Appointment of antibody titer to erythrocyte antigens. Aloimmune antierythrocytic antibodies (including anti-Rhesus), titer. Preparing for delivery
The presence of various systems of antigens on erythrocytes may be of practical importance in blood transfusion. It is known that in the blood plasma of the recipient there may be antibodies to them. The reaction to the transfusion of non-permanent blood is observed in different cases, as the recipient's antibodies bind to the donor's erythrocytic antigens.
Any linkage of antigens with antibodies can lead to the collapse of the donor's erythrocytes and is called hemolysis. More commonly, hemolysis occurs as a result of the destruction of the recipient's erythrocytes by the donor's antibodies. This process can be guarded during transfusions of donor plasma: to avenge intelligence to antigens in the recipient's erythrocytes. To describe such an aggravated transfusion of blood or plasma, the terms "hemolytic transfusion reaction" or "post-transfusion hemolytic aggravation" are used.
Since the recipient's plasma does not contain antibodies to the donor's erythrocyte antigens, this blood is called total blood and donor blood can be safely transfused.
To understand the basics of the development of hemolytic transfusion reactions, the most important is the mechanism for the conversion of antibodies to anti-erythrocytes in the recipient's body. Zvіdki z'yavlyayutsya tsі іnіptіteli і for kakih situatsіy?
From the foundations of immunology, it is good to know that antibodies are less likely to be absorbed after contact of lymphocytes with a viable foreign virus. For clinical practice, it is important to understand that there are two fluctuations, if the recipient's lymphocytes can enter into conjuncture with foreign erythrocyte antigens. The first of them is his blood donation and the other is vaginess. If the stink of the antigens on its surface, the decay of the father, and the mother's erythrocytes do not wash these antigens, then the mother's immune system sees the dark cells as foreign and starts synthesizing antibodies to them.
Let's guess that during the first contact with a foreign antigen, the immune system produces a small amount of antibodies
pronounced ear-dzhuyuchogo diї. However, as a result of primary contact with a foreign antigen, memory B-lymphocytes are formed, thus collecting information about the antigen. Upon repeated contact: with foreign erythrocyte antigens, stench synthesizes a large number of antibodies, which destroy the donor's erythrocytes. Such antibodies are called antierythrocytic antibodies.
The most practical significance is such a mechanism for detecting antibodies, which can include antibodies to erythrocytes that carry the RhD antigen (antigen of the Rh factor system). Crazy, less people who don't have the RhD antigen (15% of the population, Rh negative) can be immunized and vaccinated against the antiD antigen. Approximately 1% of the population may have such antibodies as a result of anterior blood transfusion or vaccinia. As such individuals are transfused with Rh-positive blood, antibodies, which are in their plasma, bind to antigens on the surface of homemade erythrocytes, which induces hemolysis.
However, the problem of hemolytic transfusion reactions is related to the fact that immune antierythrocytic antibodies are not the only ones present in the recipient's plasma. To this, not only individuals who may have a history of blood transfusion and vagity, are sick to the point of risk of taking insane blood.
Let's guess that the clinical significance of blood groups in the ABO system is due to the fact that antibodies to antigens in erythrocytes in the presence and plasma of the cob (congenital), and not as a result of anterior immunization with foreign erythropitas. Linden with blood group 0 (no antigens A and B on erythrocytes), may have antibodies to both antigens (anti-D and anti-B) in blood serosa. People with blood type A (A-antigen on erythrocytes) - antibodies to B-antigen (anti-B). Individuals with blood group In the name of agp і-A-antibody. Approximately 3-4% of the population may have an AU blood type (on erythrocytes, A- and B-antigens are present) and, also, antibodies can be found in blood sirovats.
The wide breadth and potential of the presence of anti-A and anti-B antibodies may be of primary clinical significance in the case of a blood group assigned to the A BO system in the donor and recipient.
All other antibodies, which may be important for clinical practice, are similar to anti-O-antibodies, as a result of immunization and daily blood counts, even though there was no blood transfusion in the patient's history st.
