The main form of government in ancient Rome. "The main forms of government in ancient Rome" Forms of government in ancient Rome

The history of ancient Rome, which completes the history of antiquity, in one of the most important stages all-round history... The Roman state is in the history of the legal development of the people that modern jurisprudence is especially important, as well as the Roman law, fragments of the same system, which became one for the ancient world, formed the basis of the right to rule over the present.

The periodization of the history of ancient Rome is based on the forms of government, which were inspired by the social and political situation: With such a rank, the history of Ancient Rome is subdivided into the following stages:

Tsarsky period (754-753 - 510-509 BC).

Republic (509 - 27 BC)

3.Imperia (30-27 r. BC - 491 r. N. E.)

Early Imperia Principate (27 r. BC - 193 r. N.)

Piznya imperia. Dominat (193 - 476 rubles)

The found period of the Roman history, call yourself to be called "royal", which is, according to the legendary tradition, three times two and a half tables. The whole period of time is in advance of being tied with the ceremonies of a new place, at the maybut capital of the empire, Rome. The hour of falling asleep in the place of Rome (753 r. To the star. E.) Is characterized by the processes of unfolding the primordial communal mode among the tribes, which were ruled by the Tiber rivers. The establishment of three tribes (ancient Latins, Sabinians and Etruscans) by the nobility called for the establishment of the community in Rome.

Suspense, podbne to old-fashioned, is called vіyskovaya democracy. The economic basis of the early Roman community was the Silskoe domination. The development of animal husbandry and farming led to the main differentiation and the emergence of private power. Vinikak patriarchal slavery, dzherel, which grows over and over again, and the water is the rudiments of the class basis of the suspension.

The group of the Roman mishka community (people) consisted of three tribes (tribes), which were divided into thirty chickens (a chain of cholovikiv-warriors), and those - by a hundred flat. Otzhe, the population of Rome had a bunch of 300 canopies. The land passed at the power of the genus - by the woods and by the herders, the relatives were creeping spirally, and the ryllia was spreading among the families. Rid evolved from the great families of Batkiv. 2 Lord (Father) of such a family took the lead role. The families, on which the father stood, were called patricians, and the members were called patricians. The patricians bully are not only the rulers of the land, they have the right to rob and be taken from the power of the power. A part of the population of Rome, which resembled the ancient tribes of the conquered territories, or moved to the place of the first places, was called the plebs. The plebeians bully members of the tribal organization Rome, that smelled of the right to the land from the communal field and engaged in handicrafts, trade. Deyakі plebeians volodіli small dіlyankas of their land, good in a thriving way. The plebeians were especially vile, they didn’t have a little political rights and the right to become friends with the representatives of the patrician canopies, and also the stench carried the service of the people, rallied the tribute.

The heads of the canopies were laid down by the elders, or the Senate, which in an hour had increased the value of the head authorities, which formed a cohort of 100, more than 300 members. Senate mav the right to negotiate in advance of all the right, who were wine at the decision

Narodnykh zboriv (a collection of Roman chickens with zbora). 4 On the chicken fences, new bills were seen, all the landowners, the spawn and the king were robbed; tsіbori denounced the vіynu і, like the ship's institute, wines a residual solution, since it was about the death of virok to the Roman hulk.

The head of the Roman community, the civil ruler of the Buv Rex is the king, who robbed the fences, brothers whose fate could be deprived of the patricians, members of the oldest Roman canopies. The tsar became the supreme commander, the sacrificer and the judge, for the consumer they were assisted by the questori - the posadov individuals, as they go to court on the right about driving.

In an hour, the number of plebeians began to rise. Plebeians appear - many craftsmen and merchants who repair the graces of the greater role of the economy of Rome. The stench of gosstro see its unrighteous and re-transformed into political and economic power, which stood for the patrician.

With such a rank, the judgment of the state in the Ancient Rome was the result of the out-of-town processes of spreading the primordial communal harmony, spawned by the development of private power, main and class differentiation. Ale tsi processes have been accelerated by the struggle of the plebeians for equal equality among the members of the Roman community, as they left the foundations of the patrimonial organization of Ancient Rome. Power will come to the change of the field as a political community.

Zakrіlennya peremogi plebeians and vyniknennya power from the ancient Rome connected with reforms to the rex Serviy Tullius, among some plebeians it was zaprovazhened to the warehouse of the Roman people. Vona runtuvalasya on the main reason for the territorial development, which helped the process of weakening the blood spores, which lay at the basis of the primordial communal organization. The first part of the reform is to bring the population of Rome to the mainstream. At the core of this

podil bouw of pledges of the size of the land nadil, yakim volodya and chi ludin: that, when volodya povnim nadil, were included in the first roster, three in fours nadil in another, etc. Piznishe, with the appearance in the IV century. up to sound That is, pennies, bulo introduced penny lane estimate. In addition, from the first rank, a special group of hulks was seen - the leaders, and the landless - the proletarians - were united in the sixth rank.

THE MINISTRY OF LEGAL AND PROFESSIONAL EVALUATE THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Krasnoyarsk Agrarian University

The main form of government in Ancient Rome

Viconave: student

Reversed:

Krasnoyarsk 98

| Zaprovadzhennya | 3 |

| Period rule of Rex | 4 |

| Reform of Servia Tullya | 6 |

| Political organization of slave-class aristocratic | |

| Roman Republic | 7 |

| Meister | 8 |

| Dictator | 9 |

| "Collective" organizations | 10 |

| Senate | 10 |

| Features of the Roman aristocratic republic | 11 |

| The crisis of the Roman Republic and the transition to the monarchy | 13 |

| State organization Rome before the hour of empire: principate | |

| i dominat | 14 |

| Principate | 15 |

| Dominat | 16 |

| Visnovok | 18 |

| List of Literature | 20 |

Entry.

History of Ancient Rome in the eighth century BC (754-753).

The Roman people of the canopy (gensi), the union of the canopy (kurii) and the three tribes -

ramniv, titiiv and luceriv. The head of the mesta bouv rex (king). Usyogo tsariv

bulo sim - repairing from Romulus and ending Tarquinim Gordim.

U 509 p. BC Tarkviniy Gordiy, fell down, the head of the place is turned back

Consul Junius Brutus. The royal period ends and the period ends

republics, having occupied close to 500 rubles (509-27 rubles BC).

Z 27g. that until 476. our era Rome is going through the period of the empire, at its

cherga fall for the period of the principate (27 rubles BC - 193 AD) that

dominat (193-476).

1. Period of correctness of rex.

Roman community of the period of the European democracy is not uniform for its

social structure. There were some honorable mentions, aristocracy-patricians. Z

The commanders, the local magistrates, come from the middle of the world. Your own time

stench vivodili from gods, tsars, heroes. Little by little the aristocracy to acquire

fallen as a clientele, and even earlier as slaves.

At the same time, there are canopies, kurii, tribes, and then the whole union of tribes

converged on zbori to the right, brought to the їkh competence; O

spirni spadschiny and vessels

Usyo canopy bulo 300, 100 for the skin tribe. 10 flats were set

kuriyu, 10 kuriyu - tribe (tribe). Such organization of the ball and

the subject of scientific discussion, more and more piece-wise to throw in

eyes. Tse - by the day - the army, rationally ruled, at the early stage,

under Romulus, she conquered and eventually seized the land, and then

I didn’t dispose of it in a planned way.

Rid buv is a naturally formed one and buv batkivsky. Kindred

wore one im'ya. The whole family іm'ya vibrated from the іmenі real chi

mythical ancestor. Relatives are not guilty of becoming friends with all the family.

