the strengthening of wills. Nietzsche, as well as other contemporary philosophers, biologists of the world, which for the new one is basically “organic light”. The formation of yoga - having shown the will to power, as it gives rise to a viably stable order of action, shards of great will overcome the menshu. On the view of Schopenhauer, Nietzsche emerges from the pluralism of wills, this struggle forms action. "Will" is understood more specifically as will to power. I’m sorry, I’m guilty of the need to change my will, criticizing Schopenhauer for this exercise, I’ll calm down. It is necessary to pragnate, not to forget, but to live again - this is the principle of F. Nietzsche's philosophy. It is critical to put it before the idea of ​​development: "Vіchne turn". Epoch comes periodically nihilism, zapanovuє chaos, no sense. Blame the necessity of the will, declare reconciliation with oneself and I repeat the world again to myself. In the evening, the turn is the share of the world, on the basis of which “love until fate” is formed. The knowledge of the world is inaccessible to logic, the knowledge of science, the knowledge - the knowledge of the world, but not the knowledge of the world. Truth is less than a "corridor pardon". In the process of recognition, it is not possible for the world to be penetrated by the day, but rather we give an interpretation to the world, the will to power manifests itself in the creation of its "world" by the human subject.

Criticizing today's culture, Nietzsche singled out the particular place of his era. Tse epoch, if God is dead, and Nietzsche will proclaim a new era to come overhumans. Yogo Zarathustra є prophet ієї ideї. Today's human being is weak, she won't say "it's necessary to fix it." The Christian religion, like the religion of the mind, is the religion of the weak, it will weaken the will of the government. Zvіdsi anti-Christianity of Nietzsche (for the high evaluation of the person of Jesus). The Christian Church, vvazhaє vіn, turned everything upside down (“be it turned the truth into nonsense”). Necessary "reassessment of values". Re-evaluation of traditional morality. Modern morality is the morality of the weak, the “slave”, which is worthy of their panuvannya over the strong. One of the culprits of the moral upheaval is Socrates, and to that Nietzsche idealizes pre-Socratic people, for whom the morality has not yet been twisted. Nietzsche conveys aristocratic morality, a kind of taman spirit, generosity, individualism. At the її basis - the link of a person from the earth, the joy of love, healthy eyes. This is the morality of the superhuman, strong, free people, as they rise in the face of illusion and realize the high level of “will to power”, turning to the “innocent conscience of the wild animal”. Declaring Nietzsche's "immoralism" and bringing about the replacement of "moral slaves" with "moral paniv". New morality, indeed, is a new interpretation of the world. Nietzsche's philosophy often otrimuval ambiguous assessments: її slandered ideologists of fascism, they balked the ideology of the imperialist bourgeoisie. At the same time, it spilled into a number of currents in modern philosophy and culture.

Phenomenology is one of the most important and most significant developments in the 20th century. The founder of phenomenology is the German philosopher Edmund Husserl, who without any intermediary reference to it can have such great thinkers as M. Scheler, M. Heidegger, N. Hartmann, G.G. Shpet, M.K. Mamardashvili. Phenomenology is characterized by a number of difficult problems: sometimes a banal idea turns to the essence of speeches, having thought about them superficially, thinking, which is similar to similar meditative techniques, such as those that are similar to the world of pure essences; it is the sole duty of the European gentry to follow the strictly established criteria of accuracy and, consequently, to turn philosophy into science, with which criticism of positivism is attached and explicit.

Later, as a basis for blaming phenomenology, on the one hand, criticism of positivism with a religious faith in science, on the other hand, distrust of idealistic speculation, as they also conveyed the praise of some fundamental positions on faith. The mustache has shrunk the molding of gravity to the concrete, to the bezperednіh data of contemplation. The motto of phenomenology is back to speeches! It is necessary to turn to speeches, having seen “advancements in the surface of the construction and vipadkovy knowledge, superficially posed problems that are transmitted from generation to generation as the right problems” (M. Heidegger), it is necessary to see the verbal heaps, which are worth rewriting. At the foundation of philosophical knowledge, more than “stable evidence” may be laid. For whom it is necessary to shukat the flooring is self-revealing, which cannot be overestimated (which, signifi- cantly , having already jumped on Descartes). This phenomenological idea can be realized through a description of "phenomena", as our evidence is supposed to be after the folding procedure for creating the "epos", so that after laying in the bows of our philosophical, and also splendid glances that perekonan, like nav'yazuyut us those things in the next. It is necessary to indulge that sukupnistnost of essences, in that number vibudovuetsya light, but it is only accessible to a diligently prepared, purified gaze.

Phenomenology can see two branches: idealistic and realistic. Persha is represented by Husserl, who, turning to speeches, knows the only reality - knowledge. Realistic phenomenology is presented by M. Scheler, who “studied” at the stage of recognition of the objectivity of hierarchically arranged speeches, giving intuition. Let's briefly look at two names of the hills.