In this way, the most important clinical significance may be only і (mostly known in the body of human antibodies - anti-А і lngi-V. Therefore, the donor's integrity and rec and ping for the ABO system are safe, blood transfusion is 97% immunological ns hot.
Nomenclature of the MZRF (Order No. 804n): A12.05.008 "Indirect antiglobulin test (Coombs test)"
Biomaterial: Blood EDTA
The term vikonannya (at the laboratory): 1 w.d. *
Description
The presence of various systems of antigens on erythrocytes may be of practical importance in blood transfusion. It is mindful that there may be antibodies to them in the blood plasma of the recipient. The reaction to the transfusion of non-permanent blood is observed in different cases, as the recipient's antibodies bind to the donor's erythrocytic antigens. The linking of antigens with antibodies to lead to the destruction of the donor's erythrocytes is called hemolysis. More often, hemolysis occurs after the destruction of the recipient's erythrocytes by the donor's antibodies. This process can be guarded during transfusions of donor plasma, in order to avenge antibodies to antigens in the recipient's erythrocytes. To describe such an aggravated transfusion of blood or plasma, the terms "hemolytic transfusion reaction" or "post-transfusion hemolytic aggravation" are used.
Since the recipient's plasma does not contain antibodies to the donor's erythrocyte antigens, their blood is called total, and the donor's blood can be safely transfused.
To understand the basics of the development of hemolytic transfusion reactions, the most important is the mechanism of the conversion of antibodies to erythrocyte antigens in the recipient's organism. Zvіdki z'yavlyayutsya tsі antibodies і under some situations?
From the basics of immunology, it is good to know that antibodies are less likely to be absorbed after contact of lymphocytes with a distinct foreign antigen. For clinical practice, it is important to understand that there are two ways, if the recipient's lymphocytes can come into contact with foreign erythrocyte antigens. The first one is for transfusion of donor blood, and the other one is for vaginess. In the first case, the antigen enters the body without intermediary with the erythrocytes of the donor and the immune system of the recipient responds to them by the synthesis of specific antibodies. Under the hour of vacancy, fetal erythrocytes can penetrate the mother's bloodstream. If the stink of the antigens on its surface, decaying from the father, and the mother's erythrocytes do not wash these antigens, then the mother's immune system looks at such cells as "strangers" and starts synthesizing antibodies to them.
During primary contact with a foreign antigen, the immune system produces a small amount of antibodies. To that, with the first transfusion of blood or vaginess, the stench does not give a pronounced dії, shkodzhuє. However, as a result of primary contact with a foreign antigen, memory B-lymphocytes are formed, thus collecting information about the antigen. Upon repeated contact with foreign erythrocyte antigens, a large number of antibodies are synthesized that destroy the donor's erythrocytes. Such antibodies are called anti-erythrocyte antibodies.
In the blood of patients, antibodies can be detected to antigens in erythrocytes of two types: natural (regular) and immune (irregular, atypical).
Natural antibodies to antigens in erythrocytes are congenital, occur in serotype patients, if there is no history of blood transfusions or vacancies, and most often directed against antigens in erythrocytes of the AB0 system.
Irregular antibodies are vibrated as a result of an immune stimulus, if an antigen is consumed by the patient's body (in case of non-sustained blood transfusion, pregnancy) present in the host. Take antitila (allanttyla, izіmunni antithela) to be in Sirovatzi іndivid, do not mutually antigens of power Erythrocytiv, ale mutual antigens of the Erythrocytiv iz (overflowed blood veneostas).
Irregular antibodies can cause and eventually change the antigenic power of erythrocytes under the influence of various factors. Such antibodies, which may be specific to body antigens in erythrocytes of an individual, are called autoantibodies. Autoantibodies can be fixed - adsorbed on the surface of erythrocytes, or be present in blood serosa in a free-looking person. Autoantibodies in blood serum are called nonspecific antibodies.
The test is based on the immunological characteristics of group 0 erythrocytes - do not carry stench of A-, B-antigens. Therefore, if agglutination is added to them, the patient's serosa will be mindful of the presence of atypical antibodies in it. The presence of agglutination should be noted about their presence.