Yak is a member of the clan of that tribe, a Roman hulk:

1.Buv a participant in the land power of the viglyad of the seen

youmu that yogo sіm'ї odyagla;

2.Removing the right to recessionary nadіlu that generic lane vzagalі;

3.mіg vimagati sobіd kind of help that beloved zahist;

4.take the fate of the out-of-town religious saints

At its own curry, the tribe, the tribe that union of tribes Zagalom could vimagati vid

of the skin whopper is the visitor of the first and the second community.

The rights of those obligations of the hulks were interrupted until the singing hour at the citizens

harmony.

The heads of the canopies were laid down for the elders, or the Senate, in an hour

how to fill up the meaning of the head uryadovoy power. Yak kinfolk, stink

called themselves dad. Senate mav

the right, as the wine was made up of the people's picks. Vin knew the bagatma

on the right-hand side from the management of Rome. Usiy senator_v bulo sphatku 100,

per room 300 persons.

Senate іnuvav і for tsars, as і people zbori, kolishnі

a collection of hens of Roman chickens. And in the curiosity I was playing

the supreme commander of the bouv rex is the tsar. That Bula viborna posada,

welcome to the people. Rex had the functions of the Vysky leader, the supreme

the victim of the supreme court.

Likewise, the zbori of the Roman people will be surrounded by what was said by Vyskov

zbora, glance vіyskovoї power to Rome. Behind my children I will be lost

The members of the canopies, and them and the tribes, became the Roman people. Zavdyaki

the growth of productive forces, the emergence of patriarchal slavery and vinicle

tsiy basis of main differentiation among the Romans developed

the inconsistency between the canopies, and in the middle of the canopy. To fight the family

The patriarchal family did its best. We saw some scratches around the family. Members

їх began to pretend to cut a part of the vidobutku, as well as vinyatkovo

the right to join the Senate, to become the leaders of the Vysko. Qia rodova

the top was seen yak patrice. Navpaki, bednish family,

sent a ball of bonded slaves and people who different types

fallowness, often podbnom to patriarchal slavery.

The tribal organization of the Romans was ruined. Tsey process complying with the team,

scho in the territory, scho has expanded, zavdyaki conquests, Rome has come

new settlements from the root and voluntarily settled at the place

aliens Tsi settlers, a number of those who grew up were called plebs, tobto.

bezl_ch.

Plebei bully vilny, the stench has coveted the right of private power to the land,

engaging in craft and trade. Maine's got the smell of boules

heterogeneous. That middle-class, not squeezed by family ties, developed more

private authority. Through a whole part of їkh bagatila, and іnsha was angry

I easily fell into the Borg bondage. A few plebeians were not included until

The clans of the organization of the native Romans were politically unrighteous. Inodi

deyakі from the plebeians turned to be patricians, shukayuchi zahist

help. On the basis of the winykli of common fallowness - "klinteli". Cartridge

Patron-patrician took over a client of his kind, giving him his name,

having seen this part of the earth, having stolen it from the judge. "Klіnt" (tobto vіrniy

hearings) in all the order of the patron, the brother is guilty of the fate at once

native to vіynі. Uzi clienteli were sacred and non-ruinous.

Before the clientele and the bondage slaves, they spent the most of the plebeians,

Even the native Romans appeared near such fallow lands.

At the time of the tsarist era (6th century), the Roman suspension knew the good

irregularity and imputation, the tribe of each and every one was treated as a class man,

and the clan institutions were transformed into states.

Reform of Serviy Tuliyu.

An important step on the road to roman statehood Bula reform, yaku

Roman tradition pov'yazu with im'yam shostogo rex Serviy Tuliy. Under new

plebeian bulo was introduced to the warehouse of the roman community, and the territorial tribe

They have depressed the tribe of the tribe.

Broken tse bulo so, Serviy Tulliy poured all the population

Rome, and patricians and plebeians, for a number of main lines. Criteria

lane will become a landlord nadil, thinness іnventar and іnshe. Up to 1-

to the class of bully people, most of whom are estimated not less than

100,000 min. Minimal size for 2nd class bulo maino

75000 asіv; for the 3rd - 50,000, for the 4th - 25,000, for the 5th - 11,500 asіv.

Our little ones became the 6th class - proletarians, the wealth of such bulo

deprive the offspring.

Skin class

century (one hundred): 1 class - 80 centures of important and 18 centures

vershnikiv, deprived of 98 centures; 2nd class - 22; 3 - 20; 4 -22; 5 - 30 centures

easily recovered and 6th class - 1 century, zagalom 193 century. Oskilki

With such an uncomplicated rank, the bulo is soiled panuvannya bagatikh i

noble ones, just because of that, they smelled like patricians or plebeians.

One more important innovation was introduced before

without a list of plebeians: the territory of the mesta bullet is split into 4

territorial districts - tribis

Territorial subdivision of the population over the tribal.

Significance of reforms Serviy Tula is grander. Visiting all those who have found food at

the life of the Roman community passed to the centurіatny komіtsіy, from which took the fate

all the inhabitants of the village, all the communities lost their value.

Zlitty patricians and plebeians among the single people, beyond the territory

districts, hanging on the foreground of wealthy people, and not just generic,

the reform of Servia Tulia zuynuvala suspension, based on the origin of spores, that

the deputy of a new one opened the sovereign devices, provisions, as he wrote to F.

Engels, on the main reason for the territorial development.

2. Political organization of the slave-class aristocratic Roman

republics.

The reform of Servia Tulia was an important act of plebeians, ale von was far from

Has grown from patricians. Especially in the fact that the earth is soosuvasya,

as was the case for the world of conquest of Italy. Our problem

hated slavery of borg slavery, inevitable in unfortunate social

Ale for the covetousness of the one and the other plebeians demanded by the politicians

rights. On the right, I reached the gostrykh zitknen, ale zreshtoy plebei

reached the satisfaction of all their vimogs:

1. Establish a special plebeian magistratury sov. the people's tribunate,

the praised seizure of the plebeians from the patricians;

2. Access to the huge land with patricians;

3. Zachist from the path of patrician courts (according to the Code of Laws,

vіdomykh yak Zakoni 12 tables);

4. Permissions of shloves between patricians and plebeians;

5. The rights to borrow from a group of acts, and also from all heads

sovereign planted, including vіyskovі.

At 287 p. BC boo praised, so the decision of plebeian gatherings may

the same power, as and the solution of the centurian comic, tobto. obov'yazkov_ for all

without the blame of the Roman hulks that all the sovereigns established Rome. Before

before that, the decision was not received by either the consolidated senate or the revision.

Obviously, a long history of prowess, nobility did not immediately

patrician family saved an unchallenged change when deputized - hocha

і from vibors - all leading posad in the state, ale juridical

The revelation of the old Roman aristocracy and the plebeians were gone.

With this rank, completing the process of forming a slave

statehood: remnants of tribal tribes have passed away.

Meister.

At the cholі of Rome there were centurіatnі komіtsії and plebeian gatherings, sometimes

senate. The magistrates have gone astray, like for the old hours, consuls, praetors

that folk tribune. The stench of the stench was scavenged by the national zbora term on rik ta

boules were prompted for their work - to end their term more importantly.

Trimming the principle of collegiality of magistrates, the Romans robbed

two consuls, two (and sometimes more) praetors, plebeians

of the people's tribunes. Magistrates (bosses) did not get involved in the dormant rule

one at the right, ale for one vinyat: as, say, the consul knew,

that the order of his colleague is wrong and awkward;

his "veto". Wow, what a magistrati mali happy

mіzh persh nіzh nіzh virіshuvatis on skіlka-nebud important world (mandate).