Phenomenology, according to the thought of Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), is to blame for being a science about the essence, which, as you can remember, super-speak її names. The essence of phenomenology is taken as a description of the phenomenon, which makes evidence, if we are aware of some of the empirical, so called, weak, unstable aspects. Essences are invariant, so that they are invariably powerful in the singing totality of similar speeches. In order to recognize the day, it is necessary to take the butt of understanding and change it. variation of yoga parameters, docks of vіdkritі іnvariantnі, zalishayutsya constant characteristics. Days, after Husserl, appear in the sensitively embraced world, and in the light of our hopes, sips, and consolations. The spheres of permutation of essences are nature, Suspіlstvo, morality, religion and their origins, in vvazhає Husserl is guilty of the need to change the analysis of essences, which shape natural, supple, moral and religious phenomena.

The fundamental concepts of phenomenology, which are the same as the phenomenon of evidence, are the intention and the intention, which mean approximately the same. The meaning of understanding means the directness of evidence to the future. Svіdomіst є zavzhdi svіdomіst about shchos. Tse schos, about scho I think, I guess, mriyu, those that I consider. Husserl shows respect that the object does not accept the object. For a phenomenologist, the most important are manifestations, manifestations, phenomena. The subject of this research is the intentionality of awareness, that is not the objects themselves, but the brutality of witnessing to them, the focus on them and the products of animality-nationality.

More importantly, the understanding-principle of phenomenology is "eposit" (Greek. Utrimannya vіd sudzhennya), so that we can lay the foundation for a new, scientific philosophy. The principle of the whole is in such a way. The natural light-gazing attitude of a person is weaved from different perekonan, like a simple “residence” in the world. The first of these perekonan є those who weed away the world of real speeches. However, for the borderline sense, the fact of the foundation of the light posture is far from perfect, and for this circumstance, simple permutation is not enough. For philosophy, you need scientific support. Adding to the epic method, to make judgments about those that are not given with absolute certainty, the phenomenologist collapses by the so-called phenomenological reduction, making his way to the absolutely reliable. The result of this revolution, which is guessed by the paths of the Cartesian radical sumnivu, similar to that taken away by Descartes, is more subtle and less unambiguous. The only one who dares to stand up under the press of the epic, respect Husserl, is knowledge, subjectivity. Svіdomіst - not only the reality is the most obvious, but the reality is absolute, the basis of any reality. Light, podkreslyuє philosopher, "constitutes" svіdomіstu, so "stavlyaєєєєєє" svіdomіstyu himself. Vidkritim, the prote is deprived of food: if you know the light of the world, then you won’t create noises of sensation, or will you open it like a tribute?

It dawned on me that I know the same thing, ego. Husserl seems to say: “Because I, how I create epic, why I, how I inspire the world as a phenomenon, that world, which means so much to me, as well as for others who take yoga from all significance. Father, I hang over whatever natural essence that opens up for me. I am the subjective pole of the transcendental life… And I take everything from myself in all my concreteness.” You can remember that here Husserl is as close as possible to the idealistic speculations of the sub'activist shtibu, like vydkidav and vyd yah spochatku vіdshtovhuvavsya.

The same residual, the arbitrarily robot "crisis єvropic sciences of the phenomenology" Husserl Viyavlya, that infamous heaps of Filosofi, the yoke of Pisly Galiley, a number of visits of the same. This is the cause of the unsafe trend of the rise of a new scientific and technical panuvannya people over the world. Phenomenology is ryativna in this situation itself, which leads to a goal-directed methodical investigation of historical fumbles over the correct essence of speeches.

As it was appointed, the Husserlian phenomenology is a grave re-creation of the achievements of the primary idea. Tse vyznaє її vіdkritіst to further interpretations and attempts to implement it in another way. To whom is credited the work of the German thinker Max Scheler (1857-1828).

Scheler to transfer the phenomenological method from the sphere of ethics, philosophy of culture and religion. The "formal drive" of the formation of Scheler's philosophical concept is important in adversity with the ethical system of Kant, which is based on the understanding of obov'yazku. Kant's moral imperative, which can be formulated as "You are guilty, you are guilty", seems to Scheler to be quite ungrounded. Scheler to know the other basis of ethics: not binding, but value. The concept of value in Scheler has a wide ontological sense and is often otnizhnyuetsya with the concept of day-to-day - the head shukanogo phenomenology.

