Silicon warehouse. Chemistry of silicon and yogo spoluky

Silicon is over-magnesium when heated:

Three allotropic modifications of silicon - crystalline and amorphous - chemically more active є amorphous silicon. Wine reacts with sour when heated, approving

and also with halogens, for example:

At high temperatures, silicon is close to coal, and carborundum is a flux, close to diamond in hardness:

In reactions with active metals, which oppose the statements of silicides, silicon in the role of an oxidizing agent:

When using silicide of hydrochloric acid, remove the simplest water from silica silane

Silicon and silicic acid oxide.

Silicon oxide is solid, narrower than refractory (the melting point is wider in nature. It is developed in two modifications - crystalline and amorphous quartz.

1), tobto - metasilicic acid;

2), tobto - ortho-cremaic acid;

3), tobto is di-metasilicic acid.

Silicon acids, in the molecules of which there are more than one molecule, are carried to the polysilicon. Simple silicic acid, yaku is often called simply silicic acid.

All silicic acids are even weak (weaker than high). The salts of all silicic acids are called silikates, as a rule, in the new literature on the basis of silicates and salts of metasilicic acids. When standing on a turn, the silikates are turbid, so as to be found in the powdered oxide in carbon (IV), silicic acid with salts:

Silicic acid is practically unrepentant in water - because of the power of vicious acid as a reaction to ion.

Silikati to be washed with an alloy of silicon oxide from meadows or carbonates:

Naybilsh is widely used for soda and calories. Concentrated razchini of cich salts is called a thin slope; the stench may cause a strong cold reaction due to hydrolysis. Ridke wickeriness when prepared with glue and waterproof fabrics

Flint that yogo spoluki. strong prominence

Silicon - element IVAgroupie, Yak i vuglets. Tom on the name of the energetic level at the new chotiri of the elektron. Tsi chotiri elektrona vin can be given and show new authorities, With all the steps of oxidation, there will be +4 , And you can press the chotiri of the electronic and show oxidation of power, With many steps of oxidation, -4 .

In nature silicon is another chemical element in terms of its prevalence. At nature wine see only at viglyad spoluk... Nyb_lsh widened with silicon є silicon oxide (IV) - SiO 2 - silica... At the nature of the wine, I set the mineral quartz... Yogo type є girskiy crystal, amethyst, agate, topaz, opal, jasper, chalcedony, cornelian, like vicorist, like virgin and napivkoshtovnі stones.

Natural power - folding speech... Їх warehouse image at viglyadі decіlkokh oxydіv. Silikati, before the warehouse, which includes aluminum, they call aluminosilicates... tse kaolinite, polovian spar, mica.

asbestos also є silikatom and vikorisovyutsya for the production of vortex fabrics

From the variety of minerals on the basis of silicon oxide (IV), the first people prepared a lot. Flint cob kam'yanogo viku, To make the capital of the flintry knowledges through its accessibility and building up the hospitality to the region.

Silica (IV) oxide gives the merit of the stalk of the roselin and the stalks of the twigs.

The plants of this oxide outline, outline, horsetails stand mintly, and the leaves of sedges grow, the stalks of cereals do not peck at the board and vіtru, but lusca ribs, carapace comas, krila metelikіv, pіr'ya ptachіv mіts wool.

Silicon enter the storage of diatomic water and radionuclide.

At promislovostі silica otryuyut introduction of silicon oxide (IV) by coke in electric furnaces.

At the laboratory you can find modified silicon oxide (IV) aluminum or magnesium.

Silicon isnu at viglyadі two allotropic modifications: Amorphous and crystalline.

amorphous siliconє storm powder.

crystalline silicon- a solid word of dark gray color with a metallic blisk. Vin kryhkiy and refractory. The price is poured by the bud's crystal. The structure of silicon is analogous to the structure of diamond, so that in the whole crystal there is a skin atom of the discharge with the help of these atoms and the binding to them covalent links.

silicon є as a conductor... Depending on the temperature, the electrical conductivity is improved. For example, sleepyhead batteries are installed on companions, space ships, stations and dakha budinks. Tsі batteries, converting sleepyhead energy into electrical, for a rakhunok crystals napіvprovіdnikіv, such as silicon.

