Circulatory systems of the spine (collapsible). How many kilos of blood flow in a toad How many kilos of blood flow in fish
Ribi
The heart of the fish has 4 empty parts, connected sequentially: the venous sinus, the atrium, the scutum and the arterial cone/cibulin.
- Venous sinus (sinus venosus) - we forgive the enlargement of the vein, which collects blood.
- In sharks, ganoids and biphatic fishes, the arterial cone is filled with fleshy tissue, the valves and parts of the body are shortened.
- In bony fishes, the arterial cone of reduction (does not contain meat tissue or valves), is called “arterial cibulin”.
The blood at the heart of the fish is venous, from the cibulin/conus it flows into the gland, there it becomes arterial, flows to the body organs, it becomes venous, and turns at the venous sinus.
Double-spirited fish
In double fish there is a “legeneous circulation of blood”: from the remaining (fourth) cerebral artery, the blood goes through the legenian artery (LA) into the respiratory sac, where it is additionally enriched with sourness and through the legenian vein (PV) spins in the heart, in lev part of the anterior Venous blood comes out of the body, as it lies at the venous sinus. In order to separate the mixture of arterial blood from the “legen cola” from the venous blood from the body, the atrium and often into the sac is an irregular septum.
In this way, the little baby’s arterial blood appears before venous, so it is located at the anterior cerebral artery, from which the road leads directly to the head. The intelligent fish brain takes away blood, having passed through the gas exchange organs three times after sleep! Bathing in the sour, the rogue.
Amphibians
The circulatory system of the bulbuls is similar to the circulatory system of the cystic fishes.
In an adult amphibian, the atrium is divided by a septum on the left and right, with a total of 5 chambers:
- venous sinus (sinus venosus), which, like in submerged fish, drains blood from the body
- The left atrium (left atrium), in yak, like in subordinate fish, receives blood from the lung
- right atrium
- Ventricle
- arterial cone (Conus arteriosus).
1) The left anterior of the amphibian has arterial blood from the leg, and the right has venous blood from the organs of the prosecutor's office and arterial blood from the skin, in this way, in the right atrium of the toad the blood is mixed.
2) As you can see from the baby, the throat of the arterial cone is displaced at the back of the right atrium, so blood from the right atrium comes there first, and from the left - in the rest.
3) In the middle of the arterial cone there is a spiral valve, which distributes three portions of blood:
- The first portion of blood (from the right atrium, the main one from the ears) goes to the pulmocutaneous artery and is oxygenated
- another portion of blood (a mixture of mixed blood from the right atrium and arterial blood from the left atrium) goes to the body organs via the systemic artery
- the third portion of blood (from the left atrium, arterial from the ears) goes to the carotid artery (carotid artery) to the cerebrum.
4) In lower amphibians (tailed and legless) amphibians
- the septum between the atria is not straight, so the mixing of arterial and mixed blood is more likely;
- The skin receives blood not from the scalp-leg arteries (the main blood supply), but from the dorsal aorta (the middle blood) - but it’s not even obvious.
5) If a toad sits under water, blood flows from the leg near the left front of the heart, which, in theory, must go to the head. The optimistic version is that the heart begins to work in a different mode (the synchronicity of the pulsation phases of the scutulum and the arterial cone changes), it becomes independent of the mixing of the blood, through which it is not possible to go to the head There is venous blood from the leg, and the blood that is formed from venous blood is mixed the left atrium and the mixed right one. Another (pessimistic) version, because the cerebrum of the underwater toad takes off the greatest venous blood and dullness.
Plazuni
In plazuns, the legen artery (“to the lung”) and two aortic arches emerge from the septum, which is partially separated by a septum. The division of blood between these three vessels is determined in the same way as in lungfish and toads:
- The main arterial blood (from the leg) is located near the right aortic arch. To make it easier for children to understand, the right arch of the aorta starts from the left part of the sac, and the “right arch” is called the one who goes around the heart on right, it turns on to the side of the spinal artery (as it looks, you can see the next baby). The carotid arteries come from the right arch - arterial blood enters the head;
- the blood flows from the left aortic arch, which leaves the heart of the heart and joins the right aortic arch - the spinal artery emerges, which carries blood to the organs;
- Most venous blood (from the body organs) is located at the pulmonary artery.
Crocodiles
The heart of crocodiles is chamberless, but their mixed blood is still pumped through a special foramen of Panizza between the left and right aortic arches.
It is important, however, that normally the mixing is not carried out: due to the fact that in the left shank there is a higher pressure, the blood flows not only into the right aortic arch (Right aorta), but through the panic response p - in the left aortic arch (Left aorta), in this way, the organs of the crocodile maintain almost all the arterial blood.
If the crocodile is pirna, the bleeding through the yogo legend is to the right, the right of the right slate of the vigor, I touched the blood through the panitsyvs: according to the lvy oorti at the pirodvodny crocodile, the blood of the right slate. I don’t know what his sense is: all the blood in the circulatory system is venous at this moment, so what should be redeployed where? In any case, blood flows into the head of an underwater crocodile from the right aortic arch - in case of untreated illness, it is absolutely venous. (This suggests that the pessimistic version is also true for underwater toads.)
Birds and birds
The circulatory systems of animals and birds in school animals are shown to be very close to the truth (the spinal cords, as we thought, were not so fortunate). One thing that they say in school is not to follow - these are the ones that the savants (B) have only the left aortic arch, and the birds (B) have no right (under the letter A the circulatory system of reptiles is depicted, which have an injury to the arch) - There is nothing else in the circulatory system of either chickens or people. What do you want from the fruits?
Fruit
Arterial blood, separated by the fetus from the mother, from the placenta to the umbilical vein. Part of this blood is consumed by the vortex system of the liver, part of it bypasses the liver, and part of it flows into the lower empty vein (interior vena cava), where it mixes with the venous blood that flows out of the organ. in the fetus. By draining the right atrium (RA), this blood is once again diluted with venous blood from the superior vena cava, so that in the right atrium the blood is completely mixed. At this time, in the left front of the fetus, a small amount of venous blood is drawn from non-perforating legs - like a crocodile sitting under water. What's going on, colleagues?