The consuls took care of all the first-row to the right from the civil and vіyskovo

parts, and after an hour, one of them went to Rome, the one who sent the command

Pretori, scho nabuli meaning of the independent magistratury (4 tbsp.

n.e.) The praetor followed her values

behind the consulate. Repairing from 3-2 st. BC praetors became tlumachs right

that yogo creators.

Head of the People's (Plebeian) Tribunes

plebeians from the svavilla of the patrician magistrates, in an hour,

as soon as the connections practically came, the stench took on the function

protection of the legality, the possession of the be-like innocently cursed hulk. Have

healthy functions of the people's tribunes

impose a fence on the magistrates' diy, which win vvazhav against the right.

Proceeding to the township of the plebeian tribunes became the applicants

patrician politicians, on kshtalt brothers Grakhiv, oskil tribune could

are included in the legislative propositions of all kinds of national fences.

An important role for political life Rome was grabbed by the collegia of censors. Won

was stored in five people and was robbed of five rocks.

The censors are guilty of guiding people behind the centures of the visas

mine census. Starts that name. Then we got the recognition

Senators who gave the collegiate censors an important role in the political system

powers. The censors' function was guarded by the censors.

Immoral vchinok given to the censors before the censors

denouncing senators from the number of verdicts and translating them to the lowest

century.

Dictator.

Effortlessly assigned magistrates, boules simple, simple.

The dictator’s one posad, who was

one of the consuls for the land of the senate. Drive units

the dictator could have been there, be it a crisis, a situation in the middle of the country,

scho vimagali nevіdkladnyh, nezpechichnykh and shvidky dіy. Person, designated

the dictator Volodya by the civilian, by the rule of the courts

one hour. Dictator mav legislative power, youmu are not afraid of bully

there are some legitimate protests, including the veto of the plebeian tribunes.

Usi іnshi magіstrati prodovzhuvali funktsіonuvati, ale pіd vladyu

dictator.

After the end of the six-month term, the dictator of the crawl

more important. Remaining from the houses of the republican dictatorships of Mala Mistse in

220g. BC

Directly opposed to the republican dictatorship, bully "dictatorship",

winikli for gross violations of the republican constitution - no strings

dictatorship of Sulli, Caesar and ін.

"Collective" organ.

Whenever there are “collective” bodies of power, then it’s a bunch of buckets.

On the first place, put the centurіatnі zbori. Stink bully

more importantly - from the found hours - adopt the bill,

representations be-kim from magistrates - consul, praetor, people's

Most of the legislative functions, the Century Commissions were robbed

nominations of the posadovs proponated by him were announced,

і the world, they tried especially grave mischiefs,

the inflictor, etc.

Attributes of mali's commerce have the same competence as

centurіatni, ale at the right of the lesser significance (they robbed the lower magistrates,

check out the food about the imposition of fines).

However, we didn’t shoot regularly and got out of the will of one

magistrates - consul, praetor, tribune of the people, supreme sacred. Їx

Decide the most frequent boulevards in advance of magistrates.

The Senate had a more important meaning, but it was

Roman tsars as a strictly patrician advisory body.

Moving to the republic after making the supply to the Senate, like a single permanent

constitutional organ of power, which bends the will of the patrician.

Clicking the Senate one of the magistrates, which in the presence of that reason

shouting, that is the subject of discussion. The promises and decisions of the senators were recorded in a special

With the help of the Senate mav the right to consolidate the decision of the decision.

Ale vzhe z 4 st. BC the senate becomes the head of the year

іf the bill, we will blame it on the consolidated comitium in advance. Dumka

Senate bulo and in this vipad is far from formal, more behind it were

magistrates and general commendations (and the first for all the first 98).

Ale vikonavchoi govern the senate

brought zvertatisya for the help of magistrates.

Prior to special competence, the Senate lay in front of the international

fair, finances (get that vitrati), food for the cult, desertion and vedenny

vіyni, zvnіshnya politics vzagal and ін.

The summit is in control of the Senate, if without a new one it didn’t take

for the significant world in the hallucination of the international and internal policy,

after 300-135 BC The fall of the senate in the era

huge warriors(2-1 c. BC), if the powers were done

strong specialties (Mary, Sulla, Caesar). At the period of the Empire Senate,

zberіgayuchi zvnіshnyu magnitudes, having lost their power to the corny іmperators.

Features of the Roman aristocratic republic.

Who has the principles of particularity of the Roman aristocratic

republics of the most beautiful rocky and new? Shou wondered about the transition to democracy

of the Athenian type, monarchy, oligarchy?

The food price may say: stream and counter system

the function of the governing magistratury, in Persha, but in a wider plan

Stylish, smart rozpodil vlady mіzh democratієyu that

aristocratic, to navigate with an obvious overbearing of the rest. System

streaming and opposing pass through the entire system of the Roman form of government:

Two zboris, one of which were purely plebeian.

The collegiality of magistrates with the right of intercession of one

magistrates at the right of your own colleague.

The failure to attend one magistratury at the

podil vlady).

Strictly carried out the term

the status of magistrates for evil.

Visiting the ship's authority from the viconavcha's authority. Vinyatkov_

renewal of the tribunes of the people

The senate is aware of a sign of the body that Volodya is looking for

Stretching the successes of the republics (before the era of dictatorships) the army of the people's bul

to the militia and one by one by force, which stood on the way to the tsar's power

chi oligarchic form of government.

Since the broad policy of conquest of Rome, the Roman army became

by a permanent instrument of politics, by recruiting force,

conquered peoples, the transition to the path of the

at the time of the transition to the monarchical rule.

The crisis of the Roman Republic and the transition to the monarchy.

Another century BC. after the peremogi over Carthogen Rome panu

Practically above usіma lands, which are washed by the Middle-Earth Sea. Tsі earth,

Creme of its own special value, became Dzherel, from which Rome

having scooped up new and new masi slaves, they knew they were

the vast masks of the old and new nobility - all of the same senators and leaders,

scho were transformed in 4-3 centuries BC. near stan nobіlіv.

At the 1st century BC Rome showing up, sucked in at the youmu

Soyuznitsku vіynu, in the

Donation of the Roman community to the population of the Italy.

The ally vіyna didn’t bring neither Rome, nor the whole world.

It was the era of special power, the era of dictatorship. First middle of dictators buv

commander Sulla, like, spiraling towards the army, standing at

Rome is a regime of uniaxial power or dictatorship. Vona Bula without a string і vzhe

one cycle was created from the republican dictatorship. Besides, Sulla

having adopted its own legislative functions and the right to do so

the lives of that lane of the hulks. Win nadav new rights to the Senate and quickly

obmezhiv povnovazhennya folk zborіv. Tribunes bully relieved politicians

functions. Sulli's dictatorship meant a new historical era

Roman history and before the end of the republic.

Zrechennya Sulli (79 AD) turned the Bulo to Rome Republic

constitution, ale s nadovgo. Nova Rimska dictatorship fell in the hands of Guy

Julia Caesar. Vona fell for an hour, scho instructing Pislya Spartakovskiy

the rebellion of the slaves (74 b. BC), which, with great evidence, exposed the crisis

republican form of government and demand in an authoritarian state.

The peculiarity of Caesar's dictatorship lies in the fact that it didn’t

only consular that tribunsku vlada, Ale also censorsku that vishchu

priestly power. For his camp the command of the army of the army Caesar otrimav

title of Emperor. Supplied at the fallowness of the new comic, ho

keep promoting, saving the republic, looking for requests

іmperator, including і ті, scho lie down on the planting until the limb.