People, behind Scheler, from their sides surround values, which may not be found, but in the aftermath of the emotional-intuitive activity of people. Values ​​are simultaneously a priori and material, the stench is available until the end, as if placing them in a hierarchical order:

Chuttiev (joy-punishment)

Hromadyansky (korisne-shkіdlive)

Zhittev (gentry-vulgar)

cultural

a) aesthetic (beautiful-ugly)

b) ethical (righteous-unrighteous)

c) speculative (right-hibne)

Religious (sacred-secular).

The idea of ​​God is seen by Scheler as the greatest value, and love before God is the greatest form of love, that fundamental phenomenal act. The experience of values ​​is a mental, but a cosmic act.

Scheler, like Husserl, respects the greatest philosophy, the widest science of the day. It can be noted that in Scheler's realistic phenomenology, there are also moody moods, which, perhaps, are the fatal inevitability of any sort of groggy rozum rush. Dodamo, that Scheler is the founder of philosophical anthropology and sociology of knowledge - two very significant and significant philosophical and sociological trends of the twentieth century.

Phenomenology is a philosophical study, after which one should study the subject, one must act with confidence in oneself, knowing with the aid of a special method. Її vindication in honor of the names of Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), as well as such eminent thinkers of the 20th century, such as Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Max Scheler, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and others.

Evolution of the term "phenomenology":

1. In the 18th century, tse meant the theory of illusion. I. Kant, phenomenology - the price of a new understanding of philosophy. G. Hegel, phenomenology - the whole way of knowing the propositions of organs is sensitive to the knowledge of the absolute idea. e. Husserl, phenomenology - the method of establishing, sensing structures and connections in the process of recognition of all the world of science.

Main ideas of phenomenology:

E. Husserl at the work of "The Crisis of the European People and Philosophy" reveals the following. ideas:

1. Follow the path to the well-being of true knowledge without relying on the psychological processes of a good person.

2. It is important to follow the phenomenon and the way of the structure of scientific knowledge and the follow-up of ideas that will change the way of science.

3. Env. light n. Really, Yogo Vivchenni cannot follow the tired theories – it is possible to analyze “pure evidence”.

4. Svіdomіst virobljaє zmіst obtіvіv. Skin comprehend those that you follow for your own, and in this sense of freedom.

M. Heidgger developed the following. ideas of phenomenology in the robot "Buttya i chas":

1. Don’t waste your time on people and be yourself.

2. Die people to lie down like її wake up: before death, everything is a tooth. impossible; the joy of the union with the cohanim transforms the world; tightness, grief to roil the world of sirim.

3. Vivchennya buttya people - tse pragnennya subdue nature, and delve into the essence of її іsnuvannya.

4. language of people - tse vіdbitok її buttya. Language of poetry is important, lower language of science.

J.P. Sartre developed the following. ideas of phenomenology:

1. People can’t give a good start, they’ll feel like a “clean dot”, and then we’ll become, like we’re shaping ourselves. Lyudina is a chain project, for whom I have freedom.

2. The human being is a meta value, but it’s not yet completed, the smut allows the human life to live.

M. Scheler "People as a part of the living nature panuvati over themselves that rise."

M. Merleau-Ponti. From a glance of phenomenology, I took the idea of ​​Marxist philosophy with a twist, wanting to criticize their one-sided historical problems.

The phenomenological problematics took away its development behind various directions of psychology, ethics, aesthetics, law and sociology, religion, history of metaphysics, philosophy of mathematics and natural science.

Philosophical hermeneutics.

hermeneutics(Greek: hermeneutike- clouding) as a way of systematic thinking about the specifics of the problems of thinking and clouding is one of the infuriating philosophical directions in the philosophical analysis of the XX century. But the formulation of problems in the modern theory of hermeneutics becomes silly without reconciliation of the old hermeneutic tradition.

Behind the ancient Greek decree, God Hermes - visnik Zeus lords of gods and people. Hermes guilty buv roses to explain to people the message Zeus take care of them rozuminnya.

In science, understanding is often interpreted as a way to understand. So shy, if the heads of mathematics, physics, and other primary disciplines fail. The hermeneutician cares that there is no proper reasoning here, and the present clarification. Rozuminnya can be in a right way of life, it is the fault of the mother right with existence, and science is simply abstracted from a rich variety of things.

The human being is resting on the back of the world of existence, showing interest to the new (Latin “be in the midst of existence” - means to sing with her). Prote speeches are closed to people, the stink of washing their borders. From the other side, your own between the skin people. Rozuminnya will be reached, and the truth will be revealed, so as to reach the reach of anger between the speech of that people. Dekilka applied to explain the situation to us.

Let's say I have a car. How to reveal yoga taєmnitsyu? Give the opportunity to show yourself universally, thoroughly. And for whom he needs to be curly. Ale, don’t be a kind of rank, otherwise you’ll just come to inapplicability.