The good old awkward septum comes to the rescue, which the authors of school textbooks on zoology so loudly laugh at - in the human fetus, right in the septum between the left and right atria, there is an oval opening (Foramen ovale), through which the blood is mixed from the right anterior to the left anterior. In addition, there is a duct (Dictus arteriosus), through which the blood from the right sac is mixed with the aortic arch. In this way, blood flows from the aorta of the fetus to all its organs. And it's crazy! And we pestered you toads and crocodiles!! And themselves.
Tests
1. In cartilaginous fish the day is:
a) swimming suit;
b) spiral valve;
c) arterial cone;
d) chord.
2. The storage of the circulatory system in vascular patients includes:
a) two arches of the aorta, which then join the dorsal aorta;
b) deprived of the right aortic arch
c) the left aortic arch
d) the aorta is the celiac, and the aortic arch is external.
3. The circulatory system in birds has:
a) two arches of the aorta, which then merge into the dorsal aorta;
B) deprived of the right aortic arch;
B) the left aortic arch;
d) the aorta is the celiac, and the aortic arch is external.
4. Arterial cone
A) cyclostome;
B) cartilaginous fish;
B) cartilaginous fish;
D) cystic ganoid fish;
D) bony fish.
5. Classes of spinal columns in which the blood collapses directly from the respiratory organs to the tissues of the body, without passing first through the heart (choose all the correct options):
A) Kistkovy fish;
B) mature amphibians;
B) Plazuni;
D) Birds;
D) Ssavci.
6. The heart of a turtle for its budovaya:
A) a trichamber with an irregular septum near the baby's mouth;
B) trichamber;
B) chotirikamerne;
D) a chamber with an opening at the partition between the doors.
7. The amount of blood loss in toads:
A) one in toads, two in mature toads;
B) one in mature toads, but no blood flow in frogs;
C) two in toads, three in mature toads;
D) two in frogs and in mature toads.
8. In order for a molecule of carbon dioxide that has passed into the blood from the tissues of your left foot to enter the middle of your stomach through your nose, it must pass through all the structures of your body following the following procedure:
a) right atrium;
B) vein of leg;
c) alveoli legen;
D) legen's arteries.
9. Two stakes of blood circulation are drawn (choose all the correct options):
A) cartilaginous fish;
B) promeneperi ribi;
B) bovine fish;
D) amphibians;
D) plazuni.
10. Chotirikamerna’s heart is aching:
A) lizards;
B) turtles;
B) crocodiles;
D) birds;
D) ssavtsi.
11. In front of you is a sketchy little heart of ssavtsiv. The sour blood has been infused with blood coming from the heart through the vessels: 
A) 1;
B) 2;
U 3;
d) 10.
12. A small image of the arterial arches:
A) bovine fish;
B) tailless amphibian;
B) tailed amphibian;
D) creeper.
In amphibians, in connection with the mastery of the principle of a new habitat and the frequent transition to the air, the circulatory system recognizes a number of essential morphophysiological changes: they have a different blood flow.
The toad's heart is located at the front of the body, under the sternum. It consists of three chambers: the chamber and the two anterior heart. To quickly pass through something like an insult to the heart, or a little bitch.
Yak vlashtovano toad's heart
The left anterior heart removes acid-saturated arterial blood from the legs, and the right – venous blood from the blood flow. If the tube does not separate, the two blood flows may not mix (the pulpy liquid of the walls of the tube creates a series of chambers in one another, which prevents complete mixing of the blood).
The slice is cut from other heart sections with thick walls. From the inner surface of it there are long cords of flesh that are attached to the outer edges of the two valves, which cover the atrioventricular (atrioventricular) opening, which is behind both anterior hearts. The arterial cone is provided with valves mainly at the end, but in addition, a long, later spiral valve expands in the middle of it.
The arterial cone emerges from the right side of the scutum, which splits into three pairs of arterial arches (scarnolegene, aortic and carotid arches), from which the skin emerges as a separate opening. When the baby is shortened, the blood becomes less oxidized, which allows the skin-leg arches to reach the lungs for gas exchange (less blood circulation). In addition, the pulmonary arteries send their connections to the skin, as they also take an active part in gas exchange. Now a portion of mixed blood is sent directly to the systemic aortic arch and to all organs of the body. The blood most heavily infused with acid is located near the carotid artery, which protects the brain. The spiral valve of the conus arteriosus plays an important role in dividing blood streams in tailless amphibians.
In a toad, the blood from the heart sac flows through the arteries of all tissue organs, and from them through the veins at the right atrium. there's a lot of bloodshed.
In addition, from the hole there is blood near the leg in the skin, and from the back at the left front of the heart. a little bit of bleeding. All spinal creatures, including fish, have two levels of blood flow: small - from the heart to the organs of breathing and back at the heart; great - from the heart through the arteries to all organs and from them back to the heart.
As in other spines, in amphibians a rare fraction of blood leaks through the walls of the capillaries into the interclinary spaces, creating lymph. Under the skin of toads there are large lymphatic sacs. The smell of strum lymph is ensured by special structures, so called. "lymphatic hearts". The lymph is collected from the lymphatic vessel and rotates around the vein.
In this way, in amphibians, if you want, two stakes of blood flow are created, but the stink will not be separated by a single slug. Such a circulatory system is associated with the subordinate organs of the respiratory system and is representative of the amphibious way of life of representatives of this class, giving the ability to live on land and spend difficult hours near the water.
In amphibian larvae there is only one blood supply (similar to the circulatory system of fish). In amphibians, a new blood-forming organ is developed - the red blood cyst. The sour capacity of the blood of the fish, the lower part of the fish. Red blood cells in amphibians are nuclear, but they are not rich, but they are quite large.
Dimensions of the circulatory systems of amphibians, spiders and spiders
Dichal system of amphibians represented by the lungs and the skin, through the yaku stench of the same building. Lungs- these are empty bags that stain the porous inner surface, which is studded with capillaries. This is where gas exchange takes place. Mechanism of toad diarrhea we can go as far as the nagital ones and cannot be called thorough. The toad collects water into the empty oropharyngeal cavity, which is reached by lowering the bottom of the oral cavity and opening the nostrils. Then the bottom of the mouth is raised, and the nostrils are closed again with valves, and the air is again pressurized at the leg.
The toad's circulatory system develops from trichamber heart(two anteriors and a shlunochok) and two kіl krovobіgu- small (legenevy) and great (tulub). Less blood loss in amphibians begins at the slit, passes through the lower leg and ends at the left atrium.
Great blood loss It begins at the mouth, passes through all the vessels of the amphibian’s body, and turns at the right anterior heart. As in blood, the blood soaks in the legs and then spreads throughout the body.