Krym tsyogo, Caesar, having taken care of it more importantly, will be ordered to go to the skarbnitsa

powers, the right to distribute provinces and proconsuls and

3. State organization of Rome in the period of empire: principle and

Principle.

Pislya peremogy of the onuk nephew and priymach Yuliy Caesar - Octavian -

over their political opponents (under the Aktsiya 31r. BC)

Octavian supreme power over Rome and its provinces

youmu honored title of August). At the same time at Rome and provinces, having risen

sovereign device, which is called a principate. Від "princeps

senatus "- the first senator, who was called

the first on the list of senators (call the oldest from the number of censors), the first

having caught my thought. For sickle, "princeps" means "first

a huge man of the Roman state ", and as an example to the unwritten Roman

constitutional - the post of the emperor.

The history of monarchical Rome was taken for two periods: first -

the period for the principal, the other for the dominance. They serve as a cordon for 3 centuries

our eri.

The principle of protecting the visibility of the republican form of government

abundantly established republics. People are getting out of the way, go in

senate. Even earlier, consuls, praetors and tribunes of the people were robbed. Ale tse

all the same no more, no more of the post-republican sovereign

The imperator-princeps is alone in his hands more than all the heads

republican magistrates: dictator, consul, praetor, people's

tribune. Falsely from the genus, the right is in one, then in the other

yakosti. Yak censor vin komplektu senate, yak tribune vin skasovuє for his

the will of the body of power

examination and etc. Yak consul and dictator, princeps viznacha policy

powers that are ordered and ordered; yak dictator vin

the command to the army, the kerun provinces too.

People's Zbori, the head organ of the power of the old republic, come before

an additional stop and Cicero write to the drive, which is smooth

zaluhayut Roman hulks in a larger world, less zbori komitsiy.

Signs of the extreme level of deployment

Emperor August, who wants to reform the committees in a democratic society

(lіkvіduvav the censorship of the discharges, allowing absentee voting for bags

of the Italian municipalities), having taken over the ships from the ships -

number of competencies.

Water hour zbori amuse yourself with your quiet right to pick up on

plant magistrates. Spochatku bulo virisheno, scho candidates for the consulate that

the praetor pass the re-negotiation at the special committee, storage of the senators

that vershnikiv, tobto. approbation, later, even after the death of August, for yogo

To the receiver of the Tivorii Vibration of Magistrates, the Bulo was transferred to the Senate before the competence.

Lying, really, senate. Ale already for a serpnya vіn reminiscing

provincial nobility, all crops are knitted to the princeps, and especially

people who have reached the senatorial call. To the organ of power,

the Senate, scho to expand to the "Misto Rome", becoming its own kind of imperial.

Institute. For all that, we will belittle the camp of yogo, but more importantly

cobbled together. Bills that came to the Senate, went to the princeps and

an unwritten rule, it’s okay to say: “everything that is virishiv princeps, has power

The vibori of the princeps himself ate the senate, and the ale became pure.

formalism. At the bagatokh vipadkah on the right, it was violated by the army.

The most common setting of the empire became the "dvir" and the same dvir

princeps. Tse and imperatorska stationery with legal, financial and

інshih wіddіls. Finance borrows a special place: the state is not

such wines appeared at the

tsomu navchilis at the families of the empire, nikoli shche - until the sickle - did not

such a numerical number of imperial officials-bureaucrats.

The army has become a permanent one. The soldiers served 30 years,

I pay, and when I go out to the delivery - the land dilyanka is indicated.

The command warehouse of the army is completed with the senatorial and verkhnitsky.

stan_v. The perezichny soldier didn’t go to see the commander of a hundred -

centurion.

In the 3 centuries of our era (since 284), Rome will have a regime of no

the monarchy is surrounded - dominat (from dominus - pan). Old

republican establish to know. Management of the empire

in the hands of some of the main branches of government, held by dignitaries, who

at the order of the non-interconnected head of the empire - the emperor.

In the midst of a series of government offices, there are special solutions to merit

glad when imperatorі (negotiating the main nutrition policy, training

draft laws) and financial institutions. In command of the office

appointed by the emperor and deprived of the generals.

Officials will get a special organization:

Nadіlyayuyami, when the end of the service is recognized as a pension and іn.

In the midst of reforms and laws of empire, especially respect for merit

reform of the imperators of Diocletian and Kostyantin.

Diocletian, synonym of a vilnovidpuschenik, becoming the Roman Emperor at 284 r. (

284-305). The hour of the anniversary of the commemoration of the two major reforms.

I will arrange a majestic empire, beautiful

form keruvannya by her.

The qia reform can be reduced to the following:

1. Verkhovna Vlada Bula has been razdіlena mіzh chotirma spіvrudeliami. Two

them, scho bore the title "serpen", occupied the first camp,

keruyuchi skin with its half of the empire - Zakhidnoi and Skhidnoi. At

Whole himself Diocletian-serpen has taken over the right of all power

both parts of the empire. Sickles robbed their own governors, yakim

assigned the title "Caesar". So vinikla "tetrarchia" - right

chotiroh imperators, who were respected by members of the united "imperatorskoy"

2. The army, increased by one third, was divided into two parts: one її

part of it was raised on the cordons of the imperia, insha, mobile, served for

the purpose of internal safety.

3. Administrative reform called for the enlargement of provisions (one

tributes up to 101, for those up to 120).

4. Provinces, at their own cherga, bully shattered by a part of the process, such as

5. Submitted to the provinces and the production of italy of the middle lands

The empire of the Bula has now been left with its own special meaning.

position (hocha Rome prodovzhuvshe deyake vvazhatiya the capital

imperii).

With his own reforms, Diocletian, having conquered the power of landlords over

peasantry and in front of Tim, scho lay on the landlord

vidpovidality of appropriate tax payments from villagers. The landlord

having taken away the right to accept a certain number of fallow lands

people for the service to the Imperial Army.

Zaphatkovanu Diocletian on the right, having continued the Emperor Kostyantin (285-337). At

Kostyantin, the process of closing the peasants-colonies is being completed

remіsnikіv. Started from the imperial constitution 332r., Columns of the buffers

the rights go from one mattress to one. The one who does not obey this law

a column wrapped in a kaidani yak a slave and in such a viglyadi turned yak and earlier

to the master. Revealing, scho took the column-vіkach, rallied yogo panu

I will bring back the amount of payments from the side column. The same line

was carried out і schodo remіsnikіv.

Bezposerednaya assignment of a supplementary product has become the main

the form of exploitation of peasants and remissniks.

For Kostyantin itself, the capital of the Roman Empire, the bulo was moved to the old

Vizantiy, names after Constantinople. As a matter of fact, here's a bully

Translated from Rome by the Senate.

Residual empire on two parts - Zakhidnu, the capital

Rome and Skhidna, the capital of Constantinople, became in 395.

Visnovok.

The history of Rome ends with the transfer of the capital to Constantinople

state power and repentance as well as history of Vizantia. Drank, scho

waned and waned, parts of the empire were lost to the owner of the lucky

Emperor, ale not bad. At the 4 capitals of Rome and Vizantiya vidokremlyuyutsya

residual.

Roman empire іnuval up to 476 r.

Odoacer of the skidє of the Roman emperor of the small Romulus-Augustulus and the loan

yogo m_sce. Tsyy podії overduvav the actual decline of the era

parts of the empire. Shodno Skhidnoi Roman Empire, then won

It has been close to 1000 rockets.

List of literature.

1. Chernilovskiy Z.M. State history and rights of foreigners

land. - M: Science, 1996.

2. Chernilovskiy Z.M. Reader from the foreign history of the state

rights. - M: Science, 1996.

