Are there new sights of flora and fauna? Shvidke's vindication of new sights

Guess why the population of organisms is considered the main unit of evolution. Describe isolation as an elementary official of evolution. What forms of isolation are found between populations of organisms in nature?

The head of the mind is the establishment of new species of organisms - isolation. As a result, there is an exchange of genes between isolated individuals and other populations. It is necessary to produce a step-by-step change of a sign in individuals of an isolated population, which leads to the transformation of one or more new species (Fig. 166).

Mal. 166. Scheme of speciation: small twigs - populations

So, the establishment of new species of organisms, or speciation - the whole process of the transformation of okremy genetically isolated populations of a species on a new species. Depending on the nature of the bar'erivs, which are crossed by the crossing of individuals, two ways of species differentiation are distinguished - geographically and ecologically.

Geographical identification. Tied from the changing area of ​​the ancestral species. The role of bar'єrіv for the crossing of individuals is played by various geographical objects: expanses of dry land or seas, mountain ranges, deserts, etc. more under the large area of ​​​​population living on the edge of isolation . As a result of which, geographic appearances of a vicious look are established, as if they become the founders of independent new species of organisms.

The appearance of two species of gulls: splintering chlushis (Fig. 167) serve as an example of geographical species distribution by the way of the settlement of individuals on the new territory of residence. The ancestral form of these two species is one species of gulls, which has sprouted hundreds of thousands of years in the region of the modern Bering duct (marked with a small cross). In the new way of the settlement of Skhid and Zakhid, a number of geographic gulls were adopted (the areles were identified as a small one), which formed two new species.

Mal. 167. Geographical identification of two species of gulls: splintering and clumps

The appearance of three types of landscapes (Fig. 168) serve as an example of geographical species creation along the path under the large area of ​​the species on the sprat of isolated parts. The last ancestral type was found to have sprouted millions of years in broad-leaved forests of Eurasia. At the link with icing, a single area of ​​\u200b\u200bthis species appeared to be divided into sprat parts. The convalescence was saved only in the forest territories, where the icing has disappeared: near the center, on the mainland of Europe, near Transcaucasia, on the mainland of the Far Gathering. In these populations, which were saved, three independent types of convalescence have been established for a year, which are disturbed by the size of the leaves and the infestation of vines of flowers.

Mal. 168. Geographical identification of three types of convalescence

Ecological species. It is tied from the change of minds of the living of a vihіdnogo ancestral sight. In the role of bar'eriv for the breeding of individuals, there is a difference for the minds of living in isolation populations. As a result of which, ecological discoveries are established, as they become the founders of new species of organisms.

The butt of an ecological species - the appearance of a few species on the kshtalt Buttercup, like in the regions from different waters (Fig. 169).

Mal. 169. Ecological species in the genus Buttercup

Mal. 170. Infestation of scallop eggs in ecological subspecies of zozulus savage

In this order, the establishment of new species of organisms, following the scheme: populations of a species of an organism >> geographic, or ecological evidence >> new species of organisms

Evolution does not attach itself to the adoption of new species. Von vede to the vindication of new and new species of roslin, creatures and other organisms that establish systematic groups over species - canopies, families, orders, corrals, class, vіddіli, tipi.

Correct from the material covered

1. What is visualization?
2. Which factor is the most important for the establishment of new species of organisms?
3. Behind what scheme, new types of organisms are established in the appearance of the cob?

With a change in the minds of life, the number of individual distinctions of individuals of one species as a result of natural selection increases, and the difference is a sign of an intermediate species. As a result, in the middle of one species, a small group of groups with different signs and powers is established. Naturally, the struggle for the foundation in the greater vipadkіv led to the progressive extinction of the intermediate forms and the survival of the quiet, yakі stuck to the middle, which changed. In this way, a sprat of new species is established in the historical process in the form of one generic species.

According to Darwin's ideas, new vidi are blamed for the decline from generation to generation of gradual accumulation of insignificant changes, swollen by organisms in ontogeny. As a result of the addition of organisms in the middle of one species to different minds, a decade of new species is established. On fig. 40 Vіdbito viknennya z view A - three, from view B - two new species. As you can see from the little one, change in new species A, in their black, brought 14 new species to adoption. In the okremih vipadkah new vinikayut after the stepwise change of the parental vidi. The butt of which can be adopted vid_v E 10 F 10 with stepwise change of vid_v E F.

Competition and other interspecies intermodalities can stimulate the development of species, if they come to a natural breath, directing to perfect mechanisms, which will ensure the success of successful partnerships among partners at the boundaries of one species. Such a visnovka was used by Australian birds on the basis of the breeding of various natural populations of one species of tropical villages of toads.