The left anterior drains arterial blood from the leg, and the right anterior drains venous blood from the liver of the body. Also, the right anterior heart loses blood as it passes under the surface of the skin and sourness accumulates there.
Regardless of those that drain both venous and arterial blood into the hole, there is no obvious evidence of the valve system and intestines there. Through this arterial blood goes to the brain, venous blood goes straight to the skin and leg, and mixed blood goes to other organs. Due to the presence of mixed blood, the intensity of life processes in amphibians is low, and body temperature can often change.
The circulatory system of amphibians is dichal.
Klas Gastronogi
Class Amphibians (Amphibians).
Amphibians have a small amount of blood
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Scheme of the arterial system of a toad (most of the arterial blood is shown in sparse shading, mixed with more dense shading, venous - in black color):
1 - right anterior,
2 - left anterior heart,
3 - shlunochok,
4 – arterial cone,
5 - skin-legeneva
6 - legen's artery,
7 - scalp artery,
8 - right aortic arch,
9 - left aortic arch,
10 - potilichnospinal artery, 11 - subclavian artery, 12 - dorsal aorta, 13 - intestinal artery,
14 - sechostate arteries, 15 - renal club artery,
16 - carotid artery, 17 - internal carotid artery,
18 - external carotid artery, 19 - leg, 20 - liver,
21 - shlunok, 22 - intestines, 23 - siemyanik, 24 - nirka
Scheme of the toad's venous system(more arterial blood is shown in rare shading, mixed with dots, venous with a black color):
1 - venous sinus,
2 - right anterior,
3 - left anterior heart,
4 - shlunochok,
5 - stegnova vein,
6 - sciatic vein,
7 - portal vein nirok,
8 - cervical vein,
9 - portal vein of the liver, 10 - nirkov, what to drink.
11 - posterior vein, 12 - pechenkov vein,
13 - great scalp vein, 14 - brachial vein,
15 - subclavian vein, 16 - external jugular vein,
17 - internal jugular vein, 18 - right anterior vena cava, 19 - left anterior empty vein, 20 - leg vein, 21 - lung, 22 - liver, 23 - ventricle, 24 - nasal vein,
25 – shluk, 26 – intestines
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Vivcheniya internal budovaya toads
On the specimen, look at the growth of the internal organs (Fig. 21). Find it near the chest part of the body heart. Find the anterior and scutula: the anterior is dark in color, the scutula is light, the walls are more muscular (Fig. 22).
Understand the scheme with the great and small stakes of blood circulation (Fig. 23). Right-handed and left-handed hearts are separated lungs. As the smells are filled with dust, the stinks look like large light-gray bags. The mechanism of breathing in the toad is of the suppurative type (Fig. 24).
Find organic propagation females - ovaries, oviducts. The oviduct has long colored tubes. In males nasniki yellowish-white bean-like shape. The skin connects with the duct and the duct, and the duct in the toad assumes the function of the seminal ducts (Wolfian channel).
Small 21. External retouching of the internal organs of a female toad:
1 - right in front, 2 - left front, 3 - slut, 4 - arterial cone, 5 - Lighter, 6 - stravokhid, 7 - Shlunok, 8 - pyloric part of the scutum, 9 - twelve-pala intestine, 10 - sub-hedge, 11 - small intestine 12 - rectum, 13 - cloaca area, 14 - liver, 15 - chewing fur, 16 - ruminant duct, 17 - brizha, 18 - Selezinka, 19 - Nirka, 20 - Sniffer, 21 - sechovy mikhur, 22 - Yaechnik, 23 – oviduct (the left ovary and oviduct are not shown in the baby).
Small 22.
In a small amount of blood flow in amphibians will end in
Scheme of the revealed heart of a toad:
1 - right in front, 2 - left front, 3 - slut, 4 - valves that close the gastrointestinal opening, which leads to both anterior hearts of the little hole, 5 - arterial cone, 6 - zagalny arterial stovbur, 7 - scarnolegenian artery, 8 - aortic arch, 9 - carotid artery, 10 – sleepy “climb”, 11 - Spiral valve of the conus arteriosus.
Small 23. Blood loss in amphibians:
A- buttonhole (larva with one stake of blood supply), B- The individual has grown up (with two stakes of blood), I, II, III, IV- arterial arches of the cerebral arteries, 1
- right in front, 2
- left front, 3
- slut, 4
- arterial cone, 5
- Root of the aorta, 6
- Dorsal aorta, 7
- zyabra, 8
- Carotid arteries, 9
– legends, 10
- veins that bring arterial blood from the leg, 11
- legen arteries, which carry venous blood from the heart, 12
- veins that bring venous blood from the body, 13
- Grown arterial arches II and III, which mix blood from the heart. Venous blood is indicated by a black color, arterial blood is white, mixed blood is sharpened.
Small 24. Scheme of the mechanism of the toad’s movement:
I- The mouth cavity expands and enters through the open nostrils, II- the nostrils close, the laryngeal cleft opens and the winds that come out of the lungs mix in the empty mouth with atmospheric winds, III- the nostrils are closed, the mouth empty is shortened and the mixture is again pumped into the leg, IV- The laryngeal fissure is closed, the bottom of the oral cavity is pressed up to the palate, the excess of the mouth is drained through the nostrils that have been opened: 1 - external opening of the nostril, 2 - Internal opening of the nostril (choana), 3 - Rotova empty, 4 - bottom of the mouth empty, 5 - Guttural gap, 6 - Lighter, 7 – Stravokhid.
Small 25. Diagram of the cloaca of a female toad: 1 - external opening of the cloaca, 2 - Empty the sewer, 3 - rectum, 4 - sechovy mikhur, 5 - Sniffer, 6 - Oviduct, 7 - Pelvic wall.
Podovzheniy slut Cover the stove with your left shovel. It's starting again twelve-finger gut. She has loops sub-hedge. Twelve-fingered gut move step by step tonka, which makes a number of loops, the rest will continue in Tovst. The intestines will end cloaca(Fig. 25). When looking at the intestine, do not confuse it with the loops of the oviduct.
In mature females, they fall ovaries- Great collection of bags in dark colors. Under the ovary from the left side from the sides of the spinal joint you can see nirki- Spindle-like design in dark red color. Yak u rib tse mesonephros.