At room temperature, silicon inert, When heated, the wine reacts with metals and non-metals.

silicon burn in sour with the approval of silicon oxide (IV).

In the course of the reaction, the silicon increases its oxidation step from 0 to +4, and the acid decreases from 0 to -2. To that, silica is in the role of a forerunner, and kissen is in the role of an oxidizing agent.

Introduce the power of silicon vicorist in metallurgy for rejection of deyakie metals from їх oxides.

Silicon when heated with metals, At the same time, they pretend to be silitsidi... For example, in the reaction of magnesium with silicon, silicide of magnesium is established. In the course of the reaction, magnesium increases its oxidation step from 0 to +2, and silicon decreases from 0 to -4. To that, magnesium is the forerunner, and silicon is oxidizing.

Silicid is easily decomposed with water or acids, At all the gas silane- vodneve z'єdnannya flint. So, during the interaction of magnesium silica with hydrochloric acid, magnesium chloride and silane gas are established.

Silan is self-borrowing and burning with silicon oxide (IV) and water.

Kremn_y entered into the interaction with concentrated rosters of meadows... For example, when silicon interacts with a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and water are set.

Silicon can be trimmed heating silicon oxide (IV) with magnesium or carbon.

In the reaction with magnesium, magnesium re-forms silicon with silicon oxide (IV), and in the reaction with silicon (IV) oxide with carbon, the carbon recovers silicon with the oxide.

Silica (IV) oxide, silica- SiO 2 - solid, arcuate refractory, non-fusible near water. Cei oxide maє atomic crystal lattice, In universities where there are atoms of silicon and sour.

Silicon (IV) oxide є acid oxide That is why they show all the power that is characteristic of cich oxides. However, oxide do not come across the water, ale win reacts with the lines of the meadows... So, in the reaction of silicon oxide (IV) with sodium hydroxide, sodium silikate and water are established.

Silica (IV) oxide entering into reactions with basic oxides during heating... So, in the reaction with calcium oxide, calcium silikate is established.

Silica (IV) oxide interaction with heating with carbonates So, in the reaction with sodium carbonate, sodium silikate and carbon dioxide gas are formed.

Silikati soda and calia are called rozchinny glasses. Їх water solutions are themselves silikatny glue.

Silicon (IV) oxide is reacted with fluorine day and hydrofluoric acid with the formulation of gas-like silicon fluoride.

We are in power to repent for stained-stained writing, malunks and mytok.

Silica acid warehouse it is possible to virazit yak H 2 SiO 3. Silica acid - dragliste, non-destructive in water. Won be honored before even weak acids(Navigate the weak one). In case of a disagreement, to avenge silicic acid, to pretend silikagel, Yaky zasosovyut in the quality of the adsorbent.

Silicic acid - bezsila z'єdnannyaі when not heated, or when heated, it is deposited on silicon oxide (IV) and water.

I have a clear reaction to silikat-ionє Reactions of silikats with the strength of strong acids, at which silicic acid is set in the viglyadi of the dredge siege. For example, in the reaction of sodium silikate with hydrochloric acid, sil - sodium chloride and silicic acid are set up in a dredge siege.

An experiment is being carried out. For tsyogo permissible in carbon dioxide gas through the release of sodium silicate. At the same time, we can sposter the establishment of a draglist siege. Tse established silicic acid. Thus, silicic acid is even weak, it can be weaker than it is, as it can grow in the range of salt.