To comprehend the text - it is necessary to know a new kind of low nutrition, appointed by the intermediary energized, yogo illumined, relish (aesthetic, for example), talent, tradition. Zgidno with the German philosopher Gadamer who is considered to be the founder of modern hermeneutics, try the bachiti sense of the text from the knowledge of the creator (because the author of the text himself is a part of the world, before that we want to know without intermediary, to be more precise: a task for knowing the mind). The text has no strong sense of posture for interpretation, and within the framework of this interpretation, it has an unfinished subjective swaville, for the text itself is not sufficient. Otzhe, rozuminnya reach at safe angry horizons of the text of that people. With whom you need a mother to vacate so titles hermeneutical colo . The person is guilty of understanding those, in the middle of which there is from the very cob, the circular fallowness of the whole and the її part. We can understand the text only as a part of the whole, about how we can understand it to the beginning of the interpretation of the text. Nareshti next vrahuvat, scho rozuminnya historical, past, timchasovo, but also the insincerity of the horizons themselves rozuminnya. The new generation interprets the skin in its own way. For hermeneutics, it’s more common - it’s better to know the essence of the right thing.

Main ideas of hermeneutics:

1. The knowledge of that life of a person flows along the path of some texts to others with the improvement of the current socio-cultural situation.

2. Language speech is the basis for the acquisition of dialogue philosophical knowledge.

3. Knowledge relies on knowledge.

4. The specifics of the process of understanding is the basis for understanding. For religious understanding, the text is the basis of faith.

5. It is important to fix the one-sidedness of the facts of science, criticizing them, spiraling on an impersonal point of view and revealing sub'ektivism.

6. Possible different options for clouding one and the same text, as if they were inspired by the thoughts of the authors.

7. Exist. the foldedness of a rosy nature, more than it is silent.

8. Not a skin fact of science can be distorted by an informed path.

9. To understand that darkness of the whole, it is necessary to know the warehouse.

10. Have some kind of theory important dobir sing facts that give birth to that theory.

11. Razmaїttya forms іsnuvannya movi: tin, mimіka and others.

The science about the phenomena of knowledge, or phenomenology, is an independent philosophical discipline, developed by Edmund Husserl, the original German philosopher, as it conceived a fundamentally new approach to the understanding of knowledge of that role in the life of a person. Phenomenology (Greek phainomenon - є і logos - vchennya) is the whole science, or rather, according to the assertions of Husserl himself, scientific philosophy, the object of which is knowledge, which comprehends the self of the self-confidence of a person.

Vchennya about the phenomenon of a new philosophical system, as a pragne to describe things like that, like stinks. Under the phenomenon of traditional philosophy, start to understand a phenomenon that can be touched by a sensitive mind. Husserl's understanding of the phenomenon is what is blamed on speeches, objects, phenomena for the sensibilities. In yoga phenomena, the subject and the object are angry together. The luminous world stands before the subject in the natural flow of phenomena, and self-confidence stands as a buttya of awareness. The posture of the manifestations of witness, after Husserl, there is no subject matter of philosophy, the shards of tribute to the human world are the sum of the manifestations, or phenomena, available exclusively as obvious from the witness.

E. Husserl reconciliations with those who know actively and purposefully about the subject. It is intentional in essence (lat. intentio - Namir, tendency, exercise). Intentionality is interpreted by the philosopher not as a way of using an object, speech, or manifestation, but as a vikonannya, “letting go”, or an intentionality. Operuyuchi phenomena, people tend to. In other words, you can start right not only from the outside, but from your own inner light. Intention - the reason for respect, that you respect the subject. Intentionality inconspicuously reveals the svіdomіst that object of svіdomosti, that ob'єdnuє subject that object, oskіlki svіdomіst is directed to a specific object with the method of semantic yoga clouding. Tsei camp, after Husserl, is the birthplace of the subject in the sight of the constant directness of yoga evidence on material and spiritual objects to give him a sense of life. The term "intentionality" does not mean anything, - explains E. Husserl himself, - Crimea hotness svіdomostі buti svіdomlennyam kakoїs speech”. Tse designing in the ideal order. Figuratively, one can say this: the person's appearance is likened to the prominence of an electric lighter, which hangs in the impenetrable darkness of the subject of that speech, roblyachs recognize them. At the same time, it is purposeful to shuffle those speeches and objects, as if they are used to identify.

Intentionality at once expresses the immanent light of human svedomost, which psychologically brings together “ideal objects”. Phenomena and types of mental experiences, speculative attitudes are created in a new type, which signify the sensation of recognition of objects. The task of phenomenology is to understand the correct sense of speeches, it is now necessary to clear the evidence of empirical bias. As far as objects and speeches are concerned, it is only necessary to know oneself when one is included in the community of people. In contrast to the representatives of traditional epistemology with the subject-object dichotomy, E. Husserl considers that the knowledge of the subject and the subject itself of knowledge are not one and the same. The primary reality in phenomenology is not the "svedomist" itself, from one side, and not the "matter" - from the other side, but the "life world". The very fault is seen by people as a correlate of intentionally debilitating subjectivity, as a sphere of meaning that meaning, constituting transcendental subjectivity. For this reason, people stand in phenomenology, as a clear field of meaning and meaning, which reveals the possibility for different interpretations of darkness.