Even Charles Darwin has gained respect, that in some, rich in species, systematic groups (genera, families), the most closely disputed species are seen in front of the signs, which are associated with the choice of a partner and mating. There may be some peculiarities of the state organs, as well as specific signals for the partner's lure - for example, the croaking of a male toad or fragrant speech (attractant), which is seen by females (and other males) of such coma. Even though some part of the population has managed to change such signs, it can be reproductively isolated (sometimes seem to be “sexually isolated”) from the maternal population. Especially shvidko tse vіdbuvaєtsya, if the hybrids are between persons from the group, scho cremated, and the maternal population is afflicted with a reduced life expectancy. Such an increasing stage of sexual isolation and, apparently, hastened the adoption of a new kind, was taken away in the English literature by a special name - "reinforcement" (which literally means "strengthening").

In this hour, fahіvtsі in the gallery of evolutionary biology intensively play "reinforcement" and often sing yogo with such a long-described phenomenon, like a "character displacement" - the change of signs is not in all population species, but less so in others, like a stik huddle with ecologically close competing species. So, in two species of Galapagos vyurkiv, which linger on different islands (in the minds of alopatry), the dzhobi are approximately the same size, but if you see linger on the same island (in the minds of sympathy), then the average to mess around zmushu let in and the presence of authority in the mind. Yakshcho familiarization, it is a snake for a competitor’s hijack, vidpovly for the forgetting of the Zustychi zytvim partner, then the Tselnikovs, the infusions of the shit of the genes of the Mizh of the Mother of Maids of popular people, can

In the magazine " Ecology Letters»Recently, a review of the article by two Australian scholars, Conrad Hoskin and Megan Higgie, appeared, as if it were reported to sort out some kind of rank in the population of one species for an additional change of sign, which is considered to be a favorite behavior ku, you can get a new look. The object of their research is the Green-eyed tree frog, Litoria genimaculata(Fig. 1) seems to be widening in wet tropical forests of Australia and New Guinea. There, de besperedno carried out robots, in the area of ​​the river Barron (Barron, pivnіchno-shіdna part of the state of Queensland, Australia), there are two (not brought by molecular genetic methods) alopatric - to occupy different territories - populations of green-eyed toads, mentally known as " pіvnіchna ". Populations were formed, singing, if in the Pleistocene, in the period of cold and arid climate, if tropical foxes were overgrown only in the middle of the open landscape.

Later, about 6500 years ago, when the climate became warmer and more humid, and the tropical foxes re-established a voluptuous curve, the zones of expansion of their populations of toads closed. Hybrids between them in the cordon region are possible, although the stench is characterized by low living standards. A peculiar situation developed, however, on the fenced-in territory, where a small “enclave” appeared in the sharpened “pivnichnaya” population iS). In this “enclave” itself, a sign was revealed above the name of the swede, which is recognized as a reference for articles (characteristics of the prize call of males and females). As a result of the adoption of the individuals of this grouping, they spent their life until normal crossing with the maternal individuals (the main “pivdenny” population). As it could be seen, it is schematically shown in Figures 3 and 4 below.

Mal. 3 illustrative three possible variants of evolutionary changes in four genetic lines of the population: in "pivdenniy" ( S) and “pіvnіchnoi” ( N). Leather gurtok vіdpovidaє sing lines at the sing moment of the hour. The upper half of the fold is post-zygotic (onset after flooding) isolation. As for spіvіsnuyuchih populations tsі halves of one color, then hybrids are living, like different - non-living. The lower half of the coat has a prezygotic (so it’s still warm) insulation: mating features of different lines can be, like the stink of one color, it’s impossible - like a different one. The scale of the hour (i, vіdpovіdno, evolyutsії) is straightened from the bottom. Barriers, which are important for different genetic lines, are shown by black vertical lines and are marked with the word "Barrier". Red horizontal arrows show the possibility of contact of features of different lines. Black thin arrow down - crossing the features of the different lines. The red cross shows the impossibility of hybridization.

Three vipadas are examined: a- classically allopatric species breeding (incremental accumulation of resources in isolated one species of one population and the loss of housing before breeding); b- alopatric species, as soon as it starts, ends with "reinforcement" (if the special buildings are sprouted, their hybrids are sterile, or they are resurrected by a reduced life expectancy); c- alopatric species, which began, changing their way through the new system of bars: the population of the "pivden" line appears to be a renewed new bar, while part of it consumes one bik bar at a time from the "pіvnіchnuyu" line; in the same part of the natural population (shown by a small group with the index S') go ahead, referrals to those that are more likely to be isolated from the “pivnіchnії” population (it's possible for the development of behavioral mechanisms to ensure the sound of your partner's partners); when you want to go so far that the individuals of the new line ( S') spend the building of breeding with the features of the maternal lineage ( S), in fact, leading up to the establishment of a new species.