Let's go out from them sechovodi what do you fall into cloaca, and the sechovy fur opens into the cloaca, close the opening (Fig. 26 and 27).
The upper part of the seeds and eggs has a spade-like texture of a bright yellow or orange color. These are fatty bodies that replace the supply of living substances that are necessary for the development of state products.
Small 26. Sechostate system of the female toad:
1
- Nirka, 2
- Sniffer, 3
- Empty the sewer, 4
- sechovy opening, 5
- sechovy mikhur, 6
- open the sieve mikhur, 7
- left ovary (right ovary on the baby not shown), 8
- Oviduct, 9
- virva oviduct, 10
- fat body (fat body on the right side is not shown), 11
- nadnirnik, 12
– article opening (opening of the oviduct).
Small 27. Sechostate system of the male toad:
1 - Nirka, 2 - Sechetochnik (also known as sem'yaprovid), 3 - Empty the sewer, 4 - sechostatevy opening, 5 – sechovy mikhur, 6 – opening of the sechovy mikhur, 7 - Nasinnik, 8 - symphonic tubules, 9 - Nasinneva’s bulb, 10 – fat body, 11 - Nadnirnik.
Small 28. The head of the toad of the beast ( A) that below ( B)
1 - large tracts of the anterior cerebrum, 2 - The sniffing section, 3 - Smelling nerve 4 - perineal cerebrum, 5 - zorova hiazmu, 6 – virva, 7 - pituitary gland, 8 - parts of the middle brain, 9 - cerebellum, 10 - prodigious cerebrum, 11 - dorsal cord.
Small 29. Toad skeleton:
I- Whole skeleton, II- the backbone of the beast, III- Ridge in front, 1 - neck ridge, 2 - Križov ridge, 3 - urostyle, 4 - sternum, 5 - Cartilaginous posterior part of the sternum, 6 - Prosternum, 7 - Coracoid, 8 - procoracoid, 9 - Spatula, 10 - suprascapular cartilage, 11 - club kistka, 12 - sill, 13 - pubic cartilage, 14 - humerus, 15 – anterior (promeneva + luktova), 16 - wrists, 17 - paste, 18 – germinal I finger, 19 - II finger, 20 - V finger, 21 – stitchy, 22 - Homilka (large and small homilka cysts), 23 - Foretarsus, 24 - Metatarsus, 25 - rudiment of an additional finger, 26 - I finger, 27 - body of the spine, 28 - Spinal canal, 29 - Members of the Maidan, 30 - Transverse drainage.
Central nervous system. Progressive rices will be: the anterior cerebrum of the amphibian is larger, lower in fishes, and its surface is divided (Fig. 28).
Skeleton Toads look at the preparation and compare with the baby (Fig. 29).
Progressive signs:
1) free endings of the five-fingered type,
2) molding of belts and ends,
3) great differentiation of the ridge.
Primitive rice:
1) slight ossification of the skull,
2) weak development of the neck and crease veins,
3) width of ribs.
Middle living toad
Toads live in many places: in swamps, thick forests, on bows, on the banks of freshwater or near water. The behavior of toads has many implications for the region. In dry weather, the toads appear to huddle in the sun, then after entering, or in wet, rainy weather, the time for their watering comes.
How much blood does amphibians have?
Other species live near the water or even the water itself, so they stink all day long.
Toads live on carnivorous gnats, mainly beetles and double-birds, and also eat spiders, terrestrial worm-footed mollusks, and sometimes young fish. Toads chat about their business, sitting quietly in a quiet place.
When watering, the main role is played by zir. Having spotted either a mosquito or some other small creature, the toad throws out a wide sticky mouthful from its mouth, to which the victim sticks. Toads snatch up any crumbling species.
Malyunok: Rukh movie jabi
Toads are active in the warm season. With the coming of autumn the stench will go into winter. For example, the grass toad overwinters during the day in water that does not freeze, near the upper rivers and streams, accumulating in tens or hundreds of individuals. The gostromuzzle toad climbs into a crack in the ground for the winter.
Zovnіshnya budova toads
The body of the toad is short, the head is large, flat, without sharp edges, and looks like a sheepskin. In contrast to fish, the head of amphibians is articulated with a vest. Even if the toad doesn’t have a neck, he can just trim his head a little.
Malyunok: Zovnishna budova toads
On the head there are two large, worn out eyes, stolen hundreds: skinny - for the top and clear, ruffled - for the bottom. The toad often bleeds, causing the hairy skin to wet the surface of the eyes, preventing them from drying out. This peculiarity developed in the toad in connection with its terrestrial way of life. The fish, whose eyes constantly stand near the water, never waver. In front of the eyes on the head there is a visible pair of nostrils. Just open your organs to your sense of smell. The toad breathes in the atmospheric air, which consumes its body through its nostrils. The eyes and nostrils are located on the upper side of the head. When a toad is near the water, it puts them out by name. In this case, you can escape the atmospheric winds and swim in what appears to be a pose with water. Behind the cutaneous eye on the toad's head there is a small tuft covered with skin. This is the main part of the hearing organ. drum line. The inner ear of a toad, like a fish, is located near the bones of the skull.
The toad has well-developed paired ends - front and hind legs. The skin tip is made up of three cephalic divisions. The front nose is divided into: shoulder, forearmі penzlik. The toad ends up with only a few fingers (its fifth finger is immature). At the posterior end these branches are called quilted, homilki, foot. The foot ends in five toes, like those of a toad that are connected by a swimmer. The branches of the ends of the hands are jointed with each other for help Suglobiv. The hind legs are significantly longer and stronger than the front legs; they play a major role in Russia. The toad, when sitting, rests on the slightly curved front ends, the rear ends of which are folded and located on the sides of the body. Quickly straightening it, the toad stops cutting. The front legs protect the creature from hitting the ground. The toad swims by pulling and straightening its rear ends, and at the same time pressing its front ends to the body.
All living amphibians have naked skin. The toad has always seen rare mucous membranes in the skin.
Water from the excess medium (water, rain or dew) enters the toad’s body through the skin and below. The toad doesn't sing at all.
Toad skeleton
The skeleton of a toad is made up of the same basic species as the skeletal perch, due to its connection with the above-ground way of life and the development of its legs is of low specificity.