The presence of various systems of antigens on erythrocytes may be of practical importance in blood transfusion. Tse umovleno tim, scho in blood plasmaShow before confession
- Identification of the blood sanity of the donor and the recipient during blood transfusion
- Identification of a possible immunological conflict with the fetus about erythrocyte antigens (for the prevention of hemolytic ailment of newborns)
Preparing for delivery
Taking blood is taken from the vein, finger, ear lobes, in newborns - from five, to the heart, with minimal physical activity without intermediary before taking (stretching 15 minutes), in the position of the patient sitting or lying down. Chicken and alcohol are excluded.
Interpretation of results/Information for fahivtsiv
Antierythrocytic antibodies lie in the head rank up to immunoglobulin class G and M and rarely up to IgA.
The most practical significance of such a mechanism for the appearance of antibodies may be antibodies to erythrocytes that carry the RhD antigen (antigen of the Rh factor system). Crazy, only those people who don't have the RhD antigen (15% of the population, Rh-negative) can be immunized with the anti-D antibody. Approximately 1% of the population may have such antibodies due to anterior blood transfusion and vaginess. As such individuals are transfused with Rh-positive blood, antibodies, which are in their plasma, bind to antigens on the surface of donor erythrocytes, which causes hemolysis.
However, the problem of hemolytic transfusion reactions is related to the fact that immune antierythrocytic antibodies are not the only ones present in the recipient's plasma. To this, not only individuals, as they may have a history of blood transfusion, and the vaginess is shill to the risk of transfusion of insane blood.
With this service, they most often pray
* The site indicates the most possible term for the follow-up. We do not include the hour of delivery to the laboratory and do not include the hour of delivery of the biomaterial to the laboratory.
Provided information may have a preliminary character and not a public offer. To obtain relevant information, go to Vikonavtsya medical center or call-center.
Appointment method Method of agglutination + gel filtration (cards). Incubation of standard typing erythrocytes with sirovatka, which is to be followed, and filtration by means of centrifugation of the sum through the gel, impregnation with a polyspecific antiglobilin reagent. Agglutinated erythrocytes are seen on the surface of the gel or in yoga coma. The method uses suspensions of donor erythrocytes of group 0(1), typing for erythrocyte antigens RH1(D), RH2(C), RH8(Cw), RH3(E), RH4(c), RH5(e), KEL1(K) , KEL2(k), FY1(Fy a) FY2(Fy b), JK(Jk a), JK2(Jk b), LU1(Lu a), LU2(LU b), LE1(LE a), LE2(LE ) b), MNS1(M), MNS2(N), MNS3(S), MNS4(s), P1(P).
Follow-up material Healthy shelter (with EDTA)
Antibodies to the most clinically important erythrocyte antigens, ahead of the Rh factor, which indicates the sensitization of the body to these antigens. Rhesus antibodies are referred to as the so-called aloimmune antibodies.
Aloimmune anti-erythrocytic antibodies (up to the Rh factor or other erythrocytic antigens) are found in the blood for particular minds - after transfusion of immunologically non-intrinsic donor blood, or in case of pregnancy, if fetal erythrocytes are present and munologically foreign to the mother's batkiv antigens. In non-immune Rh-negative people, there are no antibodies to the Rh factor.
In the Rhesus system, there are 5 main antigens, the main (most immunogenic) antigen D (Rh), which can be called the Rh factor. Crim antigens in the Rhesus system, there are also a number of clinically important erythrocyte antigens, which may lead to sensitization, which leads to complications during blood transfusion.
The method of screening blood tests for the presence of alloimmune anti-erythrocyte antibodies, which is tested in the Independent laboratory of INVITRO, allows, crim antibodies to the Rh factor RH1 (D), to be detected in the doslidzhuvaniya sirovatsi all oimunni antibodies and other erythrocyte antibodies. The gene that encodes the Rh factor D (Rh) is dominant, the alelic yoma gene d is recessive (Rh-positive people can have the DD genotype or Dd, and the Rh-negative ones can only have the dd genotype).