3. The initial history of the state of law. / Ed. K.I. Batira. - M:

Bilina, 1997.

4. History of Ancient Rome. / Ed. V.I. Kuzishchina. - M: Vishcha school,

5. History of the State of the Right of the Razvineniye Lands. / Ed. O.A.

Zhidkov. - M .: Norma, 1996. - Part I.

THE MINISTRY OF LEGAL AND PROFESSIONAL EVALUATE THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

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The main form of government in Ancient Rome

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Entry.

History of Ancient Rome in the eighth century BC (754-753). The Roman people came to the Pologi (Gensi), the Pologi Union (Curiosity) and the three tribes - Ramniv, Titiiv and Lucerin. The head of the mesta bouv rex (king). Usiy tsar bulo sem - repairing from Romulus and ending Tarquinim Gordim.

U 509 p. BC Tarkviniy Gordiy was thrown down, the head of the place was turned into the consul of Young Brutus. The royal period will end and the period of the republic will be repaired, having occupied about 500 years (509-27 r. BC).

Z 27g. that until 476. Our eri Rome is experiencing the period of empire, at its own devil, to fall into the period of the principality (27 BC - 193 AD) and dominat (193-476).

1. Period of correctness of rex.

The Roman community of the period of the European democracy is not uniform for its social structure. There were some honorable mentions, aristocracy-patricians. They will be accompanied by chiefs, local magistrates. The stench of their prowess vivodili from gods, tsars, heroes. Proceedingly aristocracy to acquire a fallen clientele, and even earlier slaves.

Among the singing days, the canopies, kurii, tribes, and the whole union of tribes converged on the border to see the right, secured to their competence; about spіrnі spadschini and superscripts vzagalі, viroki about the stratum tosho.

Usyo canopy bulo 300, 100 for the skin tribe. 10 canopies made chicken, 10 chicken - tribe (tribe). Such organization of the ball and become the subject of scientific discussion, more and more piece-wise falling into a woman. Tse - according to the truth - the army, rationally ruled, at the early stage, under Romulus, conquered and conquered the buried land, and then disposed of the systematic flooding of the Italy.

Rid buv is a naturally formed one and buv batkivsky. The relatives of mali are one and the same. The whole genus of im'ya vibrated from the real chi of the mythical ancestor. Relatives are not guilty of becoming friends with all the family.

Yak is a member of the clan of that tribe, a Roman hulk:

1.Buv a participant in the land power of the viglyad who was seen by this and this nadil;

2.Removing the right to recessionary nadіlu that generic lane vzagalі;

3.mіg vimagati sobіd kind of help that beloved zahist;

4.take the fate of the out-of-town religious saints

At their own currents, the tribe, and the tribe of the tribes, could vimagati from the skin of the bulk of the vison of the whole and of the community. The rights of those obligations of the hulks were kept up to the singing hour at the natural harmony.

The heads of the canopies were laid down by the elders or the Senate, which in an hour had increased the value of the head authorities. Yak family members, the stench called themselves fathers. The Senate has the right to negotiate ahead of time, quietly, as the decision of the people's zboriv was decided. In the same way, having seen the bagatma to the right of the ruling of Rome. There was a total of 100 senators for the senator, at least 300 people.

The Senate іnuvv і for the tsars, like and the people of the zbori, thаt threw up a collection of fences of Roman chickens. And in the course of the meeting, the first vote was held. Nareshti the head of the Roman community, the civil ruler and the supreme commander of the Buv Rex - the tsar. It was a viborn posada, a populace of nations. Rex were the functions of the Viy's leader, the supreme sacrificer and the one of the supreme court.

Likewise, the zbori zbori of the Roman people will be surrounded by what was said by the vіyskovy zbora, looking around the vіyskovo power to Rome. Behind her children, she was drowning.

The members of the canopies, and them and the tribes, became the Roman people. The leaders of the growth of productive forces, the emergence of patriarchal slavery and main differentiation, and the emergence of victories on the same basis, in the middle of the Romans, there was a lack of vagueness, both between the canopies and the middle of the slopes. The patriarchal family tried to fight against the family. We saw some scratches around the family. The members of їkh began to pretend to shorten a part of the vidobutku, as well as the right to join the Senate on the vinyatkovo, to become the leaders of the Vіyskovy. Tsya Rodova Verhivka was seen by Yak Patrice. The Navpaki, bidnish family, sent a ball of bonded slaves and people, in the case of other types of fallowness, most often we would go to patriarchal slavery.

The tribal organization of the Romans was ruined. The whole process has been able to cope with it, but in the territory of Rome, it has expanded, thanks to the conquests, new settlements have appeared from the roots and from the voluntarily settled in the place of aliens. Tsi settlers, a number of those who grew up were called plebs, tobto. bezl_ch.

Plebei bully vilny, the stench coveted the right of private power to the land, engaging in craft and trade. Maine-worn stinks are not uniform. That middle-class, not constrained by family ties, developed more private power. Through only one part of her, she was angry and easily consumed in the Borg bondage. The tribe of plebeians did not enter before the ancestral organizations of the native Romans, they were politically unrighteous. Some people from the plebeians were turned to patricians until they could, and they shouted for help. On the basis of the winykli of common fallowness - "klinteli". The patron is a patron-patrician who has taken a client of his own kind, giving him his name, seeing him a part of the earth, having stolen him from the judge. "Klіnt" (tobto. Vіrniy rumoranyany) in all the order of the patron, mav the brother's fate at once from and from his family in vіynі. Uzi clienteli were sacred and non-ruinous.

Before the clientele and the enslaved slaves, they had a lot of plebeians, and even the native Romans appeared at such fallow lands.

For example, the Tsar's era (6th century), the Roman suspension already knew well the inconsistency and rottenness, the tribe of the family was treated as a class, and the ancestry of the Institute was transformed into the state.

Reform of Serviy Tuliyu.

An important stage in the way of Roman statehood is the reform, as the Roman tradition is bound with the names of the shosty rex Serviy Tullius. Under the new plebeian, the boules were introduced to the warehouse of the Roman community, and the territorial tribes deceased the clan.

It’s broken so well, Serviy Tulliy has poured all the population of Rome, and patricians and plebeians, into a number of main lines. The criterion of the main mine will be a land supply, thinness inventory and іnshe. Up to the 1st class, there are people who are considered to be less than 100,000 minutes old. Minimum size for the 2nd class bulo mino 75000 asіv; for the 3rd - 50,000, for the 4th - 25,000, for the 5th - 11,500 asіv. All the little ones became the 6th class - proletarians, the wealth of which was lost to their offspring.

The leather class has shown the singular number of vіyskovyh odinitsy - centures (hundreds): 1 class - 80 centuries of important and 18 centures of verdicts, in total 98 centures; 2nd class - 22; 3 - 20; 4 -22; 5 - 30 centuras of easy deserted and 6th class - 1 centurii, zagalom 193 centurii. Oskilki dermal centuria is small, one voice, the thought of the most important centurii was given 98 votes out of 193, to be more. They didn’t nourish him for the uzgodzhennaya vote of the first two razryadіv.

With such an uncomplicated rank, the panuvannya of the rich and the noble is sealed, just because of that stink, the patricians or the plebeians.

The order of the most important additions was introduced by one more important innovation to the unchallenged form of the plebeians: the territory of the place of the bullet was split into 4 territorial districts - tribi, which is due to the fact that the principle of the territorial subdivision of the population was changed.

Significance of reforms Serviy Tula is grander. The reception of all those who had the best food from the life of the Roman community passed to the centurial comitias, from which all the vital communities took part, the curious comits lost their value. For the patricians and plebeians of the single people, for the introduction of territorial districts, for the forefront of the wealthy people, and not just for generous, the reform of Servia Tulia zruynuvala suspension, based on the ancient disputes on the main reason and the territorial growth.