Great infusion of the formation of phenomenology Yege. Husserl was corrected by transcendental philosophy I. Kant. In the rest, E. Husserl developed the concept of mental creativity from the goal of "construction" of ideal objects in the world. Vіn saw at the human svіdomosti kіlka rіvnіv, scho lie down in the form of a straight line of the svіdomostі, in the form of the degree of intentionality. So, svіdomіst mоzhe bіpryamovana vyklyuchenno zvonі, on the subject of that speech of the objective svіtu. At the time of the bright yogo, the eye is alive. However, it is also guided by itself as an internal look, as it is called reflection. Husserl after Kant calls the individual as a representative of intelligent people a transcendental subject.

In this way, Husserlian phenomenology has become a prominent methodological basis for the irrational philosophical system as an “internal logic” of sensory creation of the singing spectrum of the meaning of the object. Svidomosti has nothing and cannot buti, krіm sensіv real chi objektivnyh objects.

According to Husserl, the objective world of ideas in the mind of a person is otherwise constituted by the light. Vіn pov'yazany z sing paragraph, zvіdki vyhodit appointed constituion. However, philosophers do not specifically mention the factual and historical data of this exit point: they go into the background, and in the foreground there is a systematic analysis of material structures and the destination of their light creation. To this reason, Husserl's philosophical insight becomes an original way of being a person himself. Vono, before the speech, does not lead to the mysticism of darkness and not by the “method” of obtaining the world of speeches. The goal is not to ward off human motives, like willful impulses and bazhan, but rather for everything - “to understand the world” from the very speech itself, as a fact of knowledge. For Husserl, the light of the posture and not the crim chi is independent of the light, like the materialism, and above the light, like the subjective idealism, but the singing perspective of the light, that is the intention. Light, after Husserl, change the posture of witness, but if it penetrates him, give him insight and less for such a looker to be real.

The phenomenological method of understanding and explaining the material and spiritual world is even more popular today in world philosophy, as well as in natural science and especially in medicine. The very fault of guarding whether there is a legacy of ignoring the uniqueness and self-sufficiency of the inner (spiritual) world of people. The solution of the crisis in modern science and medicine is still possible on the basis of the phenomenological "recipes" of E. Husserl. In his work “The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology” he rightly showed the trend of “naturalization” of people in the natural sciences, and in philosophy, with socially unsafe manipulative tests, they behave with people approximately the same way, as they behave with objects and speeches.

Further development of the idea of ​​phenomenology was taken away in existentialism, personalism, philosophy of life, hermeneutics, and so on. Husserl's writings were most often characterized as "existential phenomenology", moreover, they continued in detail the "climate of a person's present-day thought". Lyudina is a stout, buttya like a polygaє at a rose. And yet the main thesis of philosophical hermeneutics.

Phenomenology (revelations about phenomena) is one of the most original and significant directives in philosophy of the XX century. The ideas of Descartes, Leibniz, Berkeley, Kant and the neo-Kantian Marburz school adopted the blame for phenomenology. Significant contribution from the creation of phenomenology zrobiv Dilthey. Ale the founder of phenomenology as an independent movement E. Husserl. Ideas of phenomenology may have a low profile in the philosophy of Buddhism, although it is inconceivable that Husserl himself knew about it.

On the basis of Husserl's philosophy and the meaningful world under it, phenomenology has developed like a folded bagatoplan stretch of modern philosophy. With this, some of the followers began to develop the Husserlian. phenomenological idealism(M. Heidegger, G. Shpet toshcho), otherwise - phenomenological method analysis, zastosovuyuchi yoga for the investigation of ethical, cultural-historical, ontological problems (M. Scheler, N. Hartman, P. Ricker, etc.). Phenomenology made a serious splash and a number of other philosophical sciences of the 20th century, such as existentialism and hermeneutics.

Phenomenology is based on two fundamental ideas:

First, the skin of a person can be known, which is self-evident for any imaginary reason (guess de Cartesian: “I think it’s true”);

In a different way, the shards of the people of knowledge of everything that lies in the pose of witness (that is the call of the light of the world), є knowledge, whether it is about the fact that the facts are known and assimilated by us, only being the rank of the goodness of the light. Otzzhe, mustache those that we know, є, strictly seeming, themselves objects of fact and validity, as shown by evidence, tobto. phenomenal manifestations.