Under the hour of vaccination of a Rh-negative woman with a Rh-positive fetus, the development of an immunological conflict between the mother of the fetus behind the Rh factor is possible. Rh-conflict can be caused before the weekend, or the development of hemolytic ailments of the fetus and newborns. Therefore, the determination of the blood group, the Rh factor, as well as the presence of aloe immunologic antierythrocytic antibodies may be carried out during the planned or early pregnancy to reveal the immunological conflict of the mother and child. The blame for the Rh-conflict and the development of hemolytic ailments of the newborn can be in that case, as the woman is Rh-negative, and the patient is Rh-positive. If the mother has a positive Rh antigen, and the fetus is negative, the Rh factor conflict does not develop. The frequency of development of Rh insanity should be 1 drop per 200 - 250 drops.
Hemolytic disease of the fetus and neonatal — hemolytic zhovtyanitsa neonatal, umovolіchnym conflict between mother and fetus through inconsistency with erythrocyte antigens. The disease is conditioned by the insanity of the fetus and mother according to D-Rh-or ABO- (group) antigens, or else may be insanity for other Rh-(C, E, c, d, e) or M-, M-, Kell-, Duffy-, Kidd-antigens. Any of the designated antigens (often D-Rhesus antigen), penetrating into the blood of a Rh-negative mother, leading to the adoption of specific antibodies in the body. Penetration of antigens in the maternal bloodstream is absorbed by infectious factors, which increase the penetration of the placenta, other injuries, bloody and other loss of the placenta. Rest through the placenta to go to the blood of the fetus, de-ruining antigen-containing erythrocytes.
Turn to the development of hemolytic ailments of neonatal damage to the penetration of the placenta, repeated vagity and blood transfusion in women without improving the Rh factor and in. In case of early manifestation of illness, the immunological conflict can be the cause of the early slopes or vicissitudes. Under the hour of the first pregnancy, the Rh-positive fetus in the vagitic Rh "-" risk of the development of the Rh-conflict becomes 10 - 15%. First strikes the mother's body with a foreign antigen, the accumulation of antibodies starts step by step, starting at about 7 - 8 days of pregnancy. Risk of insane growth with cutaneous advanced vaginess with a Rh-positive fetus, regardless of what she ended up with (a piece of abortion, a vicarious abortion, an operation for post-uterine vaginess), with bleeding during the first hour of pregnancy nostі, with manual insertion of the placenta, as well as how canopies are carried out caesarean rupture or are accompanied by significant blood loss during transfusion of Rh-positive blood (in that case, as the stench was carried out in the child's blood).
As the onset of pregnancy develops with a Rh-negative fetus, insanity does not develop. All female women with Rh "-" should be put on a special appearance at a woman's consultation and conduct dynamic control over the level of Rh antibodies. First, an analysis for antibodies is required from the 8th to the 20th day of pregnancy, then periodically check the antibody titer: 1 time per month until the 30th day of pregnancy, women per month until the 36th day of pregnancy and 1 time per week up to 36- tyzhnya. Re-vaccination in terms of less than 6 - 7 days can lead to molding in the Rh-antibody mother. In this case, with onset of pregnancy, if the fetus has a positive Rh factor, the development of immunological insanity will be increased by 10 - 15%. Carrying out testing for aloimmune antierythrocytic antibodies is also important in case of severe preoperative preparation, especially for people who have already had a blood transfusion.
Analysis for aloimmune antierythrocytic antibodies- Laboratory research, directing the detection of antibodies in Rh-negative blood to the Rh factor - a specific protein, which is found on the surface of erythrocytes in Rh-positive blood. The indicator of maє independent diagnostic value, the follow-up is carried out after the analysis of the results of the analysis of the blood group and the Rh factor. These data are tested to reveal the Rh-conflict of the mother of the fetus, to indicate the need for the introduction of immunoglobulin injections with Rh-negative blood. The material for follow-up is venous blood. The titer of anti-rhesus antibodies is observed for an additional agglutination reaction. In the norm, for the low resistance of the Rh-conflict, the result is negative. The readiness of the results of the analysis to become 1 working day.