Little One: Toad Skeleton
In contrast to the fish, the toad has a cervical spine. Vin is loosely articulated with the skull. Behind him come the tulub ridges with thick shoots (the toad’s ribs are not broken). The upper arches of the ridge and the ridge of the back cover the spinal cord. At the end of the ridge of the toad and all other tailless amphibians there is a long tail. In newts and other tailed amphibians, the spine consists of a large number of ridges jointed together.
The skull of a toad has fewer brushes, and the skull of a fish has fewer bruises. In connection with the legenevim dikhannya, the toad has no chillies.
The skeleton of the ends shows their division into three sections and connections with the ridge in the form of brushes of the end belts. Belt of front ends — sternum, two crow brushes, two collarbonesі two blades There is the appearance of an arc and swelling in the body muscles. Belt of back ends creations by adults pelvic cysts and is attached tightly to the ridge. It serves as a support for the rear ends.
Inner Bud's Toad
M'yazi jabi
The meat system of the toad is more complex than that of the fish. Even the toad not only swims, but is also covered with dry land. For shortened meats and groups of meats, the toad can create folded arms. She is especially good at solving the endings.
Travna toad system
The grass system of amphibians is similar to that of fish. When used as a fish, its hind intestine opens up not directly, but especially when expanded, called cloaca. The cloaca also opens the ducts and visible ducts of the reproductive organs.
Malyunok: The inner bud of a toad. Travna toad system
The dichal system of the toad
The toad dies in the air. For dikhannya serve legenі ta skіra. The lungs look like bears. Their walls contain a large number of blood vessels in which gas exchange occurs. The toad's throat pulls downwards every few times for a second, which is why an empty space is created in the mouth. The air then penetrates through the nostrils to the mouth and down to the legs. Back you move under the influx of muscles in the walls of the body. The toad's lungs are weakly excused, and its skin breathes as importantly as it is legen. Gas exchange is only possible behind the hairy skin. If you place a toad in a dry container, the skin will hang and the creature may die. Locked in the water, the toad completely switches to hiding its skin.
Malyunok: The inner bud of a toad. The toad system is blood-bearing and dihal
Circulatory system of the toad
The toad's heart is located at the front of the body, under the sternum. The water consists of three chambers: slutі two in front of the heart. To quickly pass through something like an insult to the heart, or a little bitch.
The heart of a toad has no right to take revenge venous blood, live - only arterial, and the little cooch is mixed with bloody peace.
The special treatment of vessels, taking the cob from the cob, ensures that only the toad's brain is provided with clean arterial blood, and the body removes the mixed blood.
In a toad, the blood from the heart sac flows through the arteries of all tissue organs, and from them it flows through the veins at the right atrium - this great blood loss. In addition, the blood flows from the leg to the skin, and from the back to the left front of the heart - this blood loss. All spinal creatures, including fish, have two levels of blood circulation: small - from the heart to the respiratory organs and back to the heart; great - from the heart through the arteries to all organs and from them back to the heart.
Exchange of speech in amphibians on the butt of toads
The exchange of speech in amphibians proceeds continuously. The body temperature of a toad is dependent on the temperature of the central core: it rises in the warm season and decreases in the cold. When the weather becomes too hot, the toad's body temperature decreases due to the evaporation of hair from the skin. Like fish, toads and other amphibians are cold-blooded creatures. Therefore, when it gets cold, toads become inactive, urge to go somewhere warmer, and in the winter they completely hibernate.
The central nervous system and sensory organs of amphibians on the butt of a toad
The central nervous system and sensory organs of amphibians are formed from the same species as those of fish. The anterior cerebrum is stronger than the one in fish, and two swellings can be separated in it. great puffs. The body of amphibians is close to the ground, and they do not have to maintain water. In connection with this, there is a cerebrum, which supports the coordination of the rocs, their excuses are weaker than those of the fish.
Malyunok: The inner bud of a toad. Nervous system of a toad
Budova organs are slightly similar to the terrestrial environment. For example, while blazing for centuries, the toad removes the powder that has stuck to the eye and wets the surface of the eye.
Like fish, the toad has an inner ear. However, near the wind, the sound cords widen significantly louder than near the water. Therefore, for the sake of better hearing, the toad has expanded middle ear. It begins to receive sounds with the ear of a drum - a thin round layer behind the eye. As a result, sound vibrations are transmitted through the auditory ossicle to the inner ear.
Lecture added 02/05/2014 at 10:01:44
The herbal system of a toad consists of the mouth, pharynx, passage, vulva and intestines. The toad catches the species using its sticky tongue, which is attached to the mouth with the front end. The buried hedgehog is completely shackled by the toad. Toads have well-pronounced bowels, and in the intestines there are clearly twelve toes, small and large intestines. In the twelve-fingered intestine, the ducts of the liver open at the same time as the duct of the subgaleal gland. The large intestine ends in the rectum, which opens up in a particularly dilated form. called the cloaca.
Slide 17 From the presentation "See the Toads". The size of the archive from the presentation is 2385 KB.
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Biology 8th grade
“Break your fists” - Organic speeches - 60%. Know how the authorities give the brushes of inorganic speech. Then we remove the brush. They have lost their inorganic (mineral) speech. Why do older people break their wrists more often when they fall? Having studied the literature, we discovered: Dosvid 1! Such a decalcified brush can be tied with a knot. Recommendations! Robimo visnovki! From the literature we were able to enter the brush warehouse. All organic speeches that enter the warehouse of the brush burn.
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How much blood does a toad have?
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"Biology "Human Skeleton"" - Skeleton (skeletos - withered) - a collection of hard tissues. Ostea – the upper ball of the brush. Frontal cyst. Human skeleton. Cyst (os, ossis) is an organ, the main element of the spinal skeleton. From the list of speeches (1-10), select the correct power supply types (A-M). The human skeleton is of low importance compared to the human skeleton. Chervony kustkovy brain - tissue pulp. Viddily skeleton. Chest flap. The chest is expanded downwards and to the sides.
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5klass.net > Biology 8th grade > See the toads > Slide 17
Plasuns have two stakes of blood circulation.
Ssavtsy have two stakes of blood loss.
Birds also have two stakes of blood circulation.
Female wives have 3 stakes. During the period of pregnancy, this system becomes increasingly important, the fragments in the body are actually the other heart in addition to two circles of blood flow, a new channel in the blood flow is created: this is called the uteroplacental blood flow. In Shchokhvilini, about 500 ml of blood passes through the whole.
Who has how many circles of bleeding?
Amphibians have two blood flow rates.