In the first place, the idea was clearly formulated by Kant, and in this terminology, the situation could be described as follows: those who we know for the help of our knowledge, start “rich-for-us”, and not “rich-in-the-own” .

The Protephenomenologists, Zokrema, Husserl went farther away, shouting over the Kantian "Rich-in-Sobi". So, if our svіdomіst like pracciuє z tsієyu "speech-in-yourself" (if you want to be stverzhuyuchi її unknowability, perebuvannya beyond the borders of svіdomostі just then), then cym won't appear already "speech-for-us", tobto. also a phenomenon of svidomosti. If there is no way to speak rightly with “speech-in-the-self”, then the rest is simply not necessary for witnessing.

Sounds of incendiary vysnovok about those that dominate in European philosophy from Plato's hours, sharply stating the subject, which he knows, and the recognition of the object may be adopted “scales of whether there is any recognition of the ob'єkt of the phenomenon of homelessness.

In everyday life, in the natural sciences, we can rightly with a natural “natural setting”, in a kind of secular world, it seems to us like a collection of objectively sound speeches, their powers and stosunkiv. And on this human object, the objective light is directly directed to the exuberance of the imaginary subject. From the standpoint of phenomenology, there is one reality, for which I can rightly speak and for which I can only mother to the right, it is a phenomenon, or a manifestation of evidence. And from the point of view of the difference between the speeches of the objective world and the mental experiences of the singing sensation are erased: and those other things appear as nothing more than material, with which pratsyuє svіdomist.

The task of the phenomenologist is to explore the existence of the activity of self-consistency: to reveal the structure and the main acts of pure evidence (that is, the presence of such a bridge), inventing the form of these acts and structures in the form of their change. Therefore, it is necessary to purify your knowledge with the help of special methods (phenomenological reduction).

Having come in the process of phenomenological reduction to “pure information”, we show that it is irreversible and does not localize in the expanse of the flow of phenomena. We cannot marvel at the new “burn”, “from below” or “to the side”, standing above him, perebuvayuschie behind him (for whom it is small to go beyond your borders, so stop being a svodomistyu); touching yoga can be less “floating in sweat”. Ale, vivochayuchi yogo, we show that we have our own structure and visible ordering, the very same allows us to see as an elementary yogo alone okremi phenomena.

share of the meal. The study of the structures of "pure information", carried out in phenomenology, made it possible to approach the understanding of the processes of sensory formation and communication, the very possibility of reasoning and played a significant role in the formulation and development of the actual problem of modern computer science - the problem of "piece intelligence". Nevipadkovo Husserl is often called the "didus" of "piece intelligence".

1 It means that Nietzsche speaks against the sharp presentation of the subject and the object in European philosophy, even on some other bases.

Phenomenology has infiltrated the entire western philosophy of the 20th century, especially existentialism, hermeneutics, postmodernism, and so on. Tsey vpliv vpliv nastіlki great, scho you can talk about the "phenomenological turn" in foreign philosophy.

Husserl

Biographical information Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) - eminent German philosopher, Jewish pro-

exit (from the family of merchants), having been born and alive at Nimechchina. From 1868 to 1876, I started at the gymnasium, without being surprised by success 1. After graduating from the gymnasium, he studied at the Leipzig and Berlin Universities, having mastered astronomy, mathematics, physics and philosophy. At 1882 p. Vіn having earned a dissertation in mathematics. Philosophy Husserl became interested, working as an assistant to the famous mathematician K. Weierstrass in Berlin. True, Husserl was brought to philosophy as a reflection on the philosophical problems of mathematics, and the destruction of the New Testament. Philosophy, in my opinion, was the same science, as it allows "to know the way to God that righteous life." In 1886 p. Husserl listened to the lectures of the famous philosopher F. Brentano at Vidnia, after which he dedicated his life to philosophy. In 1887 p. vin having earned a doctoral dissertation at the University of Galle, from 1901 to 1916. Vіn vykladav at Göttingenі, from 1916 to 1928 - at Freiburg. Rest of the fates of life Husserl zaznіvan z side of the Nazi regime. Vіn buv zvіlneniy z worki, and nezagalі vzagalі inclusions from the list of professors of the University of Freiburg. Irrespective of moral terror, I continued my creative activity until my death in 1938. For the old German tradition, if the professor died, the university ensign was put on the university veil. Honorary Professor of the University of Freiburg, the all-world famous E. Husserl, was inspired and in tsoma.

Main works.“Philosophy of mathematics. Psychological and logical conclusions” (1891), “Logical conclusions. At 2 t. (1900-1901), "Before the phenomenology of internal knowledge" (lectures 1904-1905), "Philosophy as a strict science" (1911), "Ideas of pure phenomenology" (1913), "Paris dopovidі" (1924),

1 The teacher’s gladness of the gymnasium conceived the thought that it would inevitably fail at graduation parties through non-serious placement before graduation. Having learned about it, Husserl at the day I sleep for a year of study, having studied the necessary initial material and clave, he sleeps brightly. The director of the gymnasium, speaking before the examination committee, respecting not without pride: “Husserl is the greatest of our students!”.