Antierythrocytic antibodies are immunoglobulins that can be converted to different groups of erythrocyte antigens. Qi antigens are visible to the structural solutions of blood cells, spread on the outer surface of the membranes. Due to its chemical nature, the stench is different - a part is represented by proteins, another - by glycoproteins, a third - by glycolipids. Їх the presence of chi vidsutnіst is transmitted from recessions and does not change by protracted life. On the camp of health, I do not accumulate antigens. As soon as a person, who has antigens of erythrocytes of the singing type, transfuse blood with such antigens, then the body will vibrate antibodies - the immune response will rise. Such situations are blamed after hemotransfusions, without prior analysis for antibodies to the Rh factor, as well as when antigens in the blood of the fetus enter the bloodstream of the vagina.
Timely detection of anti-erythrocyte antibodies in the blood is necessary to prevent the development of Rhesus conflict, as a result of some kind of hemolytic reaction, to destroy the donor's erythrocytes. With vagity, it is possible to spontaneously transmute in different terms. The largest increase in the number of antibodies to the Rh factor has been found in obstetric and gynecological practice as a tool for monitoring vacancies in women with Rh-negative blood. Vaccination with anti-D gamma globulin was carried out hourly, allowing the development of the Rhesus conflict and the complications associated with it. Krym tsgogo, doslidzhennya antibodies to the Rh factor are required in surgical and resuscitation practice as part of the preparation of patients for blood transfusions. For analysis of anti-erythrocyte antibodies, blood sampling is taken from the vein. The most widely studied method is the reaction of agglutination on a buffer gel.
Indication
Screening analysis for anti-erythrocyte antibodies in the blood is used to prevent post-vascular hemolysis after blood transfusions, to prevent the development of fetal fetal erythroblastosis. For the results of the test, alosensitized patients are shown, and the necessary treatment is assigned. As part of the preparation for vaccination and monitoring, the test for antibodies to the Rh factor is monitored with the same periodicity. The follow-up is shown to mothers with Rh-negative blood for the mind, which is the possibility of transferring a positive Rh factor from father to child. Particularly strong control of anti-erythrocyte antibodies is required for women who were already immunized earlier - low vaccinia with Rhesus conflict, including abortion or abortive, who ended, underwent blood transfusions. There is also a risk of developing a Rh-conflict in patients due to complicated vaginess, which leads to damage to the integrity or an increase in the penetration of the placenta. Imovirnist penetration of fetal erythrocytes increases with placental insertion, abdominal trauma, infections, invasive implantation on the mother. On the basis of the results of the analysis, we will try to test the risk of the development of the Rhesus conflict and the need for the introduction of immunoglobulin injections.
Until other indications for the analysis of antibodies to the Rh factor, there is an obvious innocence of vagity and hemolytic ailment of newborns. The results of the study allow us to confirm the role of the Rhesus conflict in the development of pathology. In surgery, resuscitation and other areas, analyzes for antibodies to the Rh factor of indications during preparation for blood transfusions, as well as after 15-30 days after the procedures. Sensitization to antigens and the possibility of blood transfusion from a particular donor are considered for the data.
An analysis for antierythrocytic antibodies is not an indication, as a woman with a negative Rh blood factor has a child, her father also has a Rh-negative blood. In these fluctuations in the fetus, the Rh factor is always negative, the immunological conflict does not develop. The results of the follow-up may be positive for the presence of Rhesus conflict, as an injection of anti-Rhesus immunoglobulin was administered to women less than 6 months ago. One more exchange analysis is also sensitive - in small concentrations, anti-Rhesus antibodies are not detected. Irrespective of the price, the predictive value of the study is even higher - these results allow you to reveal a risk of blame for the Rhesus conflict and save your development.