2. Political organization of the slave-class aristocratic Roman republic.

The reform of Servia Tullya was an important act of plebeians, but it didn’t make them even better for patricians. Especially in the fact that the love for the earth was growing, as it became more and more in the world of the conquest of Italy. The first problem was that the Borg slavery was inevitable for the unfortunate borg slavery.

Alert to covet that, and the other plebeians demanded political rights. On the right, I reached the gostrykh zitknen, and the ale of a plebeian was asked for the satisfaction of all their vimogs:

1. Establish a special plebeian magistratury sov. the people's tribunate, pledged to seize the plebeians from the patricians;

2. Access to the huge land with patricians;

3. Zakhist from the svavilja of patrician courts (introduced to the code of laws, see the laws of 12 tables);

4. Permissions of shloves between patricians and plebeians;

5. The rights to encompass a collection of acts, and then to all heads of powers, including those.

At 287 p. BC It was booted, how the decision of plebeian gatherings may cause the same power, like the decision of the centurian comic, tobto. obov'yazkovi everything without the blame of the Roman hulks, and all the sovereigns established to Rome. Until then, the decision had not been approved by the Senate or by the revision.

Obviously, the leader of the long-time campaign, the nobility did not know at once, and the patrician family saved an unbeatable change in the case of the deputies - I want them from the vibors - of all the chiefs of the state, albeit the legally uncomfortable part of the old Roman times. With such a rank, the process of the formation of slave-class statehood ended: the remnants of tribal tribes have passed away.

Meister.

On the cholі of Rome there were centurіatnі komіtsії and plebeian gatherings, then the senate. Three magistrates were lost, as for the old people of the clock, consuls, praetors and tribunes of the people. The stench of the stench was plucked by the folk’s term in the ric and they were guided by their actions - to end their term more importantly. Trimming the principle of collegiality of magistrates, the Romans robbed two consuls, two (and sometimes more) praetors, plebeians and several tribunals. The magistrates (chiefs) didn’t get involved with the righteous rule, but with one blame: if, say, the consul, having given in, that the order of his colleague was wrong and awkward, was wrong, he won’t have a veto. It was whimpering that the magistrates were guilty of being happy with themselves to see them go to the little important world (mandate).

The consuls took care of all the first-row to the right from the civil and military part, and for an hour one of them went to Rome, who was in command in the first place.

The pretori, as they nabulized the significance of the independent magistratury (4th century), were busy with the court's super-streams. For her values, the praetor followed the consulate. Repairing from 3-2 st. BC praetors became tlumachs of law and creators.

The head of the people's (plebeian) tribunes with a handful of people played among the plebeians of the patrician magistrates, but in an hour, since the obligations practically saw it, the stench took over the function of guarding the thunder of lawlessness, be it On the basis of the function of the People's Tribunes, there is an important right - to put a fence on the other magistrates, which are in vazhavnym against the right. Postupovo, on the seat of the plebeian tribunes, there were claims of patrician politics, for the kshtalt brothers of the Grakhiv, the tribunes of the tribune could be included from the legislative propositions to all kinds of national feuds.

The role of the political life of Rome is very important and important. Vaughn was stocked from five o'clock and she was robbed of five rocks.

The censors were responsible for the distribution of people to the centures with the value of the main census. Starts that name. Then the senators' approval was given, which gave the collegium of censors an important role in the political system of the state. The censors' function was guarded by the censors. An immoral revision, having given the censors, under the authority of the censors, an innocent person for the help of senators and leaders and translations from the lower centuria.

Dictator.

Effortlessly assigned magistrates, boules simple, simple. One of the dictator's seats was extraordinary, which was recognized as one of the consuls for the land of the Senate. Drives for the priznachennya of the dictator could be whether there were crises in situations in the whole and in the middle of the country, as they were in the middle of the country, as they were inappropriate, non-negotiable and shy. A person, designated as a dictator, is small for a civilian, for a court of power one hour. The dictator will legislate the power, you will not be afraid of legal methods of opposition, including the veto of the plebeian tribunes.

Effortless magistrates prodovzhuvali pratsyuvati, albeit under the rule of the dictator.

After the end of the six-month term, the dictator of the goiter will be more important. Remaining from the houses of the republican dictatorships is small at 220g. BC

Directly opposed to the republican dictatorship of the "dictatorship", which was the result of the gross violations of the republican constitution - the non-stringent dictatorship of Sulli, Caesar and іn.

"Collective" organ.

Whenever there are “collective” bodies of power, then it’s a bunch of buckets.

On the first place, put the centurіatnі zbori. Smells more important - from the found hours - take, or see, the bill, be it from the magistrates - consul, praetor, tribune of the people. They voted for the centuria.

In addition to legislative functions, the centu- ral committees robbed or indicated candidates for the posons proclaimed by them;

Attributes of mali in the principle of the same competence, as in the century, but on the right of the lesser significance (they robbed the lower magistrates, they sent food about the imposition of fines).

Protest, tsbory bully were regular and were selected from the will of one of the magistrates - the consul, praetor, tribune of the people, the supreme priest. Хні decide the most frequent boules with magistrates.

The Senate was just more important than it was for the Roman tsars as the suvoro patrician advisory body. The transition to the republic has made it possible to infuse the Senate as a single permanent constitutional body of power, turning the will of the patrician.

The Senate clicked one of the magistrates, which was in attendance and about the reason for the click, and the subject of the discussion. The promises of the senators were brought down to special books.

With the help of the Senate mav the right to consolidate the decision of the decision. Ale vzhe z 4 st. BC The Senate, having become vis-à-vis its year of absence due to the draft law, is to blame for the hardened committee beforehand. The Dumka for the Senate of the Bula, and in this case, is far from formal, because it was backed by the magistrates, and the announcement of the committee (and the first for all the first 98).

The Senate was not in charge of the viconavchoi ruler, but he didn’t even let him go to hell with the help of the magistrates.

Prior to the special competence of the Senate, they lay with the international rights, financial (go to that vitrati), food for the cult, the deception and the vengeance of the war, the call of the politics in the zagal and in.

The summit is in power to the Senate, if without a new one did not get used to a welcome note, not a meaningful entry into the area of foreign and internal politics, after 300-135 years. BC The role of the Senate fell into the era of the great wars (2-1 centuries BC), if the powers were governed by strong specialties (Mary, Sulla, Caesar). At the period of the empire, the Senate, the zberigayuchi zvnіshnyu magnitudes, wasting its power on the wickedness of the imperators.

Features of the Roman aristocratic republic.

Who cares about the important features of the Roman aristocratic republic of shorter rockies? What impressed the transition to democracy of the Afinsky type, the monarchy, the oligarchy?

The food price may say: the system of streaming and opposing the function of the governing magistratury, in the first place, but in a wider plan, a smart, intelligent power has given rise to the power of both democracy and aristocracy, who cares for the obvious. Streaming and opposing systems go through the entire system of the Roman form of government:

Two zboris, one of which were purely plebeian.

The collegiality of the magistrates from the right of intercession of one of the magistrates at the right, their own colleague.

The absence of a single magistratury at the right (of its own kind came to power).

Suvoro carried out the term of all magistrates without a vignette and a statement of magistrates for malignancy.

Visiting the ship's authority from the viconavcha's authority. Vinyatkovi for the renewed importance of the tribunes of the people.

Appeal to the Senate as a sign of the authority, which is a volodya's authority, and a little bit of a viscous authority.