And now, until the gelatinous sediment is concentrated in the meadow and heated on half of the alcohol. The siege has begun, and it is the legacy of the knowledge of the rocket salt - the silikat sodium.

silica stagnate for rejection of nap_vprovidnikovyh materials and acid-hard alloys. Take flint, yak silicon carbide- SiC - vicorisation for sharpening of metal and metal verstats and for grinding of expensive stone, because of the hardness of the diamond, it is less expensive.

Quartz is used for making quartz glassware, for displaying a high temperature and a sharp temperature drop.

Razchinnі at the water silіkati soda and kalіyu (" rozchinnі skla») Zastosovyut yak in vogetrivke zasіb for leaking wood and fabric. For the production of heat-resistant and electrically insulating textile virobes, it is also natural to use natural silikati - asbestos.

Prior to the silikatnoy promislovosti:

· Sklo;

· Ceramic virobes (porcelains, faience of potter's virobes), cegli, cladding slabs and covering materials;

· Cement.

Z'єdnannya flint є the basis for the storage of cement. For example, it’s very convenient to wash it off with an alloy of soda, vapnyak and sip. It is difficult to shape the shape of the mold in the molten mill, so that it can be used for making dishes.

Singing power to nadayut additives. For example, if you substitute sodium oxide for calium oxide, then you can make a solid bohemian glass, With the addition of lead (II) oxide, it is possible to remove kryshtaleve sklo, With the addition of chromium (III) oxide, it can be trimmed green slope, When added to cobalt oxide - blue, And with the addition of manganese (II) oxide - violet. Add gold salts and selenium, wash rubies skla, Which is ready for the star Moscow Kremlin.

For polishhennya mechanical authorities sklo piddayut dressing up... Zagartuvannya polyagaє in the fact that the slope of a special warehouse is heated to temperatures close to 600 0 C, and then rapidly cooled. Also, you can make sure that you can get rid of the cooler-proof sklo.

People have seen slopes for a long time, already three - chotiri yews. Rokіv that vyrobnitstvo skla bulo v Egypt, Syria, Фінікиії, Prichernomor'ya.

Sklo divovizhniy material. V Ancient Rome Maystri have come to trimmings of color skins and work from them the little pieces of the mosaic. Zroblenie sklo vіtrazhі churches, museums, small mosaic panels.

Areas of storage extensive: price window, dance, lamp, mirror and optical.

Clay... When the clay is mixed with water, a similar mass is established, it is possible to dry it and give it a shape. Deyaki keramichny virobi cover glaze- a thin ball of obscene material. Glaze to rob ceramic water-proof, oberig її from zabrudnen, grabbing from a range of acids and meadows, nadaє blisk.

We value silicon є cement... Yogo otrimuyut from clay and vapnyaku. If you mix the powder with cement with water, then you pretend to be so called " cement gap" If you add a squeak to the cement, or crushed stone, then we will concrete... The quality of concrete can be changed, if you introduce a hard frame, then go zalizobeton, Z yakogo vygotovlyayut wall panels, blocks of re-readings.

Kremniy bouv otrimaniy v 1824 rotsi by swedish chemistry Bercelius... Ale for twelve rocks to new flint Gay Lussac i Tenar, Ale vin buv douzhe obrudivaniya houses.

Latin name silitsium from latin sileks- "flint". Russian name is "flint" flint- "skela, skela".

In such a rank, silicon - element IVA groupie. For a new characteristic stage of oxidation +4 and -4. In reactions with acidic and other non-metals, vin shows an outstanding power, and in reactions with metals - oxides. In nature, silica grows in the viglyad spoluk. The most widespread of this is silicon oxide (IV) - silica, which is an acidic oxide and shows power, characteristic of cich oxides. Vodnevim z'єdnannyam silicon є silane - SiH 4 , Yakiy to establish itself with diy acids or vodi on silitsidi - from `` dnannya metals from silica. Silica (IV) oxide is a form of silicic acid. Qia is weak, dibasic, gelatinous, non-sensitive to water acid. I have a clear reaction on silikat-ion є for strong acids on silikati, so as a result of these reactions siege is set up - silicic acid. Silica (IV) oxide is widely used in industry. Prior to the silikatnoy industry, carry out the storage of cement, ceramic virobes and cegli.