Ssavtsy have two stakes of blood loss. Due to the presence of two cells (small and great) in the blood circulation system, the heart is made up of two parts: the right, which pumps blood in the small circle, and the left, which pumps blood in the large circle. The meat mass of the left one is approximately four times larger than that of the right one, which has a significantly high support for the large stake, and other figures of structural organization are practically identical.
Female wives have 3 stakes. During the hour of pregnancy, this system becomes increasingly important, the fragments in the body are actually “another heart” - in addition to two levels of blood flow, which is being established, a new hole in the blood flow is being established: so called utero-placental no blood flow. In Shchokhvilini, about 500 ml of blood passes through the whole.
At the end of the day, the volume of blood in the body increases to 6.5 liters. With the appearance of an additional blood flow, which will ensure the growing needs of the fetus in living matter, acidity and household materials.
In arthropods, the circulatory system is not closed, so there is no blood flow.
The fish have one blood loss.
Mature amphibians have two blood flow rates.
how much blood does a fish have?
After all, I honestly don’t seem to know
exactly 1 blood loss.
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VESSELS: 1) AORTA, 2) pulmonary arteries, 3) pulmonary veins, 4) arterial veins, 5) cerebral veins, 6) pulmonary veins.
Before the vessels of the great stake there is bloodshed:
b) leg veins
c) legen's artery
The turnover rate of species is the least (savages, amphibians, fish, birds, plunderfishes)?
A – having eaten ungreased meat B – having bathed in standing water
B – after eating vegetables or fruits D – after drinking sour milk
3) How many branches are there in a mosquito’s body:
B – one R – chotiri
4) Creatures of some systematic group have a two-chambered heart:
A – komakh B – flat chrobaks
B - amphibians G - fish
5) What types of fish do amphibians resemble?
A-kistkovyh B - kisteperikh
B – sturgeon and beluga D – shark and skhilyov
6) Impaired breathing is associated with the function:
A – cerebellum B – great povkul
B – thick brain D – bridge
7) The main role of platelets lies in:
A – transport of gases B – immune defense against foreign proteins
B – phagocytosis of solid particles D – laryngeal blood
8) Soon the blood flow will end in:
A - right atrium B - left ventricle
C – right ventricle D – left atrium
9) The organ of care is not:
A – larynx B – trachea
B – stravohid G – bronchi
10) If a person has a fever and teeth are falling out, then she is deficient in vitamins:
Circulatory systems of the spine (folding)
The heart of the fish has 4 empty parts, connected sequentially: the venous sinus, the atrium, the scutum and the arterial cone/cibulin.
- Venous sinus (sinus venosus) - we forgive the enlargement of the vein, which collects blood.
- In sharks, ganoids and biphatic fishes, the arterial cone is filled with fleshy tissue, the valves and parts of the body are shortened.
- In bony fishes, the arterial cone of reduction (does not contain meat tissue or valves), is called “arterial cibulin”.
The blood at the heart of the fish is venous, from the cibulin/conus it flows into the gland, there it becomes arterial, flows to the body organs, it becomes venous, and turns at the venous sinus.
Double-spirited fish
In newborn fish, there is a “legeneous circulation of blood”: from the remaining (fourth) cerebral artery, blood flows through the legenian artery (LA) into the respiratory sac, where it is additionally enriched with sourness and along the legenian vein (PV) ) rotates in the heart, in the left part of the anterior . Venous blood comes out of the body, as it lies at the venous sinus. In order to separate the mixture of arterial blood from the “legen cola” from the venous blood from the body, the atrium and often into the sac is an irregular septum.
Thus, the arterial blood of the baby appears before the venous one, which is located at the anterior artery, from which the road leads directly to the head. The intelligent fish brain takes away blood, having passed through the gas exchange organs three times after sleep! Bathing in the sour, the rogue.
Amphibians
The circulatory system of the bulbuls is similar to the circulatory system of the cystic fishes.
In an adult amphibian, the atrium is divided by a septum on the left and right, with a total of 5 chambers:
- venous sinus (sinus venosus), which, like in submerged fish, drains blood from the body
- The left atrium (left atrium), in yak, like in subordinate fish, receives blood from the lung
- right atrium
- Ventricle
- arterial cone (Conus arteriosus).
1) In the left anterior of the amphibian there is arterial blood from the legs, and in the right there is venous blood from the organs of the prosecutor’s office and arterial blood from the skin, in this way, in the right atrium of the toad the blood is mixed.
2) As you can see from the baby, the throat of the arterial cone is displaced at the back of the right atrium, so the blood from the right atrium comes there first, and from the left - at the back.
3) In the middle of the arterial cone there is a spiral valve, which distributes three portions of blood:
- The first portion of blood (from the right atrium, the main one from the ears) goes to the pulmocutaneous artery and is oxygenated
- another portion of blood (a mixture of mixed blood from the right atrium and arterial blood from the left atrium) goes to the body organs via the systemic artery
- the third portion of blood (from the left atrium, arterial from the ears) goes to the carotid artery (carotid artery) to the cerebrum.
4) In lower amphibians (tailed and legless) amphibians
- the septum between the atria is not straight, so the mixing of arterial and mixed blood is more likely;
- The skin is supplied with blood not from the scalp-leg arteries (the main source of blood from the blood vessels), but from the dorsal aorta (the source of blood from the middle) - but it’s not even obvious.
5) If a toad sits under water, blood flows from the leg near the left front of the heart, which, in theory, must go to the head. The optimistic version is that the heart begins to work in a different mode (the synchronicity of the pulsation phases of the scutulum and the arterial cone changes), it becomes independent of the mixing of the blood, through which it is not possible to go to the head There is venous blood from the leg, and the blood that is formed from venous blood is mixed the left atrium and the mixed right one. Another (pessimistic) version, because the cerebrum of the underwater toad takes off the greatest venous blood and dullness.
Plazuni
In plazuns, the legen artery (“to the lung”) and two aortic arches emerge from the septum, which is partially separated by a septum. The division of blood between these three vessels is determined in the same way as in lungfish and toads:
- The main arterial blood (from the leg) is located near the right aortic arch. To make it easier for children to understand, the right arch of the aorta starts from the left side of the baby, and the “right arch” is called the “right arch” for those who, having gone around the heart, are right-handed, it turns on to the warehouse of the spinal artery (as it looks, you can marvel at the step and to the next baby). The carotid arteries enter from the right arch - the arterial blood enters the head;
- the blood flows from the left aortic arch, which leaves the heart of the heart and joins the right aortic arch - the spinal artery emerges, which carries blood to the organs;
- Most venous blood (from the body organs) is located at the pulmonary artery.
