How do representatives of the fauna sculpt the skeleton?

Phylum Arthropod the largest, with nearly 1 million species. Being the pinnacle of the evolution of spineless creatures, arthropods went through a dramatic development: the first ones lingered in the seas of the Cambrian period. The stinkers came to land during the Silurian period. The first land creatures that began to escape the atmospheric winds were arachnids. Subsequently, the evolution of terrestrial arthropods followed a thoroughly ancient skeleton ta organiv rukh.


Warehouse types include: mosquitoes, crustaceans, spiders.

Shell-like. Water creatures, the head and calves become angry and the cephalothorax, the chitinous skeleton of the meat, fat, leaks with calcium salts. The body of crustaceans begins with the head slit and ends with the anal spade. The skin segment of the body carries a number of ends. The growth of crayfish, like all arthropods, depends on the molting shell. In this case, the single-spherical epithelium contains enzymes that spherical the chitinous cuticle. After this, cancer spreads from the skeleton. After the destruction of the old skeleton, the cells of the cancer begin to divide intensively within a few years, the cancer grows twice as much. Then, on the surface of the epithelium, chitin is visible, which occurs when interacting with water, and a new one is created. The external skeleton first protects him and then encloses his growth.

Spider-like. Mayzhe all with spider-like forms. The head and cervix become angry and the cephalothorax disappears. The remaining segments of the thoracic region create a sharp transition to the ventral region. The segments of the calves are poorly visible, and the parts between them are slightly distorted. The lips are of the daily type, the mouthparts are of the pine type. There are 4 pairs of walking legs on the cephalothorax. In arachnids, stinkers have a very thin chitinous cuticle, under which there is a hypodermis and a basement membrane. The cuticle protects the body from the loss of moisture during evaporation, because arachnids inhabited the most arid regions of the earth's crust. The importance of the cuticle comes from proteins that encrust chitin.

Komahi. A class of spineless six-legged arthropod creatures that has the greatest diversity among all other creatures on Earth and includes, for example, snowflakes, beetles, flies, ants, and others. There are approximately 1 million species of comas. Body dimensions are 0.2 - 330 mm (for current representatives), including 1 - 50 mm for boundaries. The body that covers The cuticle is part of the skin, forming a thick outer shell, or an exoskeleton, and in some cases it is soft and thin. The outer cuticle is divided on the edge of the shield - sclerites, and because of its thickness, it is receptive to the development of various structures on it - squeezing, grooves, humps, ribs, and various chaetoid hairs. ів and ін. Sometimes the character of the bristles is spiky.

Lines to school guides

The skeleton has a supporting function and serves as a protector for many internal organs. Thus, the cranium protects the brain, the thoracic cavity protects the heart and legs, the pelvis protects the pelvis, the rectum and other organs.

2. What types of hands are there?

There are two main types of skeleton: external and internal.

3 Name the features of the external skeleton of mollusks.

The molluscs wash their outer knuckle, representing the shell. At the sink you can see three balls: the outer one, which is made of organic matter (horny), the middle one is foamy, and the inner one is mother-of-pearl (crystals of calcium carbonate). The shell is even more important, but it is important, because most mollusks have a low-rust way of life. They are becoming tighter and actively shifting (for example, combs).

4. What type of brush is there in arthropods? What are the characteristics of his future?

Arthropods have an external skeleton. Ale wine is significantly lighter, lower in shellfish. It is composed mainly of chitin - a special substance that appears as skin tissue. The chitinous skeleton covers the entire body and is a place for attaching meats.

5. How common are the skeletons of the simplest? What are the functions?

Schools are narrowing even among the simplest. For example, radiolarians have a smoothly waxed skeleton that consists of creamy little heads. It allows them to soak in common water and protects them from enemies. Skeletons and, in other simplest forms, shell amoebae and foraminifera. Their skeletons, which resemble the shells of the rabbits, are well protected from the attack of the huts.

6. What is shedding?

Shedding is a process in which arthropods shed the old chitinous membrane. It’s still possible to get comfortable under the old shell

new thin chitinous coating. While the new cover is soft and elastic, the organism of the arthropod is growing rapidly.

7. What is the internal skeleton? What kind of creatures are toiling?

The internal skeleton is the passive part of the musculoskeletal system. As a rule, veins are made up of brushes, cartilage, joints and ligaments.

The internal skeleton is made up of spinal creatures (fish, toads, lizards, birds, animals, humans).

The spineless primitive internal skeleton is made up of simpletons (radiolaria) and cephalopods.