- silicon element characteristics: electronic budova, possible oxidation stages, main phases: oxide, hydroxide. Amorphous and crystalline silicon.

silicon- element of the 3rd period of the IVA-group of the Periodic system, ordinal number 14. The electronic formula of the atom is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 2 = [10 Ne] 3s 2 3p 2. The oxidation step is characteristic in the conditions + IV.

Silicon oxidized step scale:

Electronegativeness of silicon nevisok for non-metals (2.25). Viyavlya non-metallic (acid) power; approved oxides, silicic acids, an even greater number of salts - silikats in viglyadi lantsyugiv, streak and trivial yarns of tetrahedra, binar spoluks. In this hour, the chemistry of organic silicon with links Si - C and silicon organic polymers - silikon and silikon rubbers with links Si - Si, Si - O and Si - C.

A precious element of inanimate nature, other by chemical width. To see only in the knitted viglyad. Life is an important element for organisms.

Silicon Si - The speech is simple. Krupnokr_stallichesk_y - dark gray, with metal blisky, velmy hard, douchey, opaque, refractory, extensions napivprovidnik. The crystal lattice is atomic, the Si - Si bond is even smaller. Amorphous - bilium, or red-brown (with houses, in the main Fe), chemically active. Steady on povitri (coating with an oxide layer), does not react with water. Reagus HF (conc.), Lugami. Oxidized with sour, chlorine. Renewed magnum. Get along with graphite. Promislovo important є alloy with zalizom - ferosil_ts_y(12-90% Si). Stagnant is the alloying additive in steel and alloys of colore metals, a component of conductive materials for microelectronics, the basis of silikon.

Equivalent reaction:

rejecting in industry: renewal of SiCl 4 or SiO 2 when fried:

SiCl 4 + 2Zn = Si+ 2ZnCl 2

SiO 2 + 2Mg = Si+ 2MgO

(The rest of the reaction can be solved in the laboratory, if amorphous silicon is left behind in the acidic acid filler).

Silicon dioxide SiO 2 - Acidic oxide. bili powder (quartz crystal)і glimpses of crystals, a natural product of filling with houses (Silica)- at the viglyadі snakey squeak and stone (Kremin). The crystal lattice is atomic, the dermal silicon atom of the effluent is chotirma with atoms of sourness, and the dermal atom is sour - two atoms of silicon. A lot of crystalline modifications (all minerals), for quartz, tridimita cristobalite, Ridiculously adaptable and piecemeal - kitit, coesite, stishovite, melanoflogit, fibrous silica., With an increased cooling melt, an amorphous form is established - quartz slope(In nature, mineral lestelleit). Most chemically active amorphous form.

It practically doesn’t react with water (through the separation of the SiO 2 NH 2 O hydrate), with broadened acids. Quartz sklo rose in HF (conc.). Reagu s meadows in razchini (approve orthosilikati) i when alloying (products - metasilikati). It is easy to chlorinate in the presence of coke. Introduce coke, magnesium, zaliz (in the blast furnace process).

Stagnate yak promislov sirovin near the silicon, sinuous, thermo- and chemically stable slope,

porcelains, ceramics, abrasives and adsorbents, napovnyuvach gumi, mastic, adhesives and farbs, a component of awesome new breakdowns, in monocrystals of quartz - the basis of generators in ultrasound and the exact course of quartz years. See quartz ( girskiy kryshtal, rhyme quartz, amethyst, dimchasty quartz, chalcedony, Onixін.) - expensive, napivkostovnі abo stones virobіv.