Preparation before analysis and collection of material
When vikonannі analysis for antierythrocytic antibodies biomaterial є blood vein. The parkanu procedure, as a rule, is wound up, but there are no strict procedures for an hour. It is not necessary to get ready for the donation of blood. It is recommended to take a break after at least 4 years, and spend the remaining 30 days before the procedure in a calm environment, without emotional and physical pressures. Blood is taken from the pulmonary vein by the method of puncture, placed in a sealed test tube and sent to the laboratory for a few years.
Antibodies to the Rh factor are detected in the blood by the method of agglutination with vicarious gel filtration. During the procedure, the serum with erythrocytes is introduced at the upper part of the microtubes with the gel. Let's incubate them and centrifuge them. As a result of agglutination of erythrocytes (those that are bound with anti-erythrocyte antibodies), the crystal gel does not pass through the increased volume and remains on the surface. Since there are no antibodies, erythrocytes easily sink through the gel to the bottom of the tube. In such a rank, the nature of the distribution of erythrocytes indicates the presence of antibodies to the Rh factor. Lines of vikonannya analysis become 1 working day.
normal values
In the norm, the result of the analysis for antierythrocytic antibodies is negative (-). This means that there are no antibodies in the blood sample, the development of the Rhesus conflict is low. Physiological officials, such as the regimen of physical activity and especially eating, are added to the pіzіkovy pokaznik. Before the end of the worst results, it can lead to incorrectly taking the blood sample and transporting it.
Value increase
For the presence of anti-erythrocyte antibodies in the blood, the result of the analysis is positive. In tsomu vpadku to be carried out Depending on the strength of the agglutination reaction in the gel, the result can be strongly positive (++++), positive (+++), weakly positive (++), even weakly positive (+). The reason for the increased significance of the analysis for anti-erythrocyte antibodies is the sensitization of the body to the Rh factor. It is worth noting about the development of the risk of transfusion of vaginess, the risk of the development of erythroblastosis of the newborn and the aggravation after hemotransfusion.
Reduced value
The presence of antibodies to the Rh factor in the blood is the norm that indicates the risk of development of the Rh conflict. If the antibodies had been identified earlier, the reason for the decrease in the value of the analysis was the introduction of anti-D gamma globulin.
Lіkuvannya vіdhilen vіd normi
Analysis for antierythrocytic antibodies may have diagnostic and prognostic significance in obstetric and gynecological practice. These results give the possibility of revealing a risk of development of an immunological conflict in a vaginal woman with Rh-negative blood and in time to introduce immunoglobulin. Such a zahіd allows you to hide distant complications: hemolytic ailments of the fetus or a newly born, vikidnya, frontal canopies. Based on the results of the analysis, it is necessary to refer to an obstetrician-gynecologist who conducts pregnancy.
Aloimmune antibodies- Antibodies to erythrocyte antigens. The main indications before zastosuvannya: prevention of Rhesus-conflict in case of vaginess, innocence of vaginess, hemolytic ailment of newborns, blood transfusion with the method of prevention of post-transfusion complications.
In human erythrocytes, there is a large number of group antigens, which form group systems that are formed from one or a dozen pairs of antigens. Vіdomi taki groupovі system krovі, yak - AB0, Rh factor, Kell, Levіs (Lewis), Kidd, MNSs, Daffі, Dієgo and іnshі.
Aloimmune anti-erythrocytic antibodies - antibodies to the Rh factor and other erythrocytic antigens that appear in the blood after transfusion of non-permanent donor blood or vaginess. The appearance of aloimmune antibodies in the blood serum testifies to the sensitization of the body and the improvement of the risk of complications during transfusion of non-perishable blood, the evidence of the risk of innocence and the development of hemolytic disease of the fetus in a Rh-negative woman with Rh-positive blood in the fetus.
Rhesus antibodies are known to the so-called aloimunnyh antibodies, shards are found in the blood of Rhesus - negative people are less for special minds. Minds, scho to adopt the adopted rhesus - antibodies, the introduction of rhesus - a negative person rhesus - positive blood, or the vacancy of rhesus - a negative woman rhesus - a positive fetus. Alloantibodies are found in the serotype of the individual and interact with the antigens of the body's erythrocytes. They interact with the antigens of erythrocytes of other patients after blood transfusion or vaginess.