The spine has an internal skeleton of three parts: the skeleton of the head, the skeleton of the body, and the skeleton of the ends. Products made from bone and cartilaginous tissue. The cartilaginous skeleton is tossed by sharks and skates with the stretch of life. In most animals, the backbone in the early stages has a Khrushchev development, and over time it may be replaced by a brush.

8 These are the supporting structures of the plants. What is its significance?

Roslins create special support structures, with the help of such a stink, hang the leaves until the sun and support them in such a position so that the leaf blades are more visible. In the villages of Roslin, the main support is mechanical textiles. When combined with other tissues, it forms the skeleton of a plant, especially the branches at the stem. Here the mechanical tissue often creates a cylinder-like structure that runs through the middle of the stem, and then spreads out with strong strands, ensuring its importance on the whole. At the root, however, the mechanical tissue is concentrated at the center, pushing the support of the root towards the ripple. Clusters of mechanical fabric of carnage behind the kitchen, but there are hidden signs - even thick walls, which give them a special value.

Skeleton of the ends.

Kintsivki The four paws evolved from the young swimmers of lobe-finned fish, whose skeletons had elements homologous to the bones of the shoulder and pelvic girdle, as well as the front and hind legs.

The shoulder girdle has five distinct ossifications; in modern animals there are only three: the scapula, the clavicle and the coracoid. Most of all the children have coracoid reductions, growth up to the shoulder blade or burning during the day. In some animals, the scapula is lost as a single functional element of the shoulder girdle.

The pelvic girdle includes three brushes: the sphincter, the scira, and the pubis. The birds and savants were completely angry with each other, and in the end they made the so-called. nameless brush. In fish, snakes, whales and sirens, the pelvic girdle is not attached to the ridge, which does not have typical ridges. In some animals, both the shoulder and pelvic girdles include accessory cysts.

The brushes of the anterior part of the quadrupeds are basically the same as those of the hind, but are called differently. At the anterior end, as a result of the coat, the shoulder comes with the humerus, followed by the elbows, then the wrists, metacarpals and phalanges of the fingers. At the posterior end they resemble the stagnidae, then the greater and lesser tarsi, tarsus, metatarsals and phalanges of the fingers. The number of fingers is 5 at the cutaneous end. Amphibians have only 4 toes on their front legs. In birds, the front ends are transformed into wings; The wrists, metacarpals and fingers are shortened and often grow between each other, the fifth toe is lost on the feet. The horses have lost their middle toe. Cows and their closest relatives are curled on the third and fourth toes, and the tail is retracted and reduced. Smokey creatures rest on the tips of the fingers and are called phalangeal walkers. When walking, the intestines of many other animals spread over the entire surface of the fingers and extend up to the tip of the finger. Bears and people press their entire sole to the ground and are called plantigrade.

Small 9 Images of foot types

External skeleton.

U spine of all classes but representations of the modern skeleton. The head plates of scutellids, ancient fishes and amphibians, as well as the feathers and hairs of four-footed fishes, are skin structures. The shell of tortoises is similar to that of a turtle – the skeletal structure is highly specialized. Their skin plates (osteodermis) approached the ridges and ribs and grew angry with them. It is noticeable that the shoulder and pelvic girdles have moved parallel to the middle of the chest. The crest on the back of crocodiles and the shells of armadillos have carpal plates of the same shape as the shell of turtles.

External skeleton

solid parts that cover the body of the creature and serve to protect it and to attach meats. They can be externally visible skins (for example, the chitinous skeleton of moths) or develop into the thinnest skins (for example, the N. skeleton of naked cats). The N. skeleton of the first kind is sometimes called nashkirnym under the guise of another - skinny.

Encyclopedic Dictionary by F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron. - S.-Pb.: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .

Look at the “External Skeleton” in other dictionaries:

external skeleton- exoskeleton is the external covering of the creature, which ensures the rigidity of the body and serves for protection; elicit apologies from crustaceans and naked cats. Synonyms. Adviser of technical translation

This term has other meanings, div. Skeleton (meaning). Skeleton of a blue whale... Wikipedia

- (Greek skeletos, lit. withered), the totality of hard tissues in a created organism that serves as a support for the body or department. yogo parts and (or) steal yogo from the mechanic. ushkojen. In these spineless S. external, the shells sound in the eyes either ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

SKELETON- (In Greek, skeletos of drying) the creature is a system of equal parts that form a larger, smaller frame of the creature or its parts. On one side, skeletal structures take over the lower tissues and organs. Great Medical Encyclopedia