Stretching through the success of the republics (before the era of dictatorships), the army of the people's militias, and even one force at a time, stood on the way to the royal power and the oligarchic form of government.

Since Rome has a broad conquest policy, the Roman army has become a permanent instrument of politics, a recruiting force, to avenge the conquered peoples, the transition to the path of all dictatorships, and the quiet monarchy.

The crisis of the Roman Republic and the transition to the monarchy.

Another century BC. After being overcame over Carthogen, Rome panuє practically over the land, which is washed by the Middle-Earth Sea. The whole earth, with its own special value, became a dzherel, from which Rome drew new and new masters of slaves, who knew their widest existence in the great masters of the old and new nobles - all of the senators of the senators and leaders, up to 4-3 not. near stan nobіlіv.

At the 1st century BC Rome has appeared drawn into the vogue of Soyuznitsku vіynu, in the result of the impulses to drink on the donation of the Roman community to the entire population of Italy.

The ally vіyna didn’t bring neither Rome, nor the whole world. It was the era of special power, the era of dictatorship. Commander Sulla, who is the first among the dictators, has become the leader of the army, having established a regime of one-axis dictatorship in Rome. Vona was a stringless one, and the whole cycle was seen from the republican dictatorship. In addition, Sulla has attributed his legislative functions and the right to order the lives of those who are huge. Winning new rights to the Senate and sharply encircling more important national elections. Tribunes boules are amazed with political functions. Sulli's dictatorship meant the establishment of a new historical era in the Roman history and now in front of the end of the republic.

Zrechennya Sulli (79g. E.) Turned Rome into a republican constitution, ale z nadovgo. Nova Rimska dictatorship fell into the hands of Gaius Julia Caesar. Vona fell for an hour, instructing the Spartak rebellion of the slaves (74 r. BC), which, with great evidence, exposed the crisis of the republican form of government and the need for an authoritarian state.

The peculiarity of Caesar's dictatorship lies in the fact that it didn’t knock in the same hands not only the consulate that tribunal’s power, but also the censor’s and the priest’s power. For his position, the command of the army leader Caesar took the title of Emperor. Supplied at the staleness of the new comic, I would like to keep growing, in order to save the republic, to see the Emperor’s orders, including those, to lie down until the planting.

Krym, Caesar, having taken care of it more importantly, ordered himself to the state’s treasury, the right to distribute the provinces between the proconsuls and recommend half of the candidates from the magistrate who won the right to vote in the Senate, which was very high.

...; 5. Obligation of the solution of the supreme sovereign power all the largest state bodies; 6. The zakist of the interests of the hucksters is important, the responsibility is back. The Republican form of government was formed in the old times (the Roman Senate Republic in the V-I centuries BC). Antique slave-class republics became obsolete in the form of aristocratic and democratic republics. U ...

At the border of monarchism: economics, finances, living quarters, samovryadvannya, national representative too. Otzhe, it is possible to name the following basic signs of the classical monarchical form of government: - the uniaxial bearing of the supreme structure of sovereign power; - Dynastic seduction of the supreme power; - the dominion of the power to the monarch: the laws ...

THE MINISTRY OF LEGAL AND PROFESSIONAL EVALUATE THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Krasnoyarsk Agrarian University

The main form of government in Ancient Rome

Viconave: student

Reversed:

Krasnoyarsk 98

Entry.

Z 27g. that until 476. Our eri Rome is experiencing the period of empire, at its own devil, to fall into the period of the principality (27 BC - 193 AD) and dominat (193-476).

1. Period of correctness of rex.

Yak is a member of the clan of that tribe, a Roman hulk:

1.Buv a participant in the land power of the viglyad who was seen by this and this nadil;

2.Removing the right to recessionary nadіlu that generic lane vzagalі;

3.mіg vimagati sobіd kind of help that beloved zahist;

4.take the fate of the out-of-town religious saints

Likewise, the zbori zbori of the Roman people will be surrounded by what was said by the vіyskovy zbora, looking around the vіyskovo power to Rome. Behind her children, she was drowning.

Before the clientele and the enslaved slaves, they had a lot of plebeians, and even the native Romans appeared at such fallow lands.

Reform of Serviy Tuliyu.

With such an uncomplicated rank, the panuvannya of the rich and the noble is sealed, just because of that stink, the patricians or the plebeians.

Significance of reforms Serviy Tula is grander. The reception of all those who had the best food from the life of the Roman community passed to the centurial comitias, from which all the vital communities took part, the curious comits lost their value. To the evil patricians and plebeians of the single people, to the zaprovadzhenny to territorial districts, to the foreground of rich people, and not just generous, the reform of Servia Tulia revived the suspension, based on the origin of the dispute, sovereign pristіy, zasnovy, yak writing F. Engels, on lane visibility territorial rospodil_.

2. Political organization of the slave-class aristocratic Roman republic.

Ale for the covetousness and the one and the other plebeian demanded political rights. On the right, I reached the gostrykh zitknen, and the ale of a plebeian was asked for the satisfaction of all their vimogs:

1. Establish a special plebeian magistratury sov. the people's tribunate, pledged to seize the plebeians from the patricians;

2. Access to the huge land with patricians;

3. Zakhist from the svavilja of patrician courts (introduced to the code of laws, see the laws of 12 tables);

4. Permissions of shloves between patricians and plebeians;

5. The rights to encompass a collection of acts, and then to all heads of powers, including those.

Obviously, the leader of a long-time promenade, nobility did not know at once, and the patrician family saved an infinite change in case of substitution - if you want and from vibors - all the leading posad of the state, ale legal revaluation of the old Roman aristocracy, but the plebeians died... With such a rank, the process of the formation of slave-class statehood ended: the remnants of tribal tribes have passed away.

Meister.

The consuls took care of all the first-row to the right from the civil and military part, and for an hour one of them went to Rome, who was in command in the first place.

The role of the political life of Rome is very important and important. Vaughn was stocked from five o'clock and she was robbed of five rocks.

Dictator.

Effortless magistrates prodovzhuvali pratsyuvati, albeit under the rule of the dictator.

After the end of the six-month term, the dictator of the goiter will be more important. Remaining from the houses of the republican dictatorships is small at 220g. BC

"Collective" organ.

Whenever there are “collective” bodies of power, then it’s a bunch of buckets.

In addition to legislative functions, the centu- ral committees robbed or indicated candidates for the posons proclaimed by them;

Senate.

The Senate was not in charge of the viconavchoi ruler, but he didn’t even let him go to hell with the help of the magistrates.

Features of the Roman aristocratic republic.

Who cares about the important features of the Roman aristocratic republic of shorter rockies? What impressed the transition to democracy of the Afinsky type, the monarchy, the oligarchy?

Two zboris, one of which were purely plebeian.

The collegiality of the magistrates from the right of intercession of one of the magistrates at the right, their own colleague.

The absence of a single magistratury at the right (of its own kind came to power).

Suvoro carried out the term of all magistrates without a vignette and a statement of magistrates for malignancy.

Visiting the ship's authority from the viconavcha's authority. Vinyatkovi for the renewed importance of the tribunes of the people.

Appeal to the Senate as a sign of the authority, which is a volodya's authority, and a little bit of a viscous authority.

The crisis of the Roman Republic and the transition to the monarchy.

At the 1st century BC Rome has appeared drawn into the vogue of Soyuznitsku vіynu, in the result of the impulses to drink on the donation of the Roman community to the entire population of Italy.

3. Sovereign organization of Rome before the hour of empire: principality and dominates.

Principle.