Crocodiles
The heart of crocodiles is chamberless, but they still have mixed blood - through a special Panizza opening (foramen of Panizza) between the left and right aortic arches.
It is important, however, that normally the mixing is not carried out: due to the fact that in the left shank there is a higher pressure, the blood flows not only into the right aortic arch (Right aorta), but through the panic response p - in the left aortic arch (Left aorta), in this way, the organs of the crocodile maintain almost all the arterial blood.
If the crocodile is pirna, the bleeding through the yogo legend is to the right, the right of the right slate of the vigor, I touched the blood through the panitsyvs: according to the lvy oorti at the pirodvodny crocodile, the blood of the right slate. I don’t know what his sense is: all the blood in the circulatory system is venous at this moment, so what should be redeployed where? At any time, blood comes into the head of an underwater crocodile from the right aortic arch - in case of untreated diseases, it is absolutely venous. (This suggests that the pessimistic version is also true for underwater toads.)
Birds and birds
The circulatory systems of animals and birds in school animals are shown to be very close to the truth (the spinal cords, as we thought, were not so fortunate). One thing that they say in school is not to follow - these are the ones that the savants (B) have preserved only the left aortic arch, and the birds (B) have only the right ones (under the letter A the circulatory system of reptiles is depicted, which is blamed for the injury of the arch) - There is nothing else in the circulatory system of either chickens or people. What do you want from the fruits?
Fruit
Arterial blood, separated by the fetus from the mother, from the placenta to the umbilical vein. Part of this blood is consumed by the vortex system of the liver, part of it bypasses the liver, and part of it flows into the lower empty vein (interior vena cava), where it mixes with the venous blood that flows out of the organ. in the fetus. By draining the right atrium (RA), this blood is once again diluted with venous blood from the superior vena cava, so that in the right atrium the blood is completely mixed. At the same time, the left anterior heart of the fetus has a small amount of venous blood coming from its inactive legs - just like a crocodile sitting under water. What's going on, colleagues?
The good old awkward septum comes to the rescue, which the authors of school textbooks on zoology so loudly laugh at - in the human fetus, right in the septum between the left and right atria, there is an oval opening (Foramen ovale), through which blood is mixed from the right front The heart is at the left front. In addition, there is a duct (Dictus arteriosus), through which the blood from the right sac is mixed with the aortic arch. In this way, blood flows from the aorta of the fetus to all its organs. And it's crazy! And we pestered you toads and crocodiles!! And themselves.
Tests
1. In cartilaginous fish the day is:
a) swimming suit;
b) spiral valve;
c) arterial cone;
2. The storage of the circulatory system in vascular patients includes:
a) two arches of the aorta, which then join the dorsal aorta;
b) deprived of the right aortic arch
c) the left aortic arch
d) the aorta is the celiac, and the aortic arch is external.
3. The circulatory system in birds has:
a) two arches of the aorta, which then merge into the dorsal aorta;
B) deprived of the right aortic arch;
B) the left aortic arch;
d) the aorta is the celiac, and the aortic arch is external.
4. Arterial cone
B) cartilaginous fish;
D) cystic ganoid fish;
D) bony fish.
5. Classes of spinal columns in which the blood collapses directly from the respiratory organs to the tissues of the body, without passing first through the heart (choose all the correct options):
B) mature amphibians;
6. The heart of a turtle for its budovaya:
A) a trichamber with an irregular septum near the baby's mouth;
D) a chamber with an opening at the partition between the doors.
7. The amount of blood loss in toads:
A) one in toads, two in mature toads;
B) one in mature toads, but no blood flow in frogs;
C) two in toads, three in mature toads;
D) two in frogs and in mature toads.
8. In order for a molecule of carbon dioxide that has passed into the blood from the tissues of your left foot to enter the middle of your stomach through your nose, it must pass through all the structures of your body following the following procedure:
B) vein of leg;
c) alveoli legen;
D) legen's arteries.
9. Two stakes of blood circulation are drawn (choose all the correct options):
A) cartilaginous fish;
B) promeneperi ribi;
B) bovine fish;
10. Chotirikamerna’s heart is aching:
11. In front of you is a sketchy little heart of ssavtsiv. The sour blood has been infused with blood coming from the heart through the vessels:
12. A small image of the arterial arches:
How much blood do fish have?
In fish, for example, the blood from the heart goes directly to the gills, where it becomes rich in sourness, then it is distributed throughout the body and then circulates in the heart, while in fish there is only one more blood flow.
One blood burn
If you doubt the correctness of the answer or if it is simply missing, then try a quick search on the site and find similar meals in the subject Biology or set your own meal and follow the answer for several minutes .
How much blood loss does a fish have?
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Blood loss in fish
The circulatory system (Fig. 30). The heart of cartilaginous fish is two-chambered; it is formed from the anterior chamber. Adjacent to the atrium is a wide, thin-walled venous sinus, from which venous blood flows. The arterial cone is adjacent to the end (along the blood flow) part of the scutum, which is essentially a part of the scutum, although the end of the scutum looks like the beginning of the cerebral aorta. The connection of the conus arteriosus to the heart is demonstrated by the presence of striated muscles (as in other parts of the heart).
In front of the arterial cone of the cob there is the celiac aorta, from which five pairs of cerebral arteries extend to the coronary arteries. Parts of these arteries up to the winter pellets are called winter arteries, parts of them that go out of the winter and carry already oxidized blood are called wine-bearing arteries. The remaining vessels fall in young men - the root aorta, which, when angry, creates the main arterial structure - the dorsal aorta. It lies under the ridge and supplies blood to the internal organs. The carotid arteries go forward from the root of the aorta, carrying blood to the head.
Venous blood from the head collects in the paired jugular (also called cardinal) veins. From the tubule, blood is collected in the paired posterior cardinal veins, which at the same time drain from the jugular veins of the idiopathic side, draining the paired ducts of the cuvian veins, which empty into the sinus venous. The cardinal veins regulate the blood circulation system in the lower regions. From the intestines, blood flows from the axillary vein, which improves the liver's circulatory system. From the liver, blood flows through the hepatic vein to the venous sinus.