Zanski think" (1931), "The crisis of European sciences and transcendental phenomenology" (1936).

Significant part of Husserl's work was published during his life, that publication is three to our time.

Philosophical look. End of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century were marked by a crisis of science (we are ahead of physics and mathematics 1), which led to the rebirth of that wide expansion of various directions in irrationalism and skepticism, which put under the doubt the claims of science to the truth of their position and the very possibility of the well-being of absolutely true knowledge. Husserl was one of the first to come out in defense of idealism. Yogo became a method of encouragement philosophy as a suvor science, nav_scho wines, having started to develop a new way of thinking, that method, which ensures the reliability of the acquired knowledge.

Reconstructing the foundation of absolutely true knowledge (from the application of mathematics and logic), Husserl tried to complete the nature of this knowledge. But for whom it is necessary to have an opinion on the power: how absolute truth (the laws of logic, the provisions of mathematics) can be blamed for that in the individual knowledge of a person? Tsya problem spivvіdnoshennia іndivіdualnoї, timchasovoї, obmezhenoї svіdomostі people and absolute, іdealnogo, hourly zmіstu scientific knowledge praised Husserl protyazhuyushchy yoga life 2 .

Antipsychologism. Husserl took into account that mathematical and logical laws are absolute truth, so as not to fall short of our knowledge. And to that in "Logical conclusions" he zhorstly criticized the titles of psychologism in logic. Representatives of psychologism tried to introduce the laws of logic from the laws of the mental process of thinking, to establish the truth of these laws in the fallacy of the psychological features of the individual svіdomostі chi svіdomostі people vzagali. Napolyagayus on the bezvіdnosnomu, absolute character of logical laws, Husserl blatantly: the truth lies in the realm of sense, the ideal balance of knowledge acts, which to establish svіdomіst. The sense of the act of judgment "2 + 2 = 4" is the truth, as to lay down none of the physical, none of the psychological features of the subject (mood, bad luck), none of the other empirical factors.

The realization of the nature of true knowledge led Husserl to turn to the formation of ideal structures of knowledge, which, obviously, meant encouragement to phenomenology.

1 About the crisis in physics divas. us. 451-452, about the crisis in mathematics - on p. 453.

2 For some reason, we can rightly with a new formulation of the old philosophical problem about the necessary and ignoble nature of scientific laws and the exchange of human knowledge (Div. Scheme 122).

Phenomenology. Husserl's phenomenology is a science that creates the world of light, the world of phenomena, that. subjects, data of evidence in various acknowledgment acts. Yak and Kant, Husserl begin his research by analyzing the process of recognition. Vіn vimagaє it is critical to come to the conclusion that nothing is grounded and not misunderstood to understand that phenomenon that lies at the basis of our picture of the world. Nasampered criticism of the bula was given to the understanding of "objective reality", or "action". Husserl vmagaє vіdmovitysya vіd kogo understand, "laying yogo in the arms."

Natural, natural, the installation of our knowledge, based on a healthy mind, podіlyaє svіt on subjective, tobto. svіt svіdomosti, i ob'єktivny, scho lie posture svіdomistyu, tobto. world of speeches, power and stosunkiv. Being a human being, the philosopher of confusion takes this attitude to lead a normal life. But, like a philosopher, I am guilty of understanding that such an attitude is introduced by the subject himself, that he knows, and is not a necessary characteristic of the knowledge of himself. To that її it is necessary to take care, scho reach the zastosuvanny method epic 1- "laying at the shackle" of all the naive-realistic ideas of natural science, philosophy and "healthy mind" for the ethereal world and people.

The phenomenological epic swears at peace as a judgment about the real objective world (which is the main object of recognition among most philosophical scholars) that among the majority of philosophical scholars becomes a “battle subject”. Zavdyaki epos the whole space-hour world, just like the “I” itself, stand like a phenomenon of knowledge, like “comprehended” objects, judge about like wines, think, appreciate how wines are, take it thinly. In this order, the borders of the world appear for Husserl such that they escape from the borders of the light (sensu).

In the newest robots, the epic plays the role of a preparatory stage phenomenological reduction As a result, there will be a change in the native recognition setting on phenomenological: a person switches respect for the subjects of the secular life of his life.

And as a result, access to pure phenomena in knowledge, understanding of what objects are perceived is given. Phenomenology does not belong to the physical, but to the intentional world of life, and the subject is not the objective laws of action, but sensational buttya.