After the victory of the onuk nephew and priymach Yuliy Caesar - Octavian - over his political opponents (at the 31 r. E. Share), the Senate entrusted Octavian with the supreme power over Rome and provinces (the same title was given to the last August). At the same time, Rome and provinces have established themselves as a sovereign device, which we call a principate. From the "princeps senatus" - the first senator, who was named the first on the list of senators (call the oldest from the number of censors), who was the first to catch his thought. For Augustus, "princeps" means "the first giant of the Roman state," and apparently to the unwritten Roman constitution - the post of the emperor.

The history of monarchical Rome was taken to be divided into two periods: the first - the period of the principate, the other - the dominance. Cordon between them є 3 centuries of our country.

The principle of securing more visibility of the republican form of government and the more common establishment of the republic. People are getting involved, the senate is in attendance. Even earlier, consuls, praetors and tribunes of the people were robbed. Altogether, I’m still no more, I’ll set up a post-republican sovereign prejudice.

The Emperor-Princeps will be alone in the hands of all the leading republican magistrates: the dictator, the consul, the praetor, the tribune of the people. It is always in the genus that the right is displayed either in one or in the best quality. Yak the censor is responsible for the Senate, as the tribune is responsible for the will of the power, for the power of the government, and for the government, the huge people are sent to the court too. Yak consul and dictator, the prince is responsible for the policy of the state, as well as the order of the administration; as a dictator, he wins the command of the army, the keruch provinces are too.

The People's Zbori, the head organ of the government of the Ancient Republic, is not responsible for Cicero's writing from the drive, so that the gladiatorial people get a bigger world from the Roman colossus, no more comic. Signs of the extreme level of distribution of comits, such as voices, dismissal of zborivs, violence against їkhny participants and іn became an outstanding phenomenon.

Emperor August, who wants to reform the committee in a democratic way (having passed the censorship by allowing absentee voting for the residents of the Italian municipalities), saw the right to the authorities in the courts - the most important

The nature of the land is free of its own confidential right to rob the land of the magistrates. A few bulo was announced, that at the consulate and praetor to undergo a revision at the special committee, folded from senators and leaders, tobto. By approbation, later, even after the death of August, the Senate was delegated the competence of the Senate for the first time, the Tiberias of the magistrates.

Lying, really, senate. Already for August, I was reminded of the provincial nobility, all the crops' knitted princeps, and especially from the leaders, who reached the senatorial call. The body of power, which expands to the "misto Rome", the Senate has become its own kind of imperial institute. At the same time, we will humiliate you, but more importantly we will reduce them. Bills, which were passed to the Senate, were sent to the princeps, and they were taken care of by their authority. It’s a vain, an unwritten rule is hardened, it’s worthy of a yakim: “everything that is true to the princeps has the power of the law”.

Vibors of the princeps himself were imbued with the Senate, but it became a pure formality. At the bagatokh vipadkah on the right, it was violated by the army.

The most common setting of the empire became the "door" and the same door of the princeps. Central office with legal, financial and other documents. Finance borrows a special place: none of the power has ever seen such a fault in any of the current dzherel opodatkuvannya, as it was found in the imperial houses, there are fewer bureaucrats - not a large number of bureaucrats.

The army has become a permanent one. Soldiers served 30 years, paid for a fee, and when I went to the delivery - I mean a land dilyanka. The command warehouse of the army is completed with the Senatorial and Verkhnitsky camp. The perezіchny soldier didn’t immediately come to land the commander of the hundred - the centurion.

Dominat.

In the 3rd century of our country (from 284 rubles), a regime of no monarchy will be established in Rome - dominat (as dominus - pan). Establish old republics to know. The management of the empire is held up to the hands of some of the main institutions, which were held by dignitaries, as in the order of the non-interconnected head of the empire - the emperor.

Among the series of departments, there are special reasons for meriting two: the sovereign is glad at the emperor (negotiating the main food policies, preparing draft laws) and financial institutions. Vіyskovym administration is commanded by the appointed emperor and deprived of his fellow generals.

Officials will find a special organization: they are looking for a uniform, they are looking for more privileges, when the end of the service, a pension is recognized.

In the midst of a series of reforms and laws of empire, especially respect for the merits of the reforms of the emperors Diocletian and Kostyantin.

Diocletian, synonym of a vilnovidpuschenik, becoming Roman Emperor 284 r. (284-305). The hour of the anniversary of the commemoration of the two major reforms. First, I will create a magnificent empire, the most beautiful form of government.

The qia reform can be reduced to the following:

1. Verkhovna Vlada Bula has been razdіlena mіzh chotirma spіvrudeliami. Two of them, who bore the title "serpen", occupied the first camp, cheruyuchi with their skin half of the empire - Zakhid and Shidnoy. At the same time, Diocletian-serpen himself has secured the right of the best power for both parts of the empire. Serpnya robbed her own governors, who were assigned the title "Caesars". So, the "tetrarchia" was the rule of the chotiroh emperors, who were respected by the members of the "imperial family".

2. The army, increased by one third, was divided into two parts: one part was distributed on the cordons of the empire, the insha, the mobile, and served for internal security.

3. The administrative reform called for the enlargement of provinces (for data up to 101, for those up to 120).

4. Provinces, at their own house, bully broken by a part of the work, such as 12.

5. Added to the provinces and dієcezi Іtalya in the number of the іnіh lands of the Empire Bula is now left with its special meaning that position (I want Rome to continue to be the capital of the Empire).

With his other reforms, Diocletian made it possible for the landowners to rule over the peasantry, and now, in front of the landowner, it was the responsibility of the landowner for the proper tribute from the villagers. The landlord, on the other hand, has renounced the right to favor a certain number of fallen people to serve in the Imperial Army.

Zaphatkovanu Diocletian on the right, having continued the Emperor Kostyantin (285-337). Under Kostyantin, the process of closing the peasants-colonies and remissniks is completed. From the imperial constitution of 332r., The columns of the additions of the right go from one to the last. Colon, who did not obey this law, wrapped himself in a kaidani as a slave, and in such a viglyad, he turned around to a coli vlasnik. The person who took the colony-vіkach, rallied the yogi panu again the sum of the payments from the colony-vіkacha. That very line was carried out as soon as possible.

Bezposerednaya assignment of a supplementary product has become the main form of exploitation of peasants and remissniks.

For Kostyantin itself, the capital of the Roman Empire was transferred from the old Vizantii, the names after Constantinople. The Senate has been transferred from Rome until now.

The residual empire on the part - Zakhidna, the capital of Rome, and of the Skhidna, the capital of Constantinople, was born in 395.

Visnovok.

With the transfer of the capital to Constantinople, the history of Roman statehood is completed and the history of Vizantia begins. Trampled, that wandered part of the empire was lost under the rulership of a successful emperor, altogether unnatural. At the 4th century, Rome and Vizantia are left over.

The Roman empire ran up to 476 rubles, if the head of the Nimetsian naimants, Odoacer, was the head of the Roman Emperor, the small Romulus-Augustulus, and the first place. Tsyy podії having overdone the actual decline of the era of the backward part of the empire. It’s a period of ancient Roman empire, then it was about 1000 rocky.

List of literature.

1. Chernilovskiy Z.M. The home history of the state and the rights of the developed lands. - M: Science, 1996.

2. Chernilovskiy Z.M. A reader of the foreign history of the state of law. - M: Science, 1996.

3. The initial history of the state of law. / Ed. K.I. Batira. - M: Bilina, 1997.

4. History of Ancient Rome. / Ed. V.I. Kuzishchina. - M: Vishcha school, 1994.

5. History of the State of the Right of the Razvineniye Lands. / Ed. O.A. Zhidkov. - M .: Norma, 1996. - Part I.