Designated Rh - antibodies in the order of assigned Rh - the presence of a sick and donor is necessary for the early transfusion of Rh - non-superficial blood, as well as for the diagnosis of a possible infection of the fetus or a newly born on hemolytic disease. The appointment of Rhesus - antibodies is necessary in the same way when preparing the material with the method of selection for the preparation of anti-Rhesus serums. Rhesus antibodies vary according to specificity: anti-D, anti-C, anti-E, anti-c, anti-e; the one behind the form: the same and the wrong. The specificity of the antibodies is determined by the way they react with any of the antigens. The form of the antibodies is determined by the way the stench reacts with erythrocytes, against specific Rhesus antigens. The number of antibodies, linked with Rhesus antigens of erythrocytes, causes agglutination of these erythrocytes during the reaction in the salt medium. Incorrect antibodies in their minds are less likely to aggravate with erythrocytes, but they do not call for agglutination, so the reaction does not show up in any way. In order to establish, in order to establish a reaction between incompetent Rhesus antibodies and erythrocytes, it is necessary to take special care, supplementation of various coloids (gelatin, polyglucin) or conduct a Coombs test. For all overexposure of the minds, the reaction between Rhesus - antibodies and erythrocytes, in order to avenge the Rhesus - antigen, is also manifested in the appearance of agglutination of erythrocytes.
Antigens of the Rhesus system may have a protein effect. One of the characteristic features of the system is the expression of polymorphism, which suggests the presence of a wide variety of antigens. In human erythrocytes, there is a large number of antigens of those systems - D, Du, C, c, E, e, Cw, M, N, S, Kell, Kidd, Duffy, Diego and others. The most clinical significance of the least is antigens from the Rh group (5 main ones) - D, C, c, E, e, and to induce antigens of the Kell system (antigens - Before, before, Ku and others.). Antigen D і є, so ranks, Rh factor (Rh). 86% of the population of the Russian Federation are classified as Rh-positive (Rh +). Another 14% of the population are Rh-negative (Rh-). Rhesus-negative vvazhayut donors, blood yak revenge z antigeniv - D, C і E. Antigen D may vary, rank, "weak" options, to form a group - Du і yakі with a frequency of 1%. Donors who avenge Du can be brought up to Rh-positive. It is necessary to take care in case of blood transfusion, in order to avoid hemotransfusion complications.
It is possible to detect such antigens by using special methods.
The test is based on the immunological characteristics of group 0 erythrocytes - do not carry stench of A-, B-antigens. Therefore, if agglutination is added to them, the patient's serosa will be mindful of the presence of atypical antibodies in it. The presence of agglutination should be noted about their presence.
In a number of cases, up to these antigens in the body of a person, antibodies (alloimmune antibodies) begin to be generated. Such a camp becomes more frequent in case of vagity and blood transfusion. Under the hour of vagity in a Rh-negative mother of a Rh-positive fetus, Rh-conflict can develop, which affects the antibodies in the body of the mother to fetal erythrocytes, which causes the destruction of fetal erythrocytes. Such a conflict can lead to the end of the day, or hemolytic anemia of the fetus. If the Rh-negative mother has a Rh-positive mother, then the Rh-conflict does not develop. The greatest risk is possible in case of vaginess, so that the mother is up to the first blood group and Rh-negative, and the father is the first group and Rh-positive. I have one chance in every case that the child will be Rh-positive.
Any chance of overexposure of antigens when an antigen-negative mother gets into the bloodstream (to avoid different types of erythrocytic antigens) can lead to the appearance of autoantibodies and make it easier to overestimate the vagity. The immunogenicity of the main antigens in the Rhesus system changes in the order: c-e-c-e.
For the prevention of Rh-conflict in case of pregnancy, Rh-negative women are guilty of changing their appearance in women's consultations and undergoing periodical exacerbation in the presence of aloe-immune antibodies (often they indicate antibodies to Rh factor), this situation can be up to 15%.