"Intentionality" Husserl's mind is like "direction to" 2 . Our svіdomіst іntentsіyna, oskolki zavzhdi is directed to

1 Type of Greek “zupinka, pinning, peace in the judgment”.

2 The concept of “intentionality” Husserl was positive in F. Brentano. In his line, Brentano spoke in the middle term "intentio", which meant "to look at oneself."

object. We always think about it, evaluate it, notice it, etc. Thus, in intentionality one can see two moments: the objective (the object of directness) and the directness itself. Intentionality appears as a necessary, a priori ideal structure of evidence 1 . Analyzing the intentional act of recognition, Husserl sees two main points in him: Noahі noez. Noah characterizes the act of witnessing, looking from the side of the subject, їy vydpovidaє "what" of the act. Noez is a characteristic of self-direction, їy vydpovidaє "yak" of the act.

Scheme 175. intentional act

For example, let's take a look at three acts of evidence that are reflected in the propositions: 1) “The doors are closed.”; 2) “The doors are fixed!”; 3) "The doors are fixed?". In all of these ways, we can rightly be with a single “matter”, acts of evidence directing a single “what”: deeds of the phenomenon of evidence of “doors” and “started”. But if we turn to the point where the evidence is straightened out on the whole “scho”, then here the evidence is revealed: for the first one, we can rightly from hardness, for another - with wiguk, for the third - with food 2.

Scheme 176. Noema ta Noez

1 Seeing the a priori structures of evidence, Husserl follows Kant, but with this intentionality, in principle, it breaks down in quiet a priori forms, like Kant vbachav in human wisdom.

2 Vidminnosti in the characteristics of directness do not lead to three vineyards, the stench is taken as an example as the most simple understanding.

Husserl propagated the original concept of sensation in "Logical Inferences", showing yoga with the ideal symbol of the act of information. With this sense, it becomes clear that it is the same as what is taken from all directives on the whole “what” acts. The concept of sense (essence) has become one of the central ones in phenomenology. Giving great respect to Husserl, he added to the knowledge about the meaning of different meanings, and about the sameness of meanings, which can be included in the conceptual schemes (“tree of meanings”) of different subjects, which allowed him to explain the problem of understanding different subjects one by one.

The problem of the objectivity of scientific knowledge. But how does the phenomenological idiom help us to overcome the problem of spontaneity of the objectivity of the ideal knowledge of scientific knowledge (sense) and the subjective svіdomosti, in which sense is one experienced? For the Tsoogo Husserl, the emphasis of the doslizhzhennya is the svidomosti sub'chktiv (I їhnooi komunіkatsya) on the monastery, on the svіdosti, the universal submarine (spy of the people of Chi is a post. Objective light is now being understood as an intersubjective sphere (into all subjects). The individual "I" at the same time stands on the ground of intersub'jectivity.

In his remaining, unfinished work "The Cob of Geometry" Husserl points to one more important characteristic of sleepiness - buti wears a movie, "a bodily design of sensation." Mova, like a wearable sense, being a material object, appears to be woven into the very fabric of the wildly different subjects and that of the objective (from the standpoint of individual evidence) world (the world of intentional, meaningful objects). The affiliation of a moving sign with a global objective world is a guarantor of the intellectual objectivity of the ideal sense and it is possible to understand that connection. In such a rank, ob'ektivnі sensi, scho to become the master of scientific knowledge, nabuvayut their own priming in the knowledge of the subject (humanity), which є wear movi.

The crisis of European science is the same. From the introduction of objective scientific knowledge (smist knowledge) as a subject, Husserl brings about the crisis of European science. And in the analysis of the crisis, one of the central ones is the understanding "life world", tobto. the world, to which the person herself belongs 1. The introduction of the understanding of the "life world" is respected by turning to the EU

1 Infinitely, that on the “turn” from the heights of “pure thought” to the world, in which the people live, they injected and those blows, as if Husserl himself had taken away from this world, the foundation of the fascist regime.

tіsnіy ustanovtsі svіdomosti, vyznannannym self-evidence of the independent іsnuvannya zovnіshny svіtu. But it is necessary to protect those that the “objective” light is established in the rights at the borders of the already phenomenologically reduced evidence, taking away the phenomenologically true truth.

Grounded on his head position about those that the world of people (humanity) is the world of evidence, Husserl balds: be it diyalnist (zokrema and science) is sub'jective for each sensi. Podolannya crizi єuropejskoї ї nauki and spiritual culture zagalom Husserl pov'yazuє іz iznannyam її principialї subjectivity. Vіn spodіvaєtsya, scho, podolavshi vіdchuzhennya vіd subject, philosophіy vyvede chelovechestvo z crizi, turning it into yogi, “to create an absolute viability of oneself on the basis of absolute theoretical insights.”

Scheme 177. Husserl: coils and inflows