Nervous system. The cerebrum is remarkably large. Good excuse for all parts: front, middle, middle
Small 30. Zvichaina shark (Acanthias):
1 – carotid artery; 2 - suprajabernian artery; 3 – dorsal aorta; 4 – venous sinus; 5 - duct of Cuvere; 6 – uterine-mesenteric artery; 7 – cardinal vein; 8 - portal vein; 9 - tail vein; 10 - portal vein of the liver; 11 – hepatic sinus; 12 - anterior; 13 – hole behind the aortic cone; 14 - vernal aorta; 15 - zyabrova artery; 16 jugular vein
wet and sweaty. The nerve cord is located on the bottom, sides and front of the brain. Brain enlargement.
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The circulatory system is rib. Blood-forming organs and blood flow
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Cold-blooded (body temperature lies below the temperature of the midsection) creatures, fish have a closed circulatory system, represented by the heart and veins. During the meal, among other animals, fish suffer from blood flow (behind the vines and fins).
The heart of fish is bicameral: it consists of the atrium, the scutum, the sinus venosus and the conus arteriosus, which pass through its fleshy walls. Rhythmically rushing, the roof is collapsing along a closed stake.
Compared to land-based creatures, the heart of fish is much smaller and weaker. Yogo mass does not exceed 0.33-2.5%, on average 1% of body mass, while in birds it reaches 4.6%, and in birds - 10-16%.
The weakest thing is the bloody grip.
The fish swell and the heart speeds up at a low frequency: 18–30 beats per round, but at low temperatures it can change to 1–2; in fish that can withstand freezing in ice, the pulsation of the heart during the period of sunbathing increases.
In addition, the fish produce a small amount of blood mixed with other creatures.
But everything is explained by the horizontal position of the fish in the middle middle (there is no need to put blood on the mountain), as well as by the life of the fish near the water: at the middle, in which the force of the earth's gravity is much less, lower on the surface i.
Blood from the heart flows through the arteries, and the heart through the veins.
From the atrium it is inserted into the sac, then into the conus arteriosus, and then at the great cervical aorta and reaches the glands, where gas exchange takes place: the blood of the glands becomes rich in acidity and releases carbon dioxide . Red blood cells of fish - erythrocytes contain hemoglobin, which binds sourness in fish, and carbon dioxide in organs and tissues.
The presence of hemoglobin in the blood of fish reduces sourness in different species. Swimming fish, which live in flowing waters rich in sourness, produce hemoglobin cells that last a long time before binding sourness.
The arterial blood is rich in sourness and has a bright red color.
After the fall, the blood flows through the arteries into the head vein and further into the dorsal aorta. Passing through the dorsal aorta, blood delivers oxygen to the organs and to the muscles of the trunk and tail. The dorsal aorta extends to the end of the tail, from which it reaches the internal organs along the route of the great vessel.
The venous blood of the fish is depleted of sourness and infused with carbon dioxide and has a dark cherry color.
Having given sourness to the organs and collected carbon dioxide, the blood behind the great veins goes to the heart and anterior heart.
The fish organism has its own characteristics and in the bloodstream:
Numerous organs can create blood: the glandular apparatus, intestines (mucous), heart (epithelial ball and endothelial vessel), cervix, spleen, vessel blood, lymphoid organ (collection of hematopoietic tissue - reticular syncytium - under the hood of the skull).
In peripheral blood, fish may have mature and young red blood cells.
Erythrocytes, in the presence of blood from the blood, form a nucleus.
The blood of the fish is subject to internal osmotic pressure.
14 blood group systems were installed.
At the hour of parasitological investigation of fish, blood and blood circulation organs are taken for analysis.
Zalikovy lesson on the topic “Ribi”
How many things have you learned about fish in your advanced lessons in secondary literature! Can you respond to such requests?
1. Why is it important to hold a living fish in your hands? (The part of the fish is covered with a ball of mucus, which can be seen as skin ridges. The mucus is replaced by rubbing the body of the fish into the water and serves as a protectant against bacteria and mold.)
2. Why is it that the fish don’t run into obstacles in the kalamut water? (The fish has a special organ called the ovary line.)
3. Why shouldn't sharks drown without the stench of swimming gear? (The buoyancy of a shark’s body is due to the accumulation of large reserves of fat, first of all in the liver. Therefore, in some species of sharks, the liver mass reaches 25% of the body mass of the liver, while in ray fish it is only 1–8%.)
4. Why do some fish produce so many eggs? (They are not characterized by turbot about offspring; they throw eggs “opportunistically” - most of the eggs and fry are eaten by hizhaks.)
5. What kind of fish does this fourth fish have (marvelous fig.)? (Shark is a representative of the class of Cartilaginous fish.)
6. Who has a dovsha grass system: does pike have silver carp? (In the silver carp; the majority of the intestine depends on the nature of the hedgehog: in the skinny fish the veins are significantly short, lower in the tall fishes.)
7. How much blood does a fish have? (One, krim dvorikhannya – they have legends.)
8. What is the brain (the model shows the brain), and why do fish grow to such large sizes? (The cerebellum. It is responsible for the coordination of the arms and animals, which is especially important in the aquatic environment.)
9. What other organs, other than fish, can share the same fate with fish? (Swimming fur, legs (in subbills), intestines, skin (as the body of the fish contains extra lure), epibranchial labyrinth.
Additional power supply
1. Now you can find biological benefits in literary works. For example, three authors, having guessed one and the same creature, indulge in mercy:
A.K. Tolstoy at the bilina “Sadko”: “And here it is to marvel at the new man/Biluga, blinking his eyes...”
Sashko Chorny: “And the squad is sweet/It’s like a beluga.”
Boris Pasternak joins them in Doctor Zhivago: “At the stations white locomotives roared...”
(The beluga is a fish, and it, of course, does not have the power of blinking - the fish have no power. The beluga does not “roar” and does not “sink”, whereby another creature, the beluga whale, the white whale, the polar dolphin, is destroyed.)
2. Ale and fish are not all of them. Actors may produce different sounds. This is often assisted by an organ that can also serve to amplify sounds that are received. What kind of organ is it, what functions does it perform?
(Swimming mikhur is a hydrostatic device, a regulator instead of gases in the blood, a number of types are an accessory organ of the respiratory system.)
3. Bring the butt of the lancet food to the warehouse that includes the types of fish that are found in our area.
(This example has at least two types of fish.)