Equivalent reaction:

Silicon dioxide polyhydrate SiO 2 nH 2 O - Silica acids with alternating interstices SiO 2 and H 2 O. Bilium, amorphous (sclopodic) polymer with a chain, striking, leafy, polymerized and skeletal budova. When heated, step by step fold. There is little difference in the water. Above the siege, the monomer is weak orthosilicon acid H 4 SiO 4 (tetrahedral budova, sp 3-hybridization), degree of dissolution 0.00673 g / 100 g H 2 O at 20 ° C. When standing, no polycondensation is detected and a mixture of silicic acid is formed, H 6 Si 2 O 7 2 Si 2 O 5, H 10 Si 2 O 9, among hydrosols n (sol metasilicon acids) і, nareshtі, hydrogel SiO 2 NH 2 O (n< 2). При высушивании гидрогель переходит в силикагель SiO 2 nН 2 O (n < 1). Скорость гелеобразования максимальна в слабокислотной среде.

Change into a range of concentrated meadows. According to the highest chemical powers, they are suitable up to SiO 2. Nature is a mineral opalі chalcedony (agate, jasper). Monomeric metasilicic acid H 2 SiO 3 will not be removed.

Equivalent reaction:

rejecting: Vitishnennya with strong acid from a range of silikat, for example:

K 2 SiO 3 + 2НCl + (n - 1) Н 2 O = 2КCl + SiO 2 NН 2 O↓

Sodium metasilicateNa 2 SiO 3 - Oxosol. Biliy, when heated, melt without folding. Rise in cold water (strong hydrolysis for anion). Concentrations of razchin - coloidal ("close sklo", revenge hydrosols SiO 2 NH 2 O). Lay in hot water, react with acids, meadows, carbon dioxide gas.

Stagnate as a component of the charge near the warehouse, special cements and concrete, enter the warehouse of silica headlights and glue, cold glazes, aluminosilicate catalysts, when prepared paper and cardboard, silica gel, synthetic sheets. Equivalent reaction:

rejecting: Alloy sodi with piscom

Na 2 SiO 3 + SiO 2 = CO 2 + Na 2 SiO 3(1150 ° C)

Silikati. Silicon in the oxidation stage + IV is located, except for SiO 2, in the amount of numerical and often even more folding behind the warehouse and budget silikat-ioni(So, crim zhetasilikat-iona SiO 3 2- i orthosilikat-ion SiO 4 4- forms of ions Si 2 O 7 6, Si 3 O 9 6, Si 2 O 10 4- і ін.). For the sake of simplicity, I will write down all the power to imagine how to take revenge on SiO 3 2-.

Insect raschin silikatіv soda and kalіyu (in a knot "Rіdke sklo") vykorystovua yak silikatny glue.

Silikati sodium and calcium enter to the warehouse; it should be treated with an alloy of quartz SiO 2, vapnyak CaCO 3 і soda Na 2 CO 3:

Often, the warehouse slopes through oxides, for example, gradually through Na 2 O CaO 6SiO 2.

In the midst of strong mines, it is significant clay (aluminosilicate), Clay is even pure - kaolin Al 2 O 3 2SiO 2 2H 2 O to be used for preparation of porcelain.

Silikati and aluminosilicates stagnate in the industry when making ceramics, cement, concrete and other industrial materials.

Silicon tetrachloride SiCl 4. Binarna spoluka. Bezbarvna rіdina, volodyn wide range of rіdkogo stanu. The molecule is tetrahedral budov (sp 3-hybridization). Thermally stable. "Dimit" at the vologuy povіtri. I grow up hydrolized by water. Lay out meadows. Introduce water, sodium, zinc. Chloride aluminum oxide.

To be stuck at the virobite of especially pure silicon for napivprovidnikovy technology.

Equivalent reaction:

rejecting v promises- chlorinated silicon or quartz sand SiO 2.

Crystalline silicon is the main form in which silicon is formed in the process of using photovoltaic conversions and solid state electronic applications by means of planar technology. Actively developing silica wicker in thin flakes (epitaxial balls) crystalline and amorphous structures on small pads.