On fig. 4. Presentation of illustrations and a variant of the displacement of reproductive traits in the population of toads A at the time of residence, I entrusted with a competitive view. Vіdbіr for reproductive signs, directing to strengthen the powers of a competitor, to lead to the fact that individuals from a part of the population ( B) can spend the opportunity to crossbreed with the Batkiv population and, well, give a new look. In this way, interspecies interactions can stimulate species within the boundaries of one of the species.

It is really not easy to reveal in nature the adopted reproductive sign of one species (as you can bring to the establishment of a new species), and to interact with other species. І one of the twisted environments is the supra-witness of these changes. The results of the findings of Australian scientists are yet another confirmation of the fact that our impossibility to look at the eyes of the process of species creation is due not to him, that this process is supra-evidently trivial (as they were vowed for Darwin's hours), but now it is rather swept.

The discovery of new species from nature is the most important stage in the process of evolution. Darwin added that the establishment of new species in nature is born under the influx of the destructive forces of evolution. When changing minds, the reason in the middle of the mind is the process of rozbіzhnosti sign - divergence what to bring up to the establishment of new groupings of individuals in the middle of the mind. In a casual look, I take a cob of cilia "a bunch" of forms, but not all stinks swell a distant rose. The biggest differences for the signs of the form may be great opportunities to deplete the offspring and survive, the stink shards compete less with each other, lower in the middle, like step by step, they die in the fight against the background and the influx of natural selection in an endless series generations.

In nature, the zavzhdy saved only the most diverse, extreme forms, the middle ones could also survive and give offspring. Of the extreme forms, one develops sometimes, but it can develop more. If you think the middle people do not change, they change a little for a long time, then they look like they are becoming immutable against the parent.

Take a look at the diagram, which clearly shows the evolution of the greater systematic groups (div. Fig. 9).

Malyunok 9. Evolution of systematic groups

Since the 30s of the current century, respect for the vchenih has been attached to the population as a form of foundation for the image. New achievements shed light on the cob stages of the evolutionary process, as they pass through the middle of the species and lead to the establishment of new internal species groups - populations and subspecies. This process is called microevolution. It is available to bezpoerednyu and vvchennyu, shards can be found in a historically short hour.

Geographically specific due to the expansion of the range of the species or to the division of the range on the isolation of parts of the physical transitions (mountains, rivers, climate change). With the expansion of the range of the species of yoga, populations grow with new soil-climatic minds, as well as with new groups of creatures, roslin and microorganisms. The population is constantly blamed for recessionary changes, there is a struggle for reasons, for natural goodness. All it takes is to bring about a change in the genetic make-up of the population - to microevolution. Nadal population evolution can lead to the emergence of a new species.

For example, the Siberian modrina pushed her way far into the skhіd; її populations populated the territory from the Urals to Baikal and settled down in different minds. In individuals of the population, mutations were always blamed, in the result of crossing, new combinations of genes were blamed; Zavdyaki tsim processes the population became heterogeneous. In the process of fighting for the cause, as a result of the natural selection, they survived and deprived the offspring of individuals with brown in specific minds the change. For a short period of time, these factors have spawned the appearance of more sharp differences between populations and, as a result, the vindication of biological isolation - non-breeding of individuals of different populations of the same species. As a result, in the suvorish minds, under the influence of the rushing forces of evolution, a new look was formed - modrina daurskaya.

In the minds of the Krayny Pivnoch, in a similar rank, a special kind of poppy with small, strongly pubescent leaves, a short development of short flower-bearing stems and early flowers has settled down. Another butt: near the fox convalії on the back of the head, a succulent area, but with icy veins spread out on the isolated part; In these territories, independent populations were formed, recognized as leaders for juveniles.

Everywhere, expansions from Europe have been extended by borrowing an uninterrupted range from the sunset of Skhid. At the entrance form, the leaves are thinly rosy and rozkidane, the flowers are drooping, why, with an abundance of boards at the entrance, the water is sprayed and does not stagnate, and the saw blades do not roll. A similar form in dry minds is characteristic of coarser rosettes, standing leaves and standing flowers, behind which water drains to the roots. It has been proved by evidence that the leaves of the similar form of viparous water are significantly less, the leaves are lower. All points of view at the entrance of Europe in the direction of the passage at the exit may have a pristosuvalny character. Mіzh zahіdnoy and skhіdnoy forms prostrіlu іsnuє without interruption series of transitional forms.

The average smuz of the Radyansky Union has grown over 20 types of zhovttsya. Mustaches look like the same species. Naschadki yogo settled in different places of residence - the steppe, foxes, fields - and zavdyaks іzolyatsії vіdokremililis each other, see each other, then see (div. malyunok 10).

Malyunok 10. Species diversity in the dewy and creaturely world.

The great tit species represents a foldable complex of populations and subspecies that are found on different isolation slabs. The ranges of three species of great tit - Eurasian, Pivdno-Asian and similar Asian - make up the area around the Central Asian Nagir - the Kilcean area. Foreseeable to occupy good crossed areas, but in the zones of contact pivdennoaziatskie titmouse crossbreed from two other subspecies. Cross-Asian and Euro-Asian, loitering at once in the valleys of the upper Amur, do not cross. The resurrection of the habitats of the titmouse and the adoption of their pidvidiv pov'yazane with the ice age.

In Lake Baikal, there are a lot of sights and canopies of white flatworms, crustaceans and ribs, which do not grow anywhere else, shards of the lake are built up in other water pools by mountain ranges for about 20 million rocks.

Ecological modification live in quiet situations, if the populations of one species are abandoned in the boundaries of their range, but if they live, they appear different. Under the influx of disruptive forces of evolution, the genius warehouse is changing. Through impersonal generations, changes can go so far that individuals of different populations of the same species do not interbreed among themselves, due to biological isolation, which is typical, as a rule, for different species. For example, one species of tradescantia was formed on drowsy skeletal peaks, and the other one - in muddy forests. At the flood of the lower Volga, you can see wheatgrass, bagattya, bristle (bear), like giving us a drink until the river is filled, or after a new one. Tsim stench in the cremation during the weekends, which grow in places, which are not flooded and flooded, importantly at the hour of bottling.

Five species of tit have settled down at the link with a grub specialization: the great tit eats great clods in gardens and parks; blakytnitsa is seen in dry coma in the cracks of measles, in nirks; Chubat tit is eating on coniferous trees; chickadee and Muscovites eat commas most importantly in foxes of different types (div. malyunok 10).

The smallest taxon (category in biology) is called a species. A species is a group of individuals that may have similar morphological signs that can be easily bred and give offspring when they do. Іsnuyet and іnshі, more great taxa. A group of close species, for example, establishes a family, that way, from close canopies, a family can only go out. But today we will talk about the smallest taxonomic category, that species. What is the species, how does this taxon become established, and what are the ways of species creation in nature? So let's do it.

Species in nature

Species - the process of establishing new species and their changes. Іsnuє so understand, like a bar'єr interspecies summancy. What is it?

Tse that vipadok, if you see, with no breeding, you can give birth to offspring. Behind the theory of evolution, it is speculated to lie in a recessionary sluggishness. Today, biology has two types of species - geographical and ecological. Let's talk about the skin of them report.

Geographically specific

Geographically, otherwise, as they call it, more allopathic species, є the adoption of new species in the expanse of isolation. It seems simpler, it is easier to see from the populations that linger in different geographic areas. Oskіlki populyatsії trivaly hour of separation, s-pomіzh them vinikaє genetic isolation.

You're trying to get away from that fluctuation, as the population is no longer divided. You can bring a chimalo Vіn maє once five independent areas, like one on the back of the head. It is important that the stench is known to do the great work one by one. Races appeared on the skin from the territory, which led to the establishment of independent types of growth. Similarly, on the butt of migration, one can see the expansion of the great tit. lingering in Europe, starting to settle closer to the exit. For whom were pivnіchnі and vіvdenny way. Closer to pіvnіch hid like that, like Bukhara that little titmouse, closer to pіvnіch - it's small and big. Stop giving hybrids.

So it turned out that after such a dispersal between them, the reproduction bar was the culprit. Let's look at one more example. The old look of the Australian daddies was found in Pivdenny Australia. Tse dosit vologa territory. With the current dryness, the area changed, due to which the territory was divided into two parts: I will go away. Zvichayno, stretching for a thrive hour on the skin of them, different kinds of papules were formed. In just one hour, the winter area has practically changed. Climatic minds became more numerous again, but if a single species could not be spawned, the shards became genetically isolated. In this order, the alopatric appearance is tied to isolation. As a result of which new self-sufficiency is established.

Ecological Way of Species

Іsnuє, krim geographical, that іnshy sposіb. Tse ecological species. Vono may also be called a friend - sympatric. What's the way? Ecological species adoption - adoption of new species as a result of the diversity of individuals in the surrounding territories. So on the cob it looks like a sack in one area, and later, in the wake of competition, which is stronger, the wines grow in other territories. For example, you can watch for such a situation. Bryazkalets is great in color all summer. But if in the middle of summer you mow the grass on this territory, then the growth can no longer be given. For reasons of reason, save the day, as it was given before the sting or later.

In such a rank, offended tipi, who live in the same pocket, cannot interbreed among themselves. Ecological species can be confirmed for the presence of close species in adjacent areas. In some cases, the areas are expanding.

Species that yoga role

Ways of visualization have been developed for a long time, but it is difficult to finish it. The reason for the trivality of the process of speciation. Ecological and geographic species are different from each other, proteo skin of their own significance in the life of nature. The main role is the adoption of new species.