Thin structures that are located in the middle of the body of the creature and form its bones (inner S.) or cover the body of the creature from the surface (external S.). Inner S. has a powerful spine. In these ridges there is an external S.… … Geological encyclopedia

Skeleton- (Ludini): 1 skull; 2 collarbone; 3 spatulas; 4 shoulder; 5 ridge; 6 pelvic brushes; 7 stegno; 8 foot; 9 gomilk brushes; 10 penzel; 11 lectova and exchange brushes; 12 ribs; 13 sternum. SKELETON (from the Greek skeletos, literally - withered), totality... Illustrated encyclopedic dictionary

- (Greek skeletos, lit. withered), the totality of hard tissues in the body of animals and people that provide support to the body and protect against mechanical damage. The rich ones without spines have an external skeleton, including shells or cuticles. Great Encyclopedic Dictionary

Skeleton, huh, man. 1. The totality of solid structures that provide support, the backbone of the body of people and creatures. S. lyudini. Skeletal bones. Zovnyshny village (In spineless creatures). Yak z. who is the sound (even thin, thin). 2. switch Frame (in 1 digit), frame... Tlumachny Dictionary of Ozhegov

Solid support for the body of the creature, a place for attaching meats and other protection, as it is external. It is necessary to cut open the shells to serve first for healing and then for attaching the wounds. The sink is what I saw at home... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

- (Greek skeletos, literally withered) the totality of hard tissues in the body of animals and people that provide support to the body and protect against various types of mechanical damage. External and internal S. are differentiated. In most spineless S.… … Great Radyanska Encyclopedia

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Skeleton includes the following functions:
1) support – for all other systems and organs;
2) rukhov - will ensure the transfer of body and other parts in the open air;
3) dryness - protects the thoracic and abdominal organs, cerebrum, nerves, and veins from external influxes.

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Separate two skeleton tipis- External and internal. The external skeleton consists of a variety of simpletons, many mollusks, arthropods - including the shells of fish, mussels, oysters, hard shells of crayfish, crabs, lungs, and even shells of oysters. The internal skeleton is composed of spineless radiolarians, cephalopods and spinal mollusks.

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The body of the mollusks is placed near the shell. The sink can be folded from two chairs or in other shapes like a cup, curl, spiral, etc. The shell is made of two balls - external, organic and internal - containing calcium carbonate. The foamy ball is divided into two balls: behind the organic one lies a porcelain-like ball, formed with prismatic crystals of calcium carbonate, and below it is a mother-of-pearl one, the crystals of which form the shape of thin plates, on which light interference occurs.
The shell has an outer hard skeleton.

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The body and ends of the coma are covered with a chitinized covering - the cuticle, which is the external skeleton. The cuticle of the rich coma is provided with a large number of hairs, which performs the function of the cuticle.

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The simplest can create external skeletons in the form of shells or shells (foraminifera, radiolarians, armored flagellates), as well as internal skeletons of various forms. The main function of the skeleton of the simplest ones is dry.

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The presence of hard coverings in arthropods leads to the uninterrupted growth of creatures. Therefore, the growth and development of arthropods is accompanied by periodic molting. The old cuticle sheds, and until the new one hardens, the creature grows.

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Backbones have an internal skeleton, the main axial element of which is the notochord. In spinal animals, the internal skeleton consists of three branches - the skeleton of the head, the skeleton of the body and the skeleton of the ends. The internal skeleton is made up of spinal columns (amphibian fish, plunderbushes, birds, squirrels).

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Roslini then Wash the supporting structures, with the help of such stench, hang the leaves until the sun and support them in such a position so that the leaf blades are best illuminated with the sun's light. In the villages of Roslin, the main support is mechanical textiles. There are three types of mechanical fabrics:
1) Kolenchyma is made from living cells of different forms. The stench grows in the young stems of the bushes and leaves;
2) fibers are represented by dead knitted fibers with uniformly thickened membranes. The fibers enter the warehouse of the wood and bast. The butt of non-woody bast fibers is flax;
3) stone walls have an irregular shape and the wood shells are very thick. These clumps create a peel of peas, tassels of drupes, etc. Rocky clusters grow near the pulp of pear and quince fruits.
Combined with other tissues, mechanical tissue forms a kind of skeleton of a plant, especially the branches at the stem. Here she often creates a cylinder-like structure that runs through the middle of the stem, or it is expanded with strong strands, ensuring the usefulness of the stem for a long time. At the root, on the contrary, mechanical tissue is concentrated at the center, pushing the support of the root towards the ripple. Wood also plays a mechanical role, and after the death of the wood, the supporting function will